G.E.M. de Ste. Croix\u2019n\u0131n Antik Yunan D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadelesi isimli yap\u0131t\u0131 nihayet T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede. Yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan pek \u00e7ok\u00a0 ki\u015fi bu kitab\u0131n T\u00fcrkiyeli okurlarla bulu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6neminden s\u00f6z etti. Kitab\u0131n \u00e7evirmeni ve ayn\u0131 zamanda tarih\u00e7i olan \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f S\u00fcmer ile Croix ve yap\u0131t\u0131 hakk\u0131nda konu\u015ftuk.<\/p>\n
Sizce Croix\u2019n\u0131n eserini bu kadar \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n Asl\u0131nda bu sorunun tek bir yan\u0131t\u0131 yok. Croix\u2019n\u0131n eserini bu denli \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan, hem ilk\u00e7a\u011f tarihine ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar, hem de bizatihi Marksist tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan durdu\u011fu yer. \u0130sterseniz ilk\u00e7a\u011f tarihiyle ba\u015flayal\u0131m. Biliyorsunuz ilk\u00e7a\u011f, \u00f6zellikle de antik Yunan ve Roma tarihi, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana \u00fczerine en fazla yaz\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7izilen alanlardan biri. Asl\u0131na bakarsan\u0131z, \u0130ngilizcede Classics<\/em> ya da Classical<\/em> Studies ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan antikite ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, Avrupa\u2019daki be\u015feri bilimler fak\u00fcltelerinde kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u00fcrs\u00fclerine sahip, \u00f6nemli dergilerin bulundu\u011fu, kurumsal ve kendi gelenekleri olan bir alan. Fakat antikite ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7ok temel bir sorun var. O da di\u011fer d\u00f6nemlere k\u0131yasla elimizdeki kan\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 ve sorunlu bir do\u011faya sahip olmas\u0131. Ger\u00e7i bu di\u011fer d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in de iddia edilebilir fakat Antik d\u00f6nemden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kalan kaynaklar\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 edebi nitelikte. Yani hen\u00fcz bilimin felsefe ve edebiyattan ayr\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, entelekt\u00fceller taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f tarih, kronik, nutuk ve anlat\u0131lardan olu\u015fuyorlar. S\u00f6z konusu entelekt\u00fcellerin hemen tamam\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6nemin h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ya da Croix\u2019\u0131n tercih etti\u011fi ifadeyle m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 ve sorunlu do\u011fa daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131labilir. \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f tarih\u00e7ilerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131ndaki di\u011fer \u00f6nemli kaynaklarsa arkeolojik nitelikte, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda par\u00e7al\u0131, eksik ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k durumda.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak, ilk\u00e7a\u011f tarih\u00e7ilerinin kaynaklar\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 nedeniyle pek \u00e7ok noktada bo\u015fluklar\u0131 varsay\u0131mlarla doldurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Croix\u2019n\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131n bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Elbette Croix da s\u0131k s\u0131k bu sorunlara dikkat \u00e7ekiyor ve doldurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015fluklar hakk\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fckle konu\u015fuyor. Fakat eser ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hemen her ba\u015fl\u0131kta kendisinden \u00f6nceki k\u00fclliyatla girilen sert polemiklerin izlerini ta\u015f\u0131yor. Croix yorulmadan b\u00fct\u00fcn kitap boyunca yayg\u0131n inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sars\u0131yor, hatal\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla kavga ediyor, hatta bunu kimilerinin kibirli, belki de k\u00fcstah bulabilece\u011fi bir \u00fcslupla yap\u0131yor. Ama kitab\u0131n sonuna geldi\u011finizde ger\u00e7ekten de ilk\u00e7a\u011f tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin sorunlu ya da bo\u015fluklu alanlar\u0131na dair tutarl\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir m\u00fcdahalenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz.<\/p>\n Bu tutarl\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc m\u00fcdahalenin temelini elbette Croix\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu Marksist gelenek olu\u015fturuyor. Bu da bizi eseri antikite ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka noktaya getiriyor. Croix\u2019n\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131n antik d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin egemen okuma bi\u00e7imlerine de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir meydan okuma oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Mommsenci bir tarih okumas\u0131n\u0131n temsilcileri olan muhafazakar tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndaki ilk\u00e7a\u011f tarih yaz\u0131n\u0131, tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n siyasal \u00e7eki\u015fmelerinden ibaret g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Buna alternatif olarak, esasen Mosses Finley taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen Weberci yakla\u015f\u0131m da, antik d\u00fcnyay\u0131 stat\u00fc kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Croix bu hakim okuma bi\u00e7imleriyle sert polemikler i\u00e7eren kitab\u0131nda, alternatif bir Marksist yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesini olu\u015fturuyor. Bununla da yetinmiyor ve bu alanda kendisinden \u00f6nce \u00fcretimde bulunmu\u015f, pek \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan yetersiz ve vulgar katk\u0131lar yapm\u0131\u015f Marksist ya da Marksgil yazar\u0131 da ele\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n Eserin Marksist tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir yerde durdu\u011funu s\u00f6ylediniz. Bu noktay\u0131 biraz a\u00e7abilir misiniz? Croix\u2019\u0131n bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tek Marksist tarih\u00e7i olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Onu di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan ne?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6ncelikle Croix\u2019n\u0131n bir tespitiyle ba\u015flayal\u0131m. Croix kitab\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc Marksist sosyolog Thomas Bottomore\u2019a at\u0131fla, \u201cMarksizmin kapitalist toplumun hareket yasalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamakta son derece ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir sistem oldu\u011funu, fakat kapitalizm \u00f6ncesi toplumlar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ayn\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6steremedi\u011fini, bunun da esasen Marksizmin \u00f6zel olarak kapitalist sistemi a\u00e7\u0131klamak \u00fczere geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir kuram oldu\u011funu\u201d iddia eden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ele\u015ftirir. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 kapitalizm \u00f6ncesi toplumsal formasyonlara ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bir Marksist k\u00fclliyata sahip olmam\u0131za ra\u011fmen, bug\u00fcn bile sayg\u0131n Marksistlerden duyabilece\u011fimiz bir arg\u00fcman bu. En az\u0131ndan ben \u015fahsen duydu\u011fumu hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum. Corix\u2019n\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131n bu iddialara kar\u015f\u0131 verilmi\u015f en \u00f6nemli yan\u0131t oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Marksist kuramla, tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ili\u015fkin ampirik verileri bu kadar ustal\u0131kla bir araya getiren ba\u015fka bir eser okumad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilirim.<\/p>\n Bu asl\u0131nda, Croix\u2019\u0131n Marksizm i\u00e7i tart\u0131\u015fmalarda ikirciksiz bir bi\u00e7imde savundu\u011fu konumdan kaynaklan\u0131yor. Me\u015fhur \u00f6zne-yap\u0131 ya da daha do\u011fru bir form\u00fclasyonla \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri-s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ediyorum. Kitab\u0131n ad\u0131ndan da rahatl\u0131kla anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, Croix bu tart\u0131\u015fmalarda \u00e7ok net bir pozisyona sahip oldu\u011fu gibi Antik Yunan ve Roma d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine, \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerine ili\u015fkin skolastik tart\u0131\u015fmalara hi\u00e7 girmeden, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerle bu bi\u00e7imlerin siyasi ve ideolojik etkilerini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ortaya koyuyor. Ve a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 bunu yaparken s\u00f6z konusu tart\u0131\u015fmalara da \u00f6nemli kuramsal girdilerde bulunuyor.<\/p>\n Bu noktay\u0131 bir miktar a\u00e7man\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc?<\/strong><\/p>\n A\u00e7al\u0131m. Kitab\u0131n daha ba\u015f\u0131nda, hen\u00fcz Weberci tarih yorumuyla hesapla\u015fmadan \u00f6nce, kendi anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle Marksizmin temellerini ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve e\u011fer okuyabilseydi Marx\u2019\u0131n kendi yorumuna ili\u015fkin temel bir itiraz geli\u015ftirmeyece\u011fine inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Corix\u2019ya g\u00f6re Marx\u2019\u0131n hayat\u0131 boyunca yazd\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlilerinden biri Kapital\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc cildinde yer alan bir pasajd\u0131r. Marx burada, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6denmemi\u015f art\u0131k eme\u011fin do\u011frudan \u00fcreticilerden \u00e7ekildi\u011fi \u00f6zg\u00fcl iktisadi bi\u00e7imin, hakim olanla tahakk\u00fcm alt\u0131nda olan aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi belirledi\u011fini s\u00f6yler. T\u00fcm toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak egemenlik ili\u015fkilerinin siyasi bi\u00e7iminin, yani devletin m\u00fctekabil \u00f6zg\u00fcl bi\u00e7iminin gizli temellerini, en i\u00e7teki gizin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karan, her zaman \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n sahipleriyle \u00fcreticiler aras\u0131ndaki do\u011frudan ili\u015fkidir. Croix Antik Yunan D\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki toplumsal ve siyasal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri bu tezi temel alarak a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flarla m\u00fclks\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkilerine, yani s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesine odaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bunu yaparken de asla s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 kendinden menkul, bilin\u00e7leriyle tebar\u00fcz eden yap\u0131lar olarak ele almaz. Ona g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131flardan ya da s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinden s\u00f6z etmemiz i\u00e7in, her iki tarafta da s\u0131n\u0131fa ili\u015fkin herhangi bir a\u00e7\u0131k kolektif fark\u0131ndal\u0131k ya da m\u00fccadele bilinci tespit etmemiz gerekmez. S\u0131n\u0131f ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi her \u015feyden \u00f6nce toplumsal s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkileri taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen nesnel ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi tek ba\u015f\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131f bilincine ve siyasi bir unsurun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na indirgenemez. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerine i\u00e7sel bir olgudur.<\/p>\n Peki ya k\u00f6leci \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi? Marksistler aras\u0131nda hararetli tart\u0131\u015fmalara neden olan bu konuda Croix ne diyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n Biraz amiyane bir tabir olacak ama Croix\u2019\u0131n bu topa girmedi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u201cK\u00f6lecilik ayr\u0131ks\u0131 bir \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi olarak tarihsel ilerlemenin evrensel bir a\u015famas\u0131 m\u0131yd\u0131, yoksa sadece belirli bir tarihsel ve mek\u00e2nsal formasyona, yani Akdeniz \u00e7evresindeki antik Yunan ve Roma d\u00fcnyas\u0131na m\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcyd\u00fc\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Croix\u2019\u0131n konumu bellidir ve k\u00f6lecili\u011fin bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bi\u00e7imi olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcll\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli kan\u0131tlar ortaya koyar. Fakat \u00f6zel olarak bu tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fctmez. Hatta bu kavram kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki ilgisizli\u011fi o kadar a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131ya \u00d6ns\u00f6z<\/em>\u2019de, Prusya sans\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fmak i\u00e7in, \u201c\u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler-\u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri-\u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi\u201d kavramsal setini \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi\u201dni ikame etmek amac\u0131yla kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eder. Croix i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan toplumsal art\u0131\u011f\u0131n m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan, \u00fcreticilerden nas\u0131l \u00e7ekildi\u011fidir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Antik Yunan D\u00fcnyas\u0131 k\u00f6leci bir toplumdu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn bir medeniyet, belirli tarihsel ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda k\u00f6le eme\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftu. Bununla birlikte Croix ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem boyunca, \u00fcretimin b\u00fcy\u00fck oradan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya da ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini reddetmez. Ona g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli olan \u00fcretimin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kimin nas\u0131l yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, hakim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n toplumsal art\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131na hangi mekanizmalarla el koydu\u011fudur. Zaten ona g\u00f6re Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne neden olan s\u00fcre\u00e7 de bu mekanizmalarda ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fimdir. K\u00f6lecili\u011fin tarihsel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte, Roma\u2019n\u0131n hakim s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck \u00fczerindeki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc tahamm\u00fcl edilemez \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve bu da imparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani imparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc tek ba\u015f\u0131na ne barbar ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n, ne de yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f siyasi yap\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucudur, bilakis bunlar\u0131 da belirleyen s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin bizatihi kendisidir.<\/p>\n Marksist tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi deyince akla hemen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan tarih tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 geliyor. Kitap bu tart\u0131\u015fmalarda nereye oturuyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n Kitab\u0131n son d\u00f6nemin pop\u00fcler \u201cHalklar\u0131n Tarihi\u201d serisine dahil olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bunun iki sebebi var. Birincisi s\u00f6yle\u015finin ba\u015f\u0131nda da belirtti\u011fim gibi, antikite ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kaynaklar\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131. Croix\u2019\u0131n da kitab\u0131nda sarih bir bi\u00e7imde ifade etti\u011fi \u00fczere, d\u00f6nemin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n hemen t\u00fcm\u00fc m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n i\u00e7inden gelen ve ikirciksiz bir bi\u00e7imde onun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunan ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu sadece yaz\u0131tlar ve imparatorluk buyruklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir siyasi ve edebi yaz\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da b\u00f6yle. Alt s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n sesinin en az kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel d\u00f6nemlerden biriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. Buna ili\u015fkin Croix\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir istisna var. O da hepimizin ilkokulda \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi, okudu\u011fu bir k\u0131ssa t\u00fcr\u00fc, yani fabl. Croix inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde fabl\u0131n, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 tepkisini a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde ortaya koyamayan k\u00f6lelerin itiraz bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n \u0130kinci nedense biraz \u00f6nce \u00e7er\u00e7evesini \u00e7izmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m Croix\u2019n\u0131n kendi s\u0131n\u0131f ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi nosyonu. Kitab\u0131n isminden yola \u00e7\u0131karak Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131na, k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131na, ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nemin k\u00f6yl\u00fc e\u015fk\u0131yalar\u0131na dair sayfalar s\u00fcren kahramanl\u0131k \u00f6yk\u00fcleri okumay\u0131 bekleyenleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bekledi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Croix s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinden s\u00f6z ederken, ezilen insanlar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye nas\u0131l direnmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgilenmiyor \u00f6zel olarak. Onun a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkilerinin yani toplumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n en i\u00e7teki gizinin, toplumsal ve siyasal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi.<\/p>\n Fakat bu s\u00f6ylediklerimden Croix\u2019n\u0131n ezilen s\u0131n\u0131flar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda n\u00f6tr bir konuma sahip oldu\u011fu, ya da empati geli\u015ftirmedi\u011fi san\u0131lmas\u0131n. Do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Croix okudu\u011fum en cesur, en \u00f6fkeli tarih\u00e7i. David Harvey, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131da Croix i\u00e7in, \u201cyazma konusundaki gayreti m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n daha talihsiz olanlar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesi, yani \u015fi\u015fman kedilerin s\u0131ska farenin aleyhine semirmesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duydu\u011fu d\u00fcr\u00fcst \u00f6fkeden kaynaklan\u0131yordu,\u201d diyor. Bu \u00f6fkeyi kitab\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde hissetmemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Hatta yer yer Croix kendisini tutam\u0131yor ve gericili\u011fin m\u00fcmtaz \u00f6rnekleri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Platon, Cicero gibi isimlere demedi\u011fini b\u0131rakm\u0131yor. Dahas\u0131 Harvey\u2019in de belirtti\u011fi gibi Croix i\u00e7in insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Platon\u2019un yerini zamanla \u00f6nce Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurucusu Aziz Pavlus, sonraysa do\u011frudan Eski Ahit\u2019in Yehovas\u0131 al\u0131yor. Croix\u2019n\u0131n Yehova\u2019ya ili\u015fkin yorumlar\u0131n\u0131n mutlaka okunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n Saf\u0131n\u0131 bu kadar net belli eden bir eser, tarafl\u0131 olmakla ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir herhalde. <\/strong><\/p>\n Muhtemelen, dedi\u011fim gibi tarihteki saf\u0131n\u0131 bu kadar a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde ortaya koyan az say\u0131da eser vard\u0131r san\u0131r\u0131m. Sadece m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6fkesinde de\u011fil, s\u00f6m\u00fcrenlere kar\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcvenceler nedeniyle demokrasiye duydu\u011fu sayg\u0131 ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131kta da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz Croix\u2019n\u0131n bu tavr\u0131n\u0131. Ama ben, bilimsel olmak ad\u0131na karn\u0131ndan konu\u015fman\u0131n Marksistler aras\u0131nda bile ge\u00e7er ak\u00e7e oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Croix\u2019n\u0131n tavr\u0131ndan ve \u00fcslubundan etkilendi\u011fimi belirtmeliyim.<\/p>\n Son olarak kitaba ya da \u00e7evirisine dair eklemek istedi\u011finiz bir \u015feyler var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n Asl\u0131na bakarsan\u0131z hem kitab\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fine ili\u015fkin hem de \u00e7evirirken d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm ve hissetti\u011fim \u015feylere dair \u00e7ok \u015fey s\u00f6yleyebilirim. \u00d6rne\u011fin Croix\u2019n\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131k \u00fczerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131, ya da toplumsal cinsiyet meselesini genel \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin i\u00e7ine oturtma bi\u00e7imi \u00fczerinde mutlaka durmak gerekiyor. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, Croix\u2019n\u0131n Marksist bir tarih\u00e7i olarak ortaya koydu\u011fu tezlerin, ba\u015fka alanlar ve d\u00f6nemler, \u00f6rne\u011fin kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131m olan ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile ilgili olas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmak da son derece ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 olurdu. Son olarak kitab\u0131n ge\u00e7 de olsa T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli bir sorumlulu\u011fun alt\u0131na giren Yordam Kitap\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmek istiyorum. \u00c7evirmen olaraksa dile\u011fim elbette \u00e7evirinin, yap\u0131c\u0131 ele\u015ftirilere konu olmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece yeni bask\u0131larda daha g\u00fczel bir metnin okurla bulu\u015fmas\u0131.<\/p>\n – Antik Yunan D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadelesi, Geoffrey Ernest Maurice de STE. CROIX, \u00c7ev. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f S\u00fcmer, Yordam Kitap, 2014, 880 s. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" G.E.M. de Ste. Croix\u2019n\u0131n Antik Yunan D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadelesi isimli yap\u0131t\u0131 nihayet T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede. Yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan pek \u00e7ok\u00a0 ki\u015fi bu kitab\u0131n T\u00fcrkiyeli okurlarla bulu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6neminden s\u00f6z etti. Kitab\u0131n \u00e7evirmeni ve ayn\u0131 zamanda tarih\u00e7i olan \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f S\u00fcmer ile Croix ve yap\u0131t\u0131 hakk\u0131nda konu\u015ftuk. Sizce Croix\u2019n\u0131n eserini bu kadar \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan nedir? Asl\u0131nda bu sorunun tek bir yan\u0131t\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":24874,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[166,221,222,511],"tags":[1666,1496,238],"class_list":["post-24870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-129-sayi","category-felsefe","category-tarih","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-antik-yunan","tag-sinif-mucadelesi","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t