{"id":24259,"date":"2018-05-01T00:00:37","date_gmt":"2018-04-30T21:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=24259"},"modified":"2018-05-01T10:25:53","modified_gmt":"2018-05-01T07:25:53","slug":"douwe-draaisma-bilinc-icgudusu-kitabini-degerlendiriyor-etten-akla-bilincin-temeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/05\/01\/douwe-draaisma-bilinc-icgudusu-kitabini-degerlendiriyor-etten-akla-bilincin-temeli","title":{"rendered":"Douwe Draaisma \u201cBilin\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendiriyor –\u00a0Etten akla; Bilincin temeli"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sunu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dilimizde, Ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a Hayat Neden \u00c7abuk Ge\u00e7er?<\/em>, Bellek Metaforlar\u0131<\/em> gibi kitaplar\u0131 bulunan, \u00a0<\/strong>Groningen \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde psikoloji tarihi profes\u00f6r\u00fc olan Douwe Draaisma\u2019n\u0131n, n\u00f6robilimci Michael Gazzaniga\u2019n\u0131n bilincin biyolojik temelini ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131 Bilin\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em>\u2019n\u00fc de\u011ferlendiren bu yaz\u0131s\u0131, Nature<\/em>\u2019\u0131n sitesinde 4 Nisan 2018 tarihinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-03920-z).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

1648 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda, Ren\u00e9 Descartes\u2019\u0131n gen\u00e7 bir hayran\u0131, Frans\u0131z filozofu Hollanda sahilindeki m\u00fclk\u00fcnde ziyaret etti. Kartezyen felsefesinin ana y\u00f6nlerini tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan Frans Burman, Descartes\u2019in eserlerinde 70\u2019ten fazla pasaj\u0131 i\u015faretlemi\u015fti. Temel farklar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ruhun ve bedenin birbirini nas\u0131l etkileyebilece\u011fini sordu. Descartes sorunun \u00e7etrefilli oldu\u011funu kabul etti, fakat birbirlerini etkilediklerine dair kan\u0131ta i\u015faret etti; \u00f6rne\u011fin, duygusal a\u00e7\u0131dan. Gizem mekanizmada yatmaktayd\u0131 ve bunun Descartes\u2019\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi, ilahiyat\u00e7\u0131lara b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 daha iyi olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

N\u00f6robilimci Michael Gazzaniga, Bilin\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde, s\u00fcregelen bu ak\u0131l-beden sorununu yeniden \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Beynin Zihni Nas\u0131l Olu\u015fturdu\u011funun Gizemini \u00c7\u00f6zme (Unraveling the Mystery of How the Brain Makes the Mind<\/em>) adl\u0131 altba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Descartes\u2019\u0131n muammas\u0131n\u0131 cesur bir s\u00f6ze d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek ifade ediyor. Gazzaniga yarat\u0131c\u0131 ve cesur bir biliminsan\u0131; ad\u0131n\u0131, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda beynin sa\u011f ve sol yar\u0131mk\u00fcreleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 kesme (\u2018split brains\u2019) \u00fczerine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla duyurdu. Bunlar kendi otobiyografisinde berrak bir \u015fekilde detayland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r (D. Draaisma,\u00a0Nature<\/em>\u00a0518, 298\u2013299; 2015).<\/p>\n

Gazzaniga\u2019n\u0131n son kitab\u0131, biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen ya\u015flarda (Gazzaniga 78 ya\u015f\u0131nda), daha kapsaml\u0131 bilimsel ve felsefi konular \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabileceklerine dair kendilerine duyduklar\u0131 g\u00fcvenin bir kan\u0131t\u0131. Bu sayede Gazzaniga, okurlar\u0131na n\u00f6roloji, biyoloji ve psikoloji \u00fczerine rehberlik ediyor ve dilin k\u00f6kenini ve n\u00f6ral temellerini veya y\u00fcz tan\u0131ma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca Isaac Newton\u2019un hareket yasalar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zel ve genel g\u00f6relilik kuramlar\u0131 ve kuantum fizi\u011fini an\u0131msat\u0131yor; \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde, matematiksel soyutlama i\u00e7in k\u00f6r noktas\u0131 oldu\u011funu itiraf ederek yap\u0131yor bunu.<\/p>\n

Gezintimiz birka\u00e7 faydal\u0131 ders veriyor. Teorik biyolog olan Howard Pattee ile birlikte Gazzaniga, fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 azaltan i\u00e7 g\u00f6zlem hissinden beyin dokusunun atomalt\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131na kadar her \u015feyi kapsayabilecek tek bir teori fikri gibi, \u201ctek a\u00e7\u0131klama yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131\u201dn\u0131n cazibesine kar\u015f\u0131 direnmemiz gerekti\u011fini vurguluyor. Gazzaniga\u2019n\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klamalar, t\u0131pk\u0131 kuantum fizi\u011finde bazen dalga bazen par\u00e7ac\u0131k olarak davranan \u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi, ba\u011flama ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n

Gazzaniga bilinci, \u201cbir organizmada bir dizi i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn ve\/veya zaman i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hat\u0131ralar\u0131n \u00f6znel hissi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 n\u00f6rolojik ko\u011fu\u015flarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ge\u00e7iren Gazzaniga, klinik vakalar\u0131n duruma karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k getirdi\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, korkun\u00e7 bir medikal durum olan kilitli kalma sendromunda (locked-in syndrome), hareket edemeyen ki\u015filer h\u00e2l\u00e2 bilin\u00e7li olabilir. Bunun yan\u0131nda, uyurgezerlikte bilin\u00e7 eksik olabilir. Bu nedenle bilinci davran\u0131\u015fa ba\u011flamak yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda, bilincin do\u011frudan beynin par\u00e7alar\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131 da yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Gazzaniga\u2019n\u0131n ilk bulgular\u0131ndan biri, beynin sol ve sa\u011f yar\u0131mk\u00fcrelerinin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n iki ayr\u0131 bilin\u00e7 sistemi \u00fcretmesidir. Bu sistemlerden sadece biri -genellikle sol beyin taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen k\u0131s\u0131m- kendini dili kullanarak ifade edebilmi\u015ftir. Bilincin, dil ve ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme gibi \u201cdaha kompleks\u201d i\u015flevleri destekleyen serebral korteks ile birlikte evrildi\u011fi varsay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, n\u00f6robilimci Bj\u00f6rn Merker\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na istinaden Gazzaniga, bilincin zorunlu olarak -veya sadece- kortikal ve dilbilimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lere s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 olgusunu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Ciddi \u015fekilde hasarl\u0131 \u00f6n beyin ile do\u011fan baz\u0131 \u00e7ocuklarda, hasarl\u0131 doku s\u0131v\u0131 ile yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir (hidranensefali). Bu \u00e7ocuklar dilden yoksun olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcrler, fakat h\u00e2l\u00e2 duygular\u0131n\u0131 ifade edebilirler ve kendi \u00f6znel deneyimlerine sahiptirler. Gazzaniga\u2019ya g\u00f6re, bilin\u00e7 asl\u0131nda evrimsel olarak daha eski olan orta beyinde meydana gelmi\u015f olabilir ve korteksin g\u00f6revi \u201cbilin\u00e7 deneyimini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in eklenti koleksiyonu (telefonlardaki aplikasyonlar gibi)\u201d sunmak olabilir.<\/p>\n

Gazzaniga, beyin mimarisi ile ilgi merak uyand\u0131ran bir tart\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda, bilin\u00e7 i\u00e7in alelade bir benzetme sunmaktad\u0131r: Beyin, \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri tan\u0131ma veya m\u00fczikte ritmi yakalama gibi her biri tek bir g\u00f6rev i\u00e7in uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok say\u0131da mod\u00fcl olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir; bu mod\u00fcllerin son \u00fcr\u00fcnleri y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar ve \u201ckaynayan su kab\u0131ndaki kabarc\u0131klar\u201d gibi patlar; kabarc\u0131klar\u0131n her biri fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Psikolog William James\u2019in \u201cbilin\u00e7 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6znel s\u00fcreklilik alg\u0131m\u0131z bir ill\u00fczyon olabilir: Biz sadece, bir filmin kareleri gibi, birbiri ard\u0131ndan gelen elementlerin yumu\u015fak hareketlerini deneyimleriz. Baloncuk metaforu, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, test edilebilir bir teori \u00fcretmeye bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir; Gazzaniga\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemleri test materyallerinin \u00e7o\u011funu kesinlikle sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gazzaniga, akl\u0131n etten nas\u0131l do\u011fdu\u011fuyla ile ilgili nihai a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n \u201cs\u0131cak ve yumu\u015fak\u201d kan\u0131tlarla desteklenemedi\u011fini belirtiyor sonunda. Bunun yerine, hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn ve sezgilerimizin \u00f6tesine s\u00fcz\u00fclen, d\u00fcped\u00fcz sezgi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan gariplik i\u00e7in, kuantum mekani\u011fiyle \u00e2\u015f\u0131k at\u0131labilir. Bir kez daha 370 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Burman\u2019\u0131n duyduklar\u0131n\u0131 duyuyoruz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor: Descartes\u2019\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi, bir teslimiyet imzas\u0131: \u0130lahiyat\u00e7\u0131lara b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 daha iyi olabilir.<\/p>\n

– Bilin\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc (The Consciousness Instinct: Unraveling the Mystery of How the Brain Makes the Mind) \u00a0Michael S. Gazzaniga, Farrar, Straus and Giroux: 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sunu\u015f Dilimizde, Ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a Hayat Neden \u00c7abuk Ge\u00e7er?, Bellek Metaforlar\u0131 gibi kitaplar\u0131 bulunan, \u00a0Groningen \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde psikoloji tarihi profes\u00f6r\u00fc olan Douwe Draaisma\u2019n\u0131n, n\u00f6robilimci Michael Gazzaniga\u2019n\u0131n bilincin biyolojik temelini ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131 Bilin\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc de\u011ferlendiren bu yaz\u0131s\u0131, Nature\u2019\u0131n sitesinde 4 Nisan 2018 tarihinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-03920-z). 1648 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda, Ren\u00e9 Descartes\u2019\u0131n gen\u00e7 bir hayran\u0131, Frans\u0131z filozofu Hollanda sahilindeki […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1191,"featured_media":24260,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2985,212,513],"tags":[634,3024,488],"class_list":["post-24259","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-171-sayi","category-bilissel-bilimler","category-kitapcil","tag-bilinc","tag-icgudu","tag-organizma"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t