{"id":24847,"date":"2014-11-01T13:00:55","date_gmt":"2014-11-01T11:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=24847"},"modified":"2018-05-08T13:08:50","modified_gmt":"2018-05-08T10:08:50","slug":"kimya-nobel-odulunu-alan-calisma-nano-olcekteki-yapilari-goruntuleyecek-mikroskoplar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/11\/01\/kimya-nobel-odulunu-alan-calisma-nano-olcekteki-yapilari-goruntuleyecek-mikroskoplar","title":{"rendered":"Kimya Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma:\u00a0Nano \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki yap\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyecek mikroskoplar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Molek\u00fcller gibi nano b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerdeki yap\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemeye yarayan ve adeta \u201calt edemedikleri fizik yasalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinden dolanan\u201d iki yeni t\u00fcr mikroskop, bilimin \u00f6n\u00fcne nanoskopi adl\u0131 yepyeni bir alan\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131yor. <\/em><\/p>\n

1873 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Alman fizik\u00e7i Ernst Abbe optik mikroskoplar\u0131n (17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana kullan\u0131lan ve geli\u015ftirilen) limitinin, g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalga boyunun yar\u0131s\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlad\u0131. Bu, 0,2 mikrometre ya da 200 nanometre dalga boyuna denk geliyor. Yani, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak proteinlerin 50 kat\u0131 ve hayvan ve bitki h\u00fccrelerinde olaylara sebep olan molek\u00fcllerin ise 100 kat\u0131. Bu limitin alt\u0131ndaki molek\u00fcllerin, nano yap\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6rsellerinin elde edilmesi ise, Ernest\u2019in ortaya koydu\u011fu fizik yasas\u0131 nedeniyle, optik mikroskoplar ile imk\u00e2ns\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu sebeptendir ki, Stefan W. Hell\u2019in Abbe limitini ge\u00e7me amac\u0131, doktoras\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Almanya\u2019da \u201cFizik yasalar\u0131 ile tart\u0131\u015famazs\u0131n\u201d denerek \u00e7ok sempatiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanmam\u0131\u015f. Stefan W. Hell, sonras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen bir profes\u00f6r ile Finlandiya\u2019n\u0131n Turku \u00dcniversitesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmi\u015f. Ancak 3 biliminsan\u0131, Stefan W. Hell, Eric Betzig ve William E. Moerner bu fizik yasas\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131ndan dolanman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 bulmu\u015flar.<\/p>\n

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2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hell, G\u00f6ttingen\u2019deki Max Planck Biofiziksel Kimya Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ndeki grubu ile yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalede, \u00fcrettikleri bir mikroskop ile Abbe limitinin alt\u0131ndaki bir bakterinin y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaydetmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. \u00dcrettikleri mikroskopun ad\u0131 STED (Stimulated Emission Depletion) mikroskopu.<\/p>\n

STED \u00f6ncelikle bir lazer demeti yolluyor. Bu lazer demeti \u00f6rne\u011fe \u00f6nceden sunulmu\u015f floresan molek\u00fcllerini uyar\u0131yor. Bundan sonra kullan\u0131lan ba\u015fka bir lazer ise toroidal bir lazer demeti ve merkezdeki belli bir b\u00f6lgeye (nanometre boyutunda) ayr\u0131ca yollanan lazer \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn uyar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f floresan molek\u00fcllerini s\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fcyor. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6rne\u011fin her bir nanometresi bu \u015fekilde lazerlerle taran\u0131p \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u00fc g\u00f6rseller elde edilebiliyor ve de di\u011fer floresan molek\u00fcllerinden gelecek olan \u0131\u015f\u0131k engellenmi\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n

Betzig ile Moerner ise, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda tek bir floresan molek\u00fcl\u00fcnden yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n saptanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdiler. Bu sayede b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6rne\u011fe s\u0131ra s\u0131ra k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck floresan molek\u00fcl\u00fc par\u00e7alar\u0131 sunuyor ve tek tek \u00f6rne\u011fin g\u00f6rsellerini kaydediyorlar. Her kay\u0131t esnas\u0131nda zay\u0131f \u0131\u015f\u0131k kullan\u0131l\u0131yor ve \u00e7ok az say\u0131da floresan molek\u00fcl\u00fc uyar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oluyor. Ayr\u0131ca bu uyar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f molek\u00fcller de \u00f6rnek i\u00e7erisinde birbirinden yeterince uzak mesafedeler (genellikle 200 nanometreden fazla, ki bu Abbe limiti). Bu sayede g\u00f6zlemlenen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yan\u0131lg\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fme ihtimali \u00e7ok azal\u0131yor. Bu molek\u00fcller uyar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybettiklerinde bu i\u015flem tekrar tekrar uygulan\u0131yor ve floresan molek\u00fcllerinin bir s\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6rseli \u00f6rnekteki farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde kaydediliyor ve en sonunda bu kay\u0131tlar \u00fcst \u00fcste birle\u015ftiriliyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Betzig Cornell\u2019de doktoras\u0131n\u0131 bitirdikten sonra, bu bulu\u015fa giden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 1988\u2019de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bell Telefon Laboratuvarlar\u0131\u2019nda yap\u0131yor. 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 t\u0131kanma noktas\u0131na geliyor ve i\u015fini b\u0131rak\u0131p babas\u0131n\u0131n \u015firketinde ba\u015fkan vekili oluyor. Ancak 7 y\u0131l sonra tekrardan bilime d\u00f6nmek istiyor. Tabii bunu yapabilmek i\u00e7in de \u00f6ncesinde bir \u015feyler ba\u015farmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, kendisini eve kapat\u0131p yeniden Abbe limiti \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Tek molek\u00fcl mikroskopu, temelde her bir floresans molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 uyar\u0131l\u0131p s\u00f6n\u00fcmlenebilmesi durumuna ba\u011fl\u0131. Moerner bunu, 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kaliforniya San Diego \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde yap\u0131yor ve bir sonraki sene Stanford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde profes\u00f6r kadrosu al\u0131yor. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda Betzig h\u00e2l\u00e2 evinde Abbe limiti ile u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken bu geli\u015fmeden haberdar oluyor ve bu sayede tek molek\u00fcl mikroskopunu geli\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bu iki farkl\u0131 mikroskop da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde biyoloji ve t\u0131pta bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli g\u00f6zlem i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde sinapslar\u0131n sinir h\u00fccrelerindeki olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemekten Parkinson, Alzheimer, Huntington hastal\u0131klar\u0131nda proteinlerin takip edilebilmesine kadar bir s\u00fcr\u00fc uygulama alan\u0131 var. Ayr\u0131ca bu iki mikroskop, nanoskopi adl\u0131 yepyeni bir alana da yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f bulunmakta. Kimya ve biyokimyadaki bir\u00e7ok s\u00fcre\u00e7 nano b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu iki bulu\u015f bu s\u00fcre\u00e7leri daha iyi anlamakta \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli rol oynayacak.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/chemistry\/laureates\/2014\/press.html<\/p>\n

2) http:\/\/www.rsc.org\/chemistryworld\/2014\/10\/super-resolution-light-microscopy-wins-chemistry-nobel<\/p>\n

3) http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/tech\/elements\/nobel-prize-chemistry-2014<\/p>\n

Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc alan biliminsanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Robert Eric Betzig <\/strong><\/p>\n

13 Ocak 1960\u2019da Amerika Michigan\u2019da do\u011fdu. 1983\u2019de Kaliforniya Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Fizik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde lisans e\u011fitimini tamamlad\u0131. Y\u00fcksek lisans ve doktora e\u011fitimini ise, Uygulamal\u0131 Fizik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Cornell \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde s\u0131ras\u0131yla 1985 ve 1988 y\u0131llar\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131. Daha sonra AT&T Bell Laboratuvarlar\u0131\u2019nda yari iletkenler \u00fczerine AR-GE B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1996\u2019da akademiyi babas\u0131n\u0131n olan Ann Arbor Makine \u015eirketi\u2019nde yard\u0131mc\u0131 ba\u015fkan olmak \u00fczere tamamen b\u0131rakt\u0131. 7 y\u0131l kadar sonra mikroskoplar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u015firketten ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve PALM\u2019i (photoactivated localization microscopy) geli\u015ftirdi. Bundan sonra ise 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Howar Hughes T\u0131p Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve orada \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n grup lideri olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etti.<\/p>\n

Stefan Walter Hell<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stefan Walter Hell 1962\u2019de Romanya\u2019da do\u011fdu. 1978\u2019de ailesi ile Bat\u0131 Almanya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 ve orada Alman vatanda\u015f\u0131 oldu. Hell hem diploma, hem doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 Heidelberg \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde 1986 ve 1990 y\u0131llar\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131. Sonras\u0131nda ise ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak 4Pi mikroskoplar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

1991\u2019den 1993\u2019e kadar Avrupa Molek\u00fcler Biyoloji Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve burada 4Pi\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensiplerini a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda ise medikal fizik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubu lideri olarak Turku \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne ge\u00e7ti. Burada STED mikroskobunun prensiplerini geli\u015ftirdi. 2002\u2019de Max Planck Biyofiziksel Kimya Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde y\u00f6netici oldu ve Nanobiyofotonik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131. 2003\u2019den beri, Hell Alman Kanser Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi, Optik Nanoskopi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc y\u00f6neticisi; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00a0Heidelberg \u00dcniversitesi, Fizik ve Astronomi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde de profes\u00f6rl\u00fck g\u00f6revlerine devam etmekte.<\/p>\n

William Esco Moerner <\/strong><\/p>\n

William Esco Moerner 1953\u2019de, Kaliforniya, Amerika\u2019da do\u011fdu. Washington \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde fizik, elektrik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi ve matematik lisans derecelerini e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak 1975\u2019te ald\u0131.\u00a0 Y\u00fcksek lisans ve doktoras\u0131n\u0131 Cornell \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde 1978 ve 1982 y\u0131llar\u0131nda bitirdi. 1981\u2019den 1995\u2019e kadar IBM Almaden Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6revlili\u011finden proje liderli\u011fine kadar y\u00fckseldi. Bu s\u0131rada 1993-94 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ETH Z\u00fcrih\u2019te misafir profes\u00f6r olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bundan sonra 1998\u2019e kadar Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi Fiziksel Kimya B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn lideri oldu. Sonras\u0131nda ise kimya profes\u00f6r\u00fc olarak gitti\u011fi Stanford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma grubunu da g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda uygulamal\u0131 fizik profes\u00f6r\u00fc unvan\u0131n\u0131 da elde etti. 2011-2014 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Kimya B\u00f6l\u00fcm Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eric_Betzig<\/p>\n

2) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stefan_Hell<\/p>\n

3) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_E._Moerner<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Molek\u00fcller gibi nano b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerdeki yap\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemeye yarayan ve adeta \u201calt edemedikleri fizik yasalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinden dolanan\u201d iki yeni t\u00fcr mikroskop, bilimin \u00f6n\u00fcne nanoskopi adl\u0131 yepyeni bir alan\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131yor. 1873 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Alman fizik\u00e7i Ernst Abbe optik mikroskoplar\u0131n (17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana kullan\u0131lan ve geli\u015ftirilen) limitinin, g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalga boyunun yar\u0131s\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlad\u0131. Bu, 0,2 mikrometre ya […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":620,"featured_media":24848,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[166,22],"tags":[321,2273,3138,2015],"class_list":["post-24847","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-129-sayi","category-kimya","tag-kimya","tag-molekuller","tag-nanoskopi","tag-nobel-odulleri"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t