{"id":24421,"date":"2015-02-01T14:02:32","date_gmt":"2015-02-01T12:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=24421"},"modified":"2018-05-03T14:41:56","modified_gmt":"2018-05-03T11:41:56","slug":"marsda-antik-yasamin-olasi-izleri-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/02\/01\/marsda-antik-yasamin-olasi-izleri-2","title":{"rendered":"Mars\u2019da antik ya\u015fam\u0131n olas\u0131 izleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

NASA\u2019n\u0131n Curiosity arac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi foto\u011fraflar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan incelemer sonucunda merak uyand\u0131ran bulgular ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu bulgular Mars\u2019ta bulunan antik kaya\u00e7 tortular\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ile D\u00fcnya\u2019daki mikroplar\u0131n yap\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki benzerli\u011fe i\u015faret ediyor. Yeni bilgiler, K\u0131z\u0131l Gezegen\u2019de \u00f6nceden ya\u015fam\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tam anlam\u0131yla kan\u0131tlamasa da, olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.\"\"<\/p>\n

Foto\u011fraf 1, Curiosity uzay arac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Yellowknife Bay\u2019da bulunan Gillespie G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde \u00e7ekildi. Gillespie G\u00f6l\u00fc, milyarlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce d\u00f6nemsel olarak sular\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Mars ve D\u00fcnya, olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk zamanlar\u0131nda benzer say\u0131labilecek fiziksel ko\u015ful ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7tiler. K\u0131z\u0131l Gezegen \u00f6nceden daha \u0131l\u0131man ve nemli bir iklime sahipti.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019daki hal\u0131ya benzer mikrop kolonileri s\u0131\u011f sularda bulunan tortulara yerle\u015fip zaman i\u00e7inde fosille\u015ferek kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc yap\u0131lar meydana getirdi. Bu yap\u0131lar, mikroplar taraf\u0131ndan ind\u00fcklenmi\u015f tortu yap\u0131lar\u0131 (MITY) olarak biliniyor. Bunlar D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde s\u0131\u011f sularda ve antik kayalar \u00fczerinde kurulup yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihini ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n

Virjinya\u2019daki Old Dominion \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde yer y\u00fczeyindeki hayat\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran biyolog Nora Noffke, 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r bu yap\u0131lar \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Noffke ge\u00e7en sene yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporla, Bat\u0131 Avustralya\u2019da 3,48 milyar y\u0131ll\u0131k Dresser Olu\u015fumunda MITY ke\u015ffedildi\u011fini duyurmu\u015ftu. Bu bulu\u015fun D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki en eski ya\u015fam belirtisi olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 var. Ge\u00e7en ay \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i olarak Astrobiology<\/em> dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan makaledeyse Noffke, D\u00fcnya\u2019daki mikrobik yap\u0131lar ile Mars\u2019\u0131n Gillespie G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan tortul yap\u0131lar (neredeyse 3,7 milyar y\u0131ll\u0131k) aras\u0131ndaki morfolojik benzerliklerin detaylar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u015fekiller, erozyon d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, cepler, kubbeler, y\u0131\u011f\u0131naklar, \u00e7ukurlar, m\u0131c\u0131rlar ve \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 i\u00e7ermekte. Bunlar D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde santimetreden kilometrelere kadar geni\u015fletilebilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Noffke\u2019nin raporu, Mars\u2019ta antik ya\u015fam\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine olumlu belirtiler ortaya koymas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n biyolojik oldu\u011funu kesin olarak kan\u0131tlayamamakta. Daha kesin sonu\u00e7lar alabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6rneklerin D\u00fcnya\u2019ya getirilip mikroskobik analizlerden ge\u00e7irilmesi gerekmekte. Ancak buna benzer bir g\u00f6rev yak\u0131n zaman i\u00e7in planlanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil; planlanacak gibi de g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemekte. Noffke \u201cBu konuda t\u00fcm s\u00f6yleyebilece\u011fim, hipotezimin ve elde etti\u011fim t\u00fcm kan\u0131tlar\u0131n ortada oldu\u011fudur. Bu kan\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u015fey ifade etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

New Mexico Madencilik ve Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde jeomikrobiyolog olan Penelope Boston, \u201cNoffke\u2019nin i\u015faret etti\u011fi bu yap\u0131lar bu alana m\u00fchim katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur\u201d diyor. \u201cNoffke\u2019nin bulgular\u0131, Mars\u2019taki metan ve organikler \u00fczerine yak\u0131n zamanda yay\u0131mlanan raporlarla birlikte, kom\u015fu gezegenimizin tarihinde ya\u015fam\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusundaki bilmecenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine \u00f6nemli bir katk\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d diye ekliyor.<\/p>\n

Dikkatli bir analiz<\/strong><\/p>\n

NASA\u2019n\u0131n Ames Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve Astrobiology<\/em> dergisinin e\u015fedit\u00f6r\u00fc olan biliminsan\u0131 Chirs McKay, \u201c \u2018Bak\u0131n burada Mars\u2019taki \u00e7amur y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, burada da D\u00fcnya\u2019daki \u00e7amur y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u2019 diyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da makale g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Ve bunu belirtmelerinin sebebi, iki \u00e7amur y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeleri ve olu\u015fum mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n benzer olmas\u0131. Bu sav\u0131 olu\u015fturmak son derece kolay. Ama genel anlamda ikna edici de\u011fil. Ancak Noffke\u2019nin makalesi benim g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerimin aras\u0131nda en dikkatli \u015fekilde analiz i\u00e7erendir. Bu sebeple benzer incelemeler aras\u0131ndan Astrobiology<\/em> dergisinde ilk yay\u0131mlanan makale olmu\u015ftur\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

Noffke \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ilerleyi\u015fiyle ilgili olarak \u201cHaftalar\u0131m\u0131, inceledi\u011fim foto\u011fraflara santim santim bakarak, taslaklar \u00e7izerek ve onlar\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fc yap\u0131lar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak ge\u00e7irdim. 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r bu konularda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in nereye bakaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131 biliyordum\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Noffke Mars\u2019taki ara\u00e7tan gelen foto\u011fraflar\u0131 D\u00fcnya\u2019daki birka\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeye ait foto\u011fraflarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. Bu b\u00f6lgeler Almanya\u2019daki Mellum Adas\u0131\u2019nda, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ndeki Portsmouth Adas\u0131\u2019nda ve Bat\u0131 Avustralya\u2019daki Carbla noktas\u0131ndaki modern tortu y\u00fczeylerini i\u00e7eriyor. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra daha eski mikrobik tabaka fosilleri Tunus\u2019taki Alouane Denizi\u2019nde, Afrika\u2019daki Pongola S\u00fcpergrubu\u2019nda Bat\u0131 Avustralya\u2019daki Dresser Olu\u015fumunda bulunuyor. Foto\u011fraflar, yery\u00fcz\u00fc yap\u0131lar\u0131 ile Mars\u2019\u0131n tortu yap\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki morfolojik benzerlikleri g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019daki mikrobik yap\u0131 \u015fekillerinin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlilik olarak bulunduklar\u0131 yere ba\u011fl\u0131. De\u011fi\u015fik tipteki yap\u0131lar de\u011fi\u015fik \u00e7evrelerde beraber bulunabiliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, mikrobik tabakalar nehir kenar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fik ili\u015fkiler kurduktan sonra, d\u00f6nemsel sellere maruz kalan \u00e7evrelerde geli\u015fmi\u015f. Gillespie G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan mikrobik \u015fekiller, D\u00fcnya\u2019da da benzer \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131na sahip b\u00f6lgelerde bulunuyor. Dahas\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekilleri kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yollarla s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmekte. Mikrobik tabakalar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi, b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, kurumas\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tekrar b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi gibi, \u00f6zel yap\u0131lar da onlarla ili\u015fkili hale geliyor. Burada tekrar Noffke\u2019nin buldu\u011fu Mars\u2019taki kaya \u015fekillerinin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile D\u00fcnya\u2019da zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irmi\u015f mikrobik yap\u0131lar uyu\u015fuyor. Bunlar\u0131 beraber ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bu ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 Noffke\u2019nin sav\u0131n\u0131 basitle\u015ftirmenin \u00f6tesinde, benze\u015fmenin \u015feklen de oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor. Noffke alternatif i\u015flemlerin de\u011fi\u015fimleri sa\u011flayabilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin m\u0131c\u0131rlar\u0131n, \u00e7ukurlar\u0131n ve k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n olu\u015fumu, tuz, su ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n erozyonunun \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olabilir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011frulamalar ask\u0131da<\/strong><\/p>\n

Noffke Mars\u2019da biyolojik yap\u0131lar\u0131n oldu\u011funu do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in detayl\u0131 bir stratejinin tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. Ancak, bu stratejinin \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m\u0131 olan, \u00f6rneklerin D\u00fcnya\u2019ya getirilip daha fazla analiz edilmesi \u015fu an i\u00e7in uygulanabilir de\u011fil. Noffke, Curiosity\u2019nin tekrar bu yap\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda, hipotezin g\u00fcvenirlili\u011fini s\u0131namak i\u00e7in arac\u0131n yapmas\u0131 gereken testleri s\u0131ral\u0131yor. Bu testlerden biri de Curiosity\u2019nin SAM mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak Mars\u2019taki organik ve kimyasal madde izlerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

McKay \u201cE\u011fer \u00f6rneklerde b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda organik madde olsayd\u0131, SAM \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm aleti malzemelerin biyolojik do\u011fas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flard\u0131. Ancak bunlar\u0131n incelenememesinin sebebi antik tortu yap\u0131lar\u0131nda olmas\u0131 ve canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre \u00f6nce yap\u0131y\u0131 terk etmesidir\u201d diyor. \u201c\u00dcstelik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm aletinin uygulama alan\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131. Tahminimce ini\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda fazla miktarda kirlenme oldu. Bu nedenle cihaz \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek seviye arka plan kirlili\u011fine sahip\u201d diye de ekliyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n D\u00fcnya\u2019daki do\u011fal mikrobik tortular\u0131n yap\u0131lar\u0131ndaki mikroskobik \u00f6rg\u00fcleri incelemek i\u00e7in kayay\u0131 kesmeleri ve ince bir par\u00e7ay\u0131 al\u0131p mikroskop alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekiyor. Bu i\u015flemin m\u00fchendislik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Mars\u2019ta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi olduk\u00e7a zor, ancak McKay b\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6revin gelecekte ba\u015far\u0131labilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u201cOlup olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorum, ancak m\u00fchendisler olduk\u00e7a zekidir. E\u011fer onlara zorlu bir i\u015f verirseniz, \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ortaya koyarlar\u201d diyor. McKay \u201cE\u011fer bir \u00f6rne\u011fi D\u00fcnya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131ma \u015feklinde bir g\u00f6rev olsayd\u0131, bu alt\u0131n de\u011ferinde bir g\u00f6rev olurdu. Ancak bu yak\u0131n zamanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fe benzemiyor\u201d diye ekliyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NASA\u2019n\u0131n Curiosity arac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi foto\u011fraflar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan incelemer sonucunda merak uyand\u0131ran bulgular ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu bulgular Mars\u2019ta bulunan antik kaya\u00e7 tortular\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ile D\u00fcnya\u2019daki mikroplar\u0131n yap\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki benzerli\u011fe i\u015faret ediyor. Yeni bilgiler, K\u0131z\u0131l Gezegen\u2019de \u00f6nceden ya\u015fam\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tam anlam\u0131yla kan\u0131tlamasa da, olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Foto\u011fraf 1, Curiosity uzay arac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Yellowknife Bay\u2019da bulunan Gillespie G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde \u00e7ekildi. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":859,"featured_media":24424,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[169,30,19,38],"tags":[3089,1057,595],"class_list":["post-24421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-132-sayi","category-astronomi","category-bilim-gundemi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-antik-yasam","tag-mars","tag-yasam"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/859"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24421"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24421\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24424"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}