{"id":25273,"date":"2015-02-02T17:27:58","date_gmt":"2015-02-02T15:27:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=25273"},"modified":"2018-05-14T12:54:42","modified_gmt":"2018-05-14T09:54:42","slug":"hortumlar-ve-olusum-duzenekleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/02\/02\/hortumlar-ve-olusum-duzenekleri","title":{"rendered":"Hortumlar ve olu\u015fum d\u00fczenekleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hortum, \u201ciyi geli\u015fmi\u015f derin bir konvektif f\u0131rt\u0131na bulutunun taban\u0131ndan siklonik bir sirk\u00fclasyonla birlikte yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama \u015fiddetli-derin bir al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde h\u0131zla d\u00f6nen bir hava s\u00fctunu\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Hortumlar, olu\u015fumlar\u0131na neden olan etmen ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve do\u011fas\u0131na g\u00f6re nas\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir?<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cG\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc F\u0131rt\u0131nalar ve Olu\u015fum D\u00fczenekleri\u201d konulu \u00f6nceki makalemizde (T\u00fcrke\u015f, 2015), as\u0131l olarak, \u201cG\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc-\u015fim\u015fekli konvektif f\u0131rt\u0131na (g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131na) nedir? Nas\u0131l geli\u015fir? Olu\u015fumlar\u0131na neden olan etmen ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve do\u011fas\u0131na g\u00f6re nas\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir?\u201d konusunu ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015farak, bu sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Elinizdeki bu makalede ise, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak, \u201cHortum nedir? Nas\u0131l geli\u015fir? Olu\u015fumlar\u0131na neden olan etmen ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve do\u011fas\u0131na g\u00f6re nas\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir?\u201d \u015feklindeki sorular\u0131 bilimsel olarak yan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

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Ola\u011fan bir hortumun genel \u00f6zelliklerinin yal\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7izimsel g\u00f6sterimi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Uygun y\u00fczey ve y\u00fcksek atmosfer ko\u015fullar\u0131nda tam geli\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131 bulan \u015fiddetli bir g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle bir ya da birden fazla hortumla birlikte geli\u015fti\u011finde, kara \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve afet boyutunda hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir. Hortumlar\u0131n son y\u0131llarda ABD d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerde daha fazla ilgi g\u00f6rmesi, olu\u015fum s\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimlerden \u00e7ok, \u015fiddetlerindeki ve etkilerindeki art\u0131\u015f ya da kuvvetlenme ile k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle y\u00fczey (kara ve deniz) ve alt atmosfer (troposfer) s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve buharla\u015fman\u0131n (\u00f6zellikle denizler ve okyanuslardan) art\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131nda yak\u0131n bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kuramsal olarak ve baz\u0131 iklim model \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, y\u00fczey ve alt atmosfer s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, buharla\u015fman\u0131n ve atmosferin su buhar\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011finin (\u00f6r. \u00f6zg\u00fcl nemin) artmas\u0131 sonucunda, konvektif karars\u0131zl\u0131k (havan\u0131n dikine y\u00fckselme e\u011filimi) ya da konveksiyon (y\u00fckselici hareketlerin) artabilecektir (T\u00fcrke\u015f, 2010, 2014). Bunun sonucunda, \u00f6zellikle daha fazla yo\u011funla\u015fma gizli \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, hava k\u00fctlesi orajlar\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u00fcper h\u00fccre f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fiddetlerinin ve hortum olu\u015fturma kapasitelerinin kuvvetlenmesi beklenebilir. \u015eiddetli g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131na ve hortum s\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi konusu ise, olu\u015fumlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 d\u00fczeneklere, fiziki co\u011frafya \u00f6\u011fe ve etmenlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, hen\u00fcz daha az kesinlikle \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir a\u015famadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hortum olu\u015fumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131na, \u201cg\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u015fim\u015fek-y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m ile birlikte geli\u015fen, \u00e7o\u011funlukla kuvvetli ya\u011fmur ve dolu sa\u011fanaklar\u0131n\u0131n, ender olarak kar sa\u011fanaklar\u0131n\u0131n, kuvvetli ve hamleli r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131n g\u00f6zlendi\u011fi bir ya da birden fazla cumulonimbus (Cb) h\u00fccresinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u015fiddetli hava\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir (T\u00fcrke\u015f, 2010, 2015). Uygun y\u00fczey ve y\u00fcksek atmosfer ko\u015fullar\u0131nda tam geli\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131 bulan \u015fiddetli bir g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle bir ya da birden fazla hortumla birlikte geli\u015fti\u011finde, kara \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve afet boyutunda hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir.
\nHortumlar (\u0130ngilizce, tornado\u2019nun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra twister ya da cyclone olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r), g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Hortumlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu s\u00fcperh\u00fccre f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131 gibi \u015fiddetli orajlardan kaynaklanmakla birlikte, \u00f6zellikle oraj \u00e7izgileri ve so\u011fuk cephe orajlar\u0131 gibi \u00f6teki g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131nalarda da olu\u015fur. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olmamakla birlikte, hava k\u00fctlesi orajlar\u0131 da ender olarak hortum olu\u015fturabilir.
\nHortumlar, d\u00f6nen halat bi\u00e7imli bir hortuma, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u015fiddetli bir oraj bulutunun (\u00f6r. s\u00fcperh\u00fccre oraj\u0131n\u0131n) taban\u0131ndan sarkan bir filin hortumuna ya da yo\u011fun siyah bulut s\u00fctunlar\u0131na benzeyebilir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bulut hortumu ya da hunisi (\u0130ng: funnel cloud), d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olan tornadodur. Tornado bulut sirk\u00fclasyonu yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, ger\u00e7ek hortum olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fczey ve uydu g\u00f6zlemleri, Kuzey Yar\u0131mk\u00fcre ve Kuzey Amerika hortumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun y\u00fczey yak\u0131n\u0131nda olu\u015fan al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezinin \u00e7evresinde siklonik bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f sergiledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, hortum, \u201ciyi geli\u015fmi\u015f derin bir konvektif f\u0131rt\u0131na bulutunun taban\u0131ndan siklonik bir sirk\u00fclasyonla birlikte yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama \u015fiddetli-derin bir al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde h\u0131zla d\u00f6nen bir hava s\u00fctunu\u201d (\u015eekil 1 ve 3) olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.
\nBir hortum olu\u015fturan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131na bulutu, ilk hortumun ortadan kalkmas\u0131ndan sonra ya da geli\u015fimin sonuna do\u011fru, ba\u015fka bir hortumun geli\u015fmesini de sa\u011flayabilir. Tornadolar, \u00e7o\u011funlukla birka\u00e7 dakika s\u00fcrer, ama bu s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olabilirler. Hortum hunisinin i\u00e7indeki al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7la ve siklonik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 kuvvetli r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar, evleri, otomobilleri, kamyonlar\u0131 ve tren lokomotif ve vagonlar\u0131n\u0131 havaya kald\u0131rabilir ve tahrip edebilir; ormanlar\u0131 t\u0131ra\u015flayabilir ve geni\u015f yollar a\u00e7abilir. Bu etkilerin pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fini, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerinde, \u00f6zellikle ABD\u2019de g\u00f6rmek olas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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4 Eyl\u00fcl 2011 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130stanbul Yal\u0131k\u00f6y\u2019de (\u00c7atalca) olu\u015fum a\u015famas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenen bir hortumun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru uzanan duvar bulutu. (Foto: Muharrem Mert \u00d6z\u015fen; http:\/\/www.mgm.gov.tr\/site\/ex_mgmGununFotografi.aspx?y=2012&a=07&g=11)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tornadolarda kuvvetli r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131, onu \u00e7evreleyen atmosferik dola\u015f\u0131mla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle, fiziksel olarak olas\u0131d\u0131r. Hortumun \u00e7ap\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla 100-600 m aras\u0131nda olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00e7aplar\u0131 ancak birka\u00e7 metre geni\u015fli\u011finde olanlar ile \u00e7aplar\u0131 1600 metreyi ge\u00e7enler de bulunur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, hortumu olu\u015fturan oraj, yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 km \u00e7ap\u0131nda olabilir. Geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcrse ve moment korunabilirse r\u00fczg\u00e2r h\u0131z\u0131 artar. Hortum i\u00e7indeki r\u00fczg\u00e2r h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n 300 km\/saat oldu\u011fu, bunun baz\u0131 \u00f6rneklerde 400 km\/saate \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130lerleyen bir so\u011fuk cephenin \u00f6n\u00fcnde olu\u015fan hortumlar, s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00fcneybat\u0131l\u0131 r\u00fczg\u00e2rlarca y\u00f6nlendirilir; bu y\u00fczden, hortumlar, g\u00fcneybat\u0131dan kuzeydo\u011fuya do\u011fru genellikle 20-40 knot aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen h\u0131zlarla hareket etmektedir. Ancak, hortumlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 70 knot\u2019tan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket edebilir. \u00c7o\u011fu tornado yaln\u0131z birka\u00e7 dakika etkili olabilir ve ortalama yol uzunlu\u011fu da yakla\u015f\u0131k 7-10 km\u2019dir. Kuzey Amerika\u2019da y\u00fczlerce kilometre yol kat eden ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 saat etkili olan hortumlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00fcr tornadolar, \u00e7o\u011funlukla bir tek h\u00fccre oraj\u0131 ile birlikte geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Hortum geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hortum olu\u015fumu \u00e7e\u015fitli atmosferik hareket d\u00fczeneklerine ve sinoptik etmenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, hortum geli\u015fimini a\u00e7\u0131klayan tek bir model ve t\u00fcm durumlara uyan tek bir hortum yap\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilemez. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hortumlar\u0131n ana kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan bir s\u00fcperh\u00fccreye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak olu\u015fan bir s\u00fcperh\u00fccre hortumu \u00fczerinde durulacak.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcperh\u00fccre oraj\u0131ndaki hortum geli\u015fimi \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir: a) d\u00f6nen kal\u0131n bir Cb bulutu ya da mezo siklon; b) duvar bulutu; c) hortum (\u015eekil 1-3). Hortumun (a) evresinde, d\u00f6nen oraj (mezo siklon) bulutu, geni\u015f, k\u0131sa ve sonraki evrelerine g\u00f6re daha yava\u015f d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcd\u00fcr; (b) evresine ge\u00e7i\u015fte, s\u00fcperh\u00fccre dikine uzar, yatay olarak ise daral\u0131r. Bu bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin sonucunda, \u00e7ekirde\u011finin \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131sal momentini korudu\u011fu i\u00e7in, daha h\u0131zl\u0131 olur. Buluttaki bu dikine y\u00f6ndeki geli\u015fmenin, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle uzaman\u0131n ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n nedeni kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, belki de bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, \u00e7evreden buluta y\u00f6nelen vortisiti adveksiyonundan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Nedeni ne olursa olsun, sonu\u00e7ta \u00e7ok karanl\u0131k, yava\u015f hareket eden ve duvar bulutu olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir bulut geli\u015fir ve mezosiklonun bulut taban\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya uzan\u0131r (\u015eekil 2). Duvar bulutu, normal ko\u015fullarda, kuzeydo\u011fuya do\u011fru hareket eden bir f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle arka b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nen s\u00fcperh\u00fccre ve duvar bulutu, ayn\u0131 zamanda derin bir al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. Bulut taban\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki hava, h\u0131zla bu siklonik buluta girer ve a\u00e7\u0131sal momenti koruyarak, b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131zlara ula\u015f\u0131r. Bulutun alt\u0131ndaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00e7evresine g\u00f6re azald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, d\u00f6nerek y\u00fckselen hava geni\u015fler ve adyabatik olarak so\u011fur (\u015eekil 1, 3 ve 4). Adyabatik so\u011fuma, doyma noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na ve yo\u011funla\u015fmaya neden olarak, yo\u011funla\u015fan havan\u0131n bir bulut hortumu ya da hunisi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini sa\u011flayabilir (\u015eekil 3 ve 4).<\/p>\n

Su hortumlar\u0131<\/strong>
\nSu y\u00fczeyleri (okyanus, deniz ve b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6ller) \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan hortumlara su hortumu (\u0130ng: water spout) ad\u0131 verilir (\u015eekil 4). Su hortumlar\u0131, y\u00fczey sular\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cak oldu\u011fu yerlerde geli\u015fir ve hortumlara g\u00f6re biraz daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Yaz\u0131n, ABD\u2019nin Florida k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olarak olu\u015fur; B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00f6ller ile Kanada\u2019n\u0131n Breton Burnu a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda da olu\u015ftuklar\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Son y\u0131llarda, \u00f6zellikle ilkbahar sonu ve yaz aylar\u0131nda (May\u0131s ve Haziran a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Akdeniz (\u00f6zellikle Antalya ve \u0130skenderun k\u00f6rfezlerinde) ve Ege Denizi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, Bat\u0131 Karadeniz, \u0130stanbul, Band\u0131rma y\u00f6relerinde ve Kuzey Ege\u2019de G\u00f6k\u00e7eada ve \u00c7anakkale \u00e7evrelerinde olu\u015ftuklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin giderek artan say\u0131da haber, g\u00f6zlem, amat\u00f6r ya da profesyonel (haber muhabirleri a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131) foto\u011fraf ve video kayd\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kuzey Ege\u2019de G\u00f6k\u00e7eada a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda deniz \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan bir su hortumu. (Foto: G\u00f6khan Do\u011fru, 21 Haziran 2014, G\u00f6k\u00e7eada)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Su hortumlar\u0131, kara do\u011fu\u015flu kuzenlerine g\u00f6re genellikle daha az \u015fiddetlidir. Ger\u00e7ekte su hortumlar\u0131, \u00f6teki hortumlardan farkl\u0131 olarak, s\u00fcperh\u00fccre orajlar\u0131, mezosiklonlar ya da duvar bulutlar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7ok, s\u0131kl\u0131kla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir tek h\u00fccre oraj\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak olu\u015fur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ABD\u2019nin g\u00fcneydo\u011fu ve do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ve Meksika K\u00f6rfezinde olu\u015fan su hortumlar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlukla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131nadan olu\u015fur. Bu ko\u015fullarda olu\u015fan su hortumlar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 8 km y\u00fckseltiye ula\u015fabilir. Ola\u011fan bir su hortumu, ola\u011fan bir oraj hortumu kadar y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, baz\u0131lar\u0131 can ve mal kay\u0131plar\u0131na, afetlere neden olabilir. Bunun \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6rne\u011fi, ABD\u2019nin Florida k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ve Meksika K\u00f6rfezinde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise, \u0130skenderun ve Antalya k\u00f6rfezlerinin k\u0131y\u0131ya yak\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ile \u0130stanbul\u2019un Marmara k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda kaydedilmi\u015ftir.
\nSu hortumlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunda genellikle \u00fc\u00e7 temel olu\u015fum d\u00fczene\u011finin etkili oldu\u011fu kabul edilir:
\n1) Kara temelli ola\u011fan bir g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n (hava k\u00fctlesi oraj\u0131), s\u0131cak bir su y\u00fczeyine do\u011fru hareket etmesi;
\n2) Okyanuslar\u0131n, denizlerin ya da geni\u015f g\u00f6llerin \u00fczerinde geli\u015fen g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Cb bulutlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve
\n3) Kas\u0131rgalar\u0131n (kas\u0131rga \u015fiddetindeki tropikal siklonlar\u0131n) d\u00f6nen ya\u011fmur ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde geli\u015fen oraj bulutlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

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19 Haziran 2014 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130stanbul Tuzla ve Pendik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda olu\u015fan ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenen bir hortum. Kuvvetli ya\u011f\u0131\u015fla birlikte y\u00f6rede etkili olan hortum, Tuzla ve Pendik k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda baz\u0131 d\u00fckkan ve evlere maddi zarara verdi. Baz\u0131 i\u015f yerlerinin bah\u00e7eleri da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131; baz\u0131 evlerin \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131 u\u00e7tu. (Foto: S\u00f6zc\u00fc Gazetesi; http:\/\/sozcu.com.tr\/ 2014\/genel\/istanbulda-hortum-cikti-537122\/)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sinoptik \u00f6l\u00e7ekli hortum olu\u015fum ko\u015fullar\u0131na T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den bir \u00f6rnek: \u00c7ubuk (Ankara) hortumu
\nBuraya kadar \u00f6\u011frendiklerimize g\u00f6re, orajlara ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015fiddetli hortumlar, bir so\u011fuk cephe \u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u0131cak ve nemli karars\u0131z havan\u0131n i\u00e7inde, so\u011fuk cephenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki oraj \u00e7izgisinin \u00fczerinde ve \u00f6n\u00fcnde ve\/ya da y\u00fcksek atmosfer oluklar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 oluk bi\u00e7imli cephesel siklonlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde ve \u00f6n\u00fcnde olu\u015fur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki hortumlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de, burada a\u00e7\u0131klananlara \u00e7ok benzeyen sinoptik \u00f6l\u00e7ekli atmosferik dola\u015f\u0131m d\u00fczenekleri, hava sistemleri ve y\u00fczey ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n tetiklemesiyle olu\u015fur. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015f ile gezici orta enlem siklonlar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131na olaylar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak olu\u015fan hortumlar i\u00e7in uygun atmosfer ko\u015fullar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de geli\u015febilmektedir.
\n19 Haziran 2004 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde daha kuvvetli olmak \u00fczere, 18 ve 19 Haziran g\u00fcnlerinde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6nce bat\u0131 ve kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda, sonra kuzeyini de i\u00e7eren geni\u015f bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131nalar ve sa\u011fanak ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7in uygun ko\u015fullar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan b\u00f6yle bir sinoptik \u00f6l\u00e7ekli hava deseni ya da atmosferik ko\u015fullar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, buna ko\u015fut olarak mutlaka bir hortum olu\u015fmayabilir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki Ankara\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7ubuk il\u00e7esi yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki bir k\u00f6yde 3 yurtta\u015f\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve maddi kayba yol a\u00e7an ve bir \u201cmeteorolojik afet\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 gereken hortum, burada \u00f6zetlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6zel atmosferik ko\u015fullar\u0131n bir araya gelmesi ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkisiyle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u00d6yleyse, bunlar neler olabilir?
\n1) Birincisi, y\u00fcksek atmosferde Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kaplayan bir uzun atmosferik dalgan\u0131n i\u00e7indeki ikincil bir olu\u011fun ya da k\u0131sa dalgan\u0131n, Balkanlar, Ege Denizi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kaplayan alana yerle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131;
\n2) \u0130kincisi, bu y\u00fcksek atmosfer olu\u011funun denetiminde yine ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede etkili olan bir so\u011fuk cephenin bulunmas\u0131;
\n3) \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, so\u011fuk cephenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki alanda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye do\u011fru yerde ve y\u00fcksek atmosferde g\u00fcneybat\u0131l\u0131 hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cak ve nemli karars\u0131z bir havay\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye do\u011fru ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.
\nBunlara, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7 ve kuzey b\u00f6lgelerinde etkili olan ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n, yerel olarak Anadolu \u00fczerinde daha nemli ko\u015fullar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da eklenebilir. Bu ko\u015fullar, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131yla y\u00fczeyden buharla\u015fman\u0131n, konveksiyonun ve konvektif karars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 gibi hava k\u00fctlesi orajlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda rol oynayan etmen ve s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7erebilir.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel ve \u00fclkesel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olmakla birlikte, hortumlar\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu f\u0131rt\u0131nan\u0131n ve etkilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7mek, de\u011ferlemek ve a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyada yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00e7ek, \u201cFujita (F) Tornado \u015eiddet \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fidir\u201d (\u00c7izelge 1). \u00c7ubuk Hortumun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu can ve mal kay\u0131p ve hasarlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, co\u011frafi olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, hortumun \u015fiddeti, Fujite Hortum \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fine g\u00f6re \u00d6nemli Hortum (F-2) ya da olas\u0131l\u0131kla \u015eiddetli Hortum (F-3) olarak nitelenebilir.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong>
\n1) Byers H. R. and R. R. Braham. 1949. The Thunderstorm Project. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 287 pp.
\n2)\u00a0 2Danielson, E. W., Levin, J. and Abrams, E. 2003. Meteorology. Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 558 pp.
\n3) T\u00fcrke\u015f, M. 2010. Climatology and Meteorology. First Edition, Kriter Publisher – Publication No. 63, Physical Geography Series No. 1, ISBN: 978-605-5863-39-6, 650 + XXII pp.: \u0130stanbul (in Turkish).
\n4) T\u00fcrke\u015f, M. 2014. \u00d6rneklerle D\u00fcnya\u2019da ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fi. Bilim ve Gelecek 129: 60-64.
\n5) T\u00fcrke\u015f, M. 2015. G\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131nalar ve olu\u015fum d\u00fczenekleri. Bilim ve Gelecek 131: 84-87.
\n6) Wallace, J. M. and Hobbs, P. V. 2006. Atmospheric Science, An Introductory Survey, Second Edition. Elsevier Academic Press, New York, 483 pp.
\n\u0130nternet Kaynaklar\u0131
\n7) http:\/\/sozcu.com.tr\/2014\/genel\/istanbulda-hortum-cikti-537122\/; eri\u015fim; 20 Haziran 2014.
\n8) http:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/pastprofile.shtml#ncy, eri\u015fim: 16 Temmuz 2009.
\n9) http:\/\/www.tornadoproject.com, eri\u015fim: 20 Eyl\u00fcl 2008.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hortum, \u201ciyi geli\u015fmi\u015f derin bir konvektif f\u0131rt\u0131na bulutunun taban\u0131ndan siklonik bir sirk\u00fclasyonla birlikte yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama \u015fiddetli-derin bir al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde h\u0131zla d\u00f6nen bir hava s\u00fctunu\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Hortumlar, olu\u015fumlar\u0131na neden olan etmen ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve do\u011fas\u0131na g\u00f6re nas\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir? \u201cG\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc F\u0131rt\u0131nalar ve Olu\u015fum D\u00fczenekleri\u201d konulu \u00f6nceki makalemizde (T\u00fcrke\u015f, 2015), […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":606,"featured_media":25274,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[169,217,38],"tags":[1126,2911,3232],"class_list":["post-25273","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-132-sayi","category-cevre-bilimleri","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-hava","tag-hava-olaylari","tag-hortum"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t