{"id":25280,"date":"2015-02-02T17:46:56","date_gmt":"2015-02-02T15:46:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=25280"},"modified":"2018-05-14T12:50:35","modified_gmt":"2018-05-14T09:50:35","slug":"yilbasi-agaclarina-yeni-adaylar-abdde-turkiye-goknarlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/02\/02\/yilbasi-agaclarina-yeni-adaylar-abdde-turkiye-goknarlari","title":{"rendered":"Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131na yeni adaylar ABD\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6knarlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zararl\u0131lar\u0131n ABD\u2019de yerel y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar vermesi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yerel zararl\u0131lara dayan\u0131kl\u0131 egzotik (ba\u015fka iklime ait ve\/veya yabanc\u0131) y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 adaylar\u0131na \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir. ABD i\u00e7in egzotik olan bu y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 adaylar\u0131ndan bir tanesi ise T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6knarlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen bir gelene\u011fin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda dekoratif ama\u00e7l\u0131 ve yeni y\u0131l\u0131n habercisi olarak kullan\u0131\u0131r. Bu kullan\u0131mda, y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00e7i\u00e7ekler, s\u00fcs meyveleri, \u015fekerler, kekler, kokulu mumlar ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u0131\u015f\u0131klar gibi bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 geleneksel s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 ile s\u00fcslenip p\u00fcslenirler (Resim 1). \u0130lk y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Almanlar taraf\u0131ndan Strazburg\u2019da kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilmi\u015ftir. Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ise 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019da y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 end\u00fcstrisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019da son 40-50 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 \u00fcretiminde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019da ormanc\u0131l\u0131k end\u00fcstrisinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00f6zel \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (Chastagner ve Benson 2000). Avrupa\u2019da her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 50-60 milyon (yakla\u015f\u0131k milyon olarak Almanya 19, Fransa 9,2, Danimarka 8,5, Bel\u00e7ika 5,2 ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k 4,4), Kuzey Amerika\u2019da ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 milyon (ABD; yakla\u015f\u0131k milyon olarak Oregon 9, Kuzey Karolina 5,5) y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 \u00fcretilmektedir. ABD\u2019de y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 \u00fcretimi yapan ve\/veya yeti\u015ftiren yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 bin \u00fcretici bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu yeti\u015ftiricilerin 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda tarla \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f de\u011feri 462 milyon dolar (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyar T\u00fcrk liras\u0131) olan 33 milyon y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 \u00fcretti\u011fi, t\u00fcketicilerin ise y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 al\u0131m\u0131na (hesaplamalar 1,5-2 metre boyundaki a\u011fa\u00e7lar ele al\u0131narak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1,5 milyar dolar (yakla\u015f\u0131k 3,3 milyar T\u00fcrk liras\u0131) harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir (Chastagner ve Benson 2000).<\/p>\n

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Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 olarak yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve s\u00fcslenmi\u015f bir Uluda\u011f\/T\u00fcrk g\u00f6knar\u0131 (A. bornmuelleriana)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 olarak bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 orman a\u011fac\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda en pop\u00fcler ve\/veya yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lanlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: Douglas-g\u00f6knar\u0131 (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Fraser g\u00f6knar\u0131 (Abies fraseri (Pursch) Poir), Noble g\u00f6knar\u0131 (A. procera Rehd.), Balsam g\u00f6knar\u0131 (A. balsamea (L.) Miller), Nordmann (veya Kafkas) g\u00f6knar\u0131 (A. nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach.), Norve\u00e7 kay\u0131n\u0131 (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Sar\u0131\u00e7am (Pinus sylvestris L.), Virginia (Jersey) \u00e7am\u0131 (P. virginiana Mill.) ve Beyaz \u00e7am (P. monticola Dougl. ex D. Don). G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, Noble ve Fraser g\u00f6knar\u0131, do\u011fal konik \u015fekilleri, ho\u015f renk ve kokular\u0131, hasattan sonra ibrelerini (i\u011fne \u015feklindeki yapraklar\u0131) uzun s\u00fcreli tutabilmeleri ve s\u00fcsleri ta\u015f\u0131yabilecek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc dallara sahip olmalar\u0131 gibi \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131 yeti\u015ftiriciler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretimi (Resim 2 ve 3) en \u00e7ok tercih edilen a\u011fa\u00e7lard\u0131r (Frampton 1998; Frampton ve McKinley 1999; Chastagner ve Benson 2000).<\/p>\n

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Kuzey Karolina eyaletindeki bir Fraser g\u00f6knar\u0131 tarlas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu tercih edilen \u00f6zelliklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, her iki t\u00fcr de bir\u00e7ok zararl\u0131 mantar ve b\u00f6cek taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli derecede hasara u\u011frat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu zararl\u0131lardan en \u00f6nemlileri; balsam y\u00fcn zararl\u0131s\u0131 bir b\u00f6cek (balsam woolly adelgid) ve k\u00f6k \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesine neden olan zararl\u0131 bir mantard\u0131r (Phytophthora root rot). Bu zararl\u0131lar\u0131n yerel y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar vermesi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yerel zararl\u0131lara dayan\u0131kl\u0131 egzotik (ba\u015fka iklime ait ve\/veya yabanc\u0131) y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 adaylar\u0131na \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir. ABD i\u00e7in egzotik olan bu y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 adaylar\u0131ndan bir tanesi ise T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6knarlar\u0131d\u0131r (Frampton vd. 2013).<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6knarlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Akdeniz havzas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunan g\u00f6knar (Abies) t\u00fcrlerinin taksonomik olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bir\u00e7ok nedenden dolay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde ortaya konulamamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131; belirli t\u00fcrler aras\u0131ndaki hibritle\u015fmeler (Kormutak vd. 2008; 2013), geni\u015f co\u011frafik yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f (Liepelt vd. 2010; Linares 2011), farkl\u0131 ekolojik habitatlarda bulunma (Aussenac 2002) ve t\u00fcr i\u00e7i ve\/veya t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen y\u00fcksek genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik olarak say\u0131labilir (Scaltsoyiannes vd. 1999; Hansen vd. 2005; Kaya vd. 2008; Tayan\u00e7 vd. 2012). Belirtilen nedenlerden dolay\u0131, bu metin i\u00e7inde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki farkl\u0131 alanlarda yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren g\u00f6knarlar\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcr terimi yerine takson (bir veya daha fazla populasyon\/topluluk grubu) terimi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kuzey Karolina eyaletindeki bir Fraser g\u00f6knar\u0131 tarlas\u0131 ve a\u011fa\u00e7lara \u015fekil veren i\u015f\u00e7iler<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de do\u011fal olarak be\u015f farkl\u0131 g\u00f6knar taksonu bulunur. Bu taksonlar genellikle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri boyunca yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterirler (\u015eekil 1). Kafkas ve\/veya Nordmann g\u00f6knar\u0131 (Abies nordmanniana Stev.) ve Bornm\u00fcller ve\/veya Uluda\u011f\/T\u00fcrk (ABD\u2019de verilen isim) g\u00f6knar\u0131 (A. bornmulleriana Mattf.) ba\u015fl\u0131ca Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca yay\u0131l\u0131r. Kazda\u011f\u0131 ve\/veya Trojan g\u00f6knar\u0131 (A. equi-trojani (Aschers. et. Sint. ex Boiss) Mattf.) ve \u00c7atalda\u011f g\u00f6knar\u0131 (A. x olcayana Ata and Merev) Marmara b\u00f6lgesinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pop\u00fclasyonlar \u015feklinde yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterir. Toros g\u00f6knar\u0131 (A. cilicica Carr.) ise genellikle Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca uzanan Toros da\u011flar\u0131nda yay\u0131l\u0131r. Toros g\u00f6knar\u0131, co\u011frafik olarak iki farkl\u0131 alt t\u00fcr ile temsil edilir: Toros da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fusunda ve orta k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren altt\u00fcr cilicica ve Toros da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren altt\u00fcr isaurica\u2019d\u0131r (\u015eekil 1). Uluda\u011f, Kazda\u011f\u0131, \u00c7atalda\u011f ve altt\u00fcr isaurica T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in endemik (belirli bir alana\/y\u00f6reye \u00f6zg\u00fc) olan taksonlard\u0131r (Bahad\u0131r ve Emet 2010; Tayan\u00e7 vd. 2012).<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de do\u011fal olarak bulunan g\u00f6knar t\u00fcrlerinin yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f alanlar\u0131 (Harita Kaya vd. 2008; Bahad\u0131r ve Emet 2010; Linares 2011 ve Tayan\u00e7 vd. 2012\u2019den al\u0131nan bilgilerden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

ABD\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6knarlar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 projeler<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6knar (Abies) cinsine ait t\u00fcrler genellikle k\u00f6k zararl\u0131s\u0131 mantar olan Phytophthora cinsine ait t\u00fcrlere kar\u015f\u0131 hassast\u0131rlar. ABD\u2019nin endemik bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olan Fraser g\u00f6knar\u0131, Phytophthora cinnamomi ad\u0131 verilen mantar zararl\u0131s\u0131na a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede duyarl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. Ayr\u0131ca, Fraser g\u00f6knar\u0131 populasyonlar\u0131nda mantar zararl\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stermede genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131, bu hastal\u0131\u011fa diren\u00e7li ba\u015fka g\u00f6knar t\u00fcrleri \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Frampton ve Benson 2012). P. cinnamomi zararl\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 32 g\u00f6knar t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn fidan dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, ortalama \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 % 88 olarak bulunmu\u015ftur. G\u00f6knar cinsinin de\u011ferlendirilen sekiz taksonomik alt \u015fubesinin ikisinde (Momi % 65, Abies % 79) fidanlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 di\u011fer alt \u015fubelere g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bulunmu\u015ftur. Fidanlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn alt \u015fubelerde % 93\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. T\u00fcrk\/Uluda\u011f g\u00f6knar\u0131 (ABD\u2019de A. bornmuelleriana, Turk\u0131sh=T\u00fcrk g\u00f6knar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmakta) ve Kazda\u011f\u0131\/Trojan g\u00f6knar\u0131, P. cinnamomi zararl\u0131s\u0131na diren\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 32 g\u00f6knar t\u00fcr\u00fc aras\u0131nda s\u0131ras\u0131yla 3. ve 10. olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Fakat fidan \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise k\u0131smen y\u00fcksek de\u011ferlere (Uluda\u011f g\u00f6knar\u0131 % 61,3 ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131 % 84,2) sahip olduklar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur (Frampton ve Benson 2012).<\/p>\n

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Kontroll\u00fc ortamda a\u015f\u0131lanan farkl\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6knarlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcl hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131. Bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e g\u00f6knar populasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n mantar hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir (Frampton vd 2012).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Uluda\u011f ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knarlar\u0131n\u0131n P. cinnamomi zararl\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdikleri direncin genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin incelendi\u011fi bir ba\u015fka ara\u015ft\u0131rmada ise fidan \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131, Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131nda % 56,4 ve Uluda\u011f g\u00f6knar\u0131nda ise % 32,9 olarak bulunmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca, fidan \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan pop\u00fclasyonlarda bat\u0131dan (% 59,8, Kazda\u011f\u0131) do\u011fuya do\u011fru (% 21,4, Karab\u00fck) co\u011frafik olarak \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ortaya konulmu\u015ftur (\u015eekil 2). Bulunan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019da devam eden y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 end\u00fcstrisine bitki hammaddesi sa\u011flamada \u00fcmit verici ve bir o kadar \u00f6nemli bulgular oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir (Frampton vd. 2013).<\/p>\n

G\u00f6knar Genetik Kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi ile De\u011ferlendirme Projesi [The Collaborative Fir Germplasm Evaluation (CoFirGE)] y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 olmaya aday egzotik g\u00f6knar t\u00fcrlerinin ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli di\u011fer bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma projesidir. CoFirGE projesi, ABD\u2019de ve Danimarka\u2019da yer alan \u00fcniversite ve y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricisi birliklerinin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Projeye kat\u0131lan \u00fcniversiteler ve birlikler \u015funlard\u0131r: ABD\u2019nin d\u00f6rt y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 \u00fcretim merkezinden Kuzey Karolina Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 A\u011fac\u0131 Birli\u011fi – Kuzey Karolina Devlet \u00dcniversitesi (North Carolina Christmas Tree Association – North Carolina State University), Pasifik Kuzeybat\u0131 Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 A\u011fac\u0131 Birli\u011fi – Oregon Devlet \u00dcniversitesi (Pacific Northwest Christmas Tree Association – Oregon State University), Michigan Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 A\u011fac\u0131 Birli\u011fi – Michigan Devlet \u00dcniversitesi (Michigan Christmas Tree Association – Michigan State University), Connecticut Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 A\u011fac\u0131 Birli\u011fi – Connecticut Tar\u0131msal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u0130stasyonu (Connecticut Christmas Tree Association – Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station) ve Danimarka\u2019dan Danimarkal\u0131 Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 A\u011fac\u0131 Yeti\u015ftiricileri Birli\u011fi – Kopenhag \u00dcniversitesi (Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association – University of Copenhagen).<\/p>\n

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Kuzey Karolina\u2019da bulunan CoFirGE deneme alanlar\u0131ndan birine T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6knar fidelerinin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 (a) ve dikimi (b) (resimleri \u00e7eken Anne Margaret Braham)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\"\"CoFirGE projesinin ilk amac\u0131, Uluda\u011f ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki do\u011fal populasyonlar\u0131ndan tohum elde etmektir. Projenin bir sonraki a\u015famas\u0131 ise bu tohumlar\u0131n ABD ve Danimarka\u2019daki \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerde yeti\u015ftirilmesi sonucunda T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6knar t\u00fcrlerinin egzotik y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesini ve kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Uluda\u011f ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knarlar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bu t\u00fcrlerin y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Her iki t\u00fcr de ABD\u2019nin yerli t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n zararl\u0131lara diren\u00e7te, s\u0131cak ve kuru iklime uyum sa\u011flamada daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 t\u00fcketicilerinin Uluda\u011f ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n alabilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde izlenimler oldu\u011fu rapor edilmi\u015ftir (Frampton ve Benson 2012; Frampton vd. 2013). CoFirGE projesi kapsam\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den her bir populasyondan 20 birey olmak \u00fczere Uluda\u011f g\u00f6knar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rt populasyonundan ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131n\u0131n iki populasyonundan 2010 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonbahar\u0131nda tohum toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplanan tohumlar \u00e7imlendirilip araziye dikilecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe getirilene kadar seralarda yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Fidanlar, proje de yer alan her bir b\u00f6lgedeki iki deneme alan\u0131na dikilmi\u015ftir (Resim 4a ve b). Deneme alanlar\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel olarak y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re k\u00fclt\u00fcre al\u0131nmakta ve fidanlar\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri (hayatta kalma, boy, tomurcuk \u00fcretimi gibi) bir, d\u00f6rt ve sekiz ya\u015f\u0131ndayken arazide de\u011ferlendirmeye al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Deneme alan\u0131 kurulduktan sekiz y\u0131l sonra, arazi denemelerine son verilmesi ve projedeki her bir b\u00f6lgenin daha sonraki testler i\u00e7in tohum \u00fcretmesi ve\/veya a\u011fa\u00e7lardan al\u0131nacak materyaller ile a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 klonal tohum bah\u00e7esi olu\u015fturmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. B\u00f6ylece 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan projenin 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda bitirilmesi planlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gelecekteki beklentiler<\/strong><\/p>\n

CoFirGE projesi s\u00fcresince ve proje tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Uluda\u011f ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knarlar\u0131n\u0131n ABD\u2019nin d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 \u00fcretim merkezi ve Danimarka\u2019daki deneme alanlar\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok detayl\u0131 bilgi elde edilecektir. Bu bilgiler aras\u0131nda; Uluda\u011f ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar\u0131 ailelerinin her bir b\u00f6lgedeki kapsaml\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel olarak y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan ailelerden uygun olanlar\u0131n belirlenmesi, zararl\u0131lara diren\u00e7li, b\u00f6lgesel uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve genetik olarak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f (iyile\u015ftirilmi\u015f) bitki stokunun elde edilmesi say\u0131labilir. Uluda\u011f ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar ailelerinin ABD ve Danimarka\u2019daki farkl\u0131 iklimsel zonlara uyumu anla\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Genetik olarak iyile\u015ftirilmi\u015f yeni tohum bah\u00e7eleri kurulabilecektir. Ayr\u0131ca, zararl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bitki materyalinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu ekonomik kay\u0131plar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 end\u00fcstrisinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n

CoFirGE projesi kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nan Uluda\u011f ve Kazda\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6knar populasyonlar\u0131, her iki t\u00fcr\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yer alan do\u011fal ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Yani her iki t\u00fcr\u00fcn genetik kaynak merkezi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir. Bu bak\u0131mdan her iki t\u00fcr\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunan ve \u00fclkeye estetik, ekolojik, ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan bir\u00e7ok yarar sa\u011flayan ve\/veya sa\u011flama potansiyeli olan bereketli ve bol ormanlar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilmeli ve korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, bu t\u00fcrler gelecekte sadece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yarar sa\u011flamakla yetinmeyip \u00e7ok uzak diyarlarda bulunan bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi ve\/veya kurumun hayat\u0131na da katk\u0131da bulunabilir.<\/p>\n

Te\u015fekk\u00fcrler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Yusuf Kurt\u2019un Kuzey Karolina Devlet \u00dcniversitesindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK-B\u0130DEB\/2219-Program\u0131) taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmi\u015ftir. Bu deste\u011finden dolay\u0131 T\u00dcB\u0130TAK\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerimizi sunar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Aussenac G (2002) Ecology and ecophysiology of circum-Mediterranean firs in the context of climate change. Ann For Sci 59:823-832.<\/p>\n

2) Bahad\u0131r M, Emet K (2010) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ana iklim tiplerini karakterize eden belli ba\u015fl\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7 t\u00fcrlerinin CBS ile analizi. Tubav Bilim 3(1):94-105.<\/p>\n

3) Chastagner GA, Benson DM (2000) The Christmas tree: traditions, production, and diseases. Online Plant Health Progress. doi: 10.1094\/PHP-2000-1013-01-RV.<\/p>\n

4) Frampton J (1998) Fir species of the world. Limbs & Needles. Vol. 25(1):8-9, 13, 28.<\/p>\n

5) Frampton J, Benson DM (2012) Seedling resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in the genus Abies. Annals of Forest Science 69:805-812.<\/p>\n

6) Frampton J, Isik F, Benson MD (2013) Genetic variation in resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in seedling of two Turkish Abies species. Tree Genetics & Genomes 9:53-63.<\/p>\n

7) Frampton J, McKinley C (1999) Christmas trees and greenery in Denmark-production and tree improvement. American Christmas Tree Journal Vol. 43(2):4-11.<\/p>\n

8) Hansen OK, Vendramin GG, Sebastiani F, Edwards KJ (2005) Development of microsatellite markers in Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach and cross-species amplification in the Abies genus. Mol Ecol Notes 5:784-787.<\/p>\n

9) Kaya Z, Skaggs A, Neale DB (2008) Genetic differentiation of Abies equi-trojani (Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss) Mattf. populations from Kazda\u011f\u0131, Turkey and the genetic relationship between Turkish firs belonging to the Abies nordmanniana Spach complex. Turk J Bot 32:1-10.<\/p>\n

10) Kormutak A, Lee SW, Hong KN, Yang BH, Hong YP (2008) ) Crossability relationships between Korean firs Abies koreana, A. nephrolepis and some other representatives of the genus Abies. Biologia 63(1):94-99.<\/p>\n

– Kormutak A, Vookova B, Camek V, Salaj T, Galgoci M, Manka P, Bolecek P, Kuna R, Kobliha J, Lukacik I, Gomory D. (2013) Artificial hybridization of some Abies species. Plant Syst Evol 299:1175-1184.<\/p>\n

11) Liepelt S, Mayland-Quellhorst E, Lahme M, Ziegenhagen B (2010) Contrasting geographical patterns of ancient and modern genetic lineages in Mediterranean Abies species. Plant Syst Evol 284:141-151.<\/p>\n

12) Linares JC (2011) Biogeography and evolution of Abies (Pinaceae) in the Mediterranean Basin: the roles of long-term climatic change and glacial refugia. J Biogeogr 38:619-630.<\/p>\n

13) Scaltsoyiannes A., Tsaktsira M. and Drouzas A.D. 1999. Allozyme differentiation in the Mediterranean firs (Abies, Pinaceae). A first comparative study with phylogenetic implications. Plant Systematics and Evolution 216, 289-307.<\/p>\n

14) Tayan\u00e7 Y, \u00c7engel B, Kandemir G, Velio\u011flu E (2012) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren g\u00f6knar (Abies spp.) pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve filogenetik s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. Teknik B\u00fclten No: 33, Yay\u0131n No: 47, 55 s. Orman Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Orman A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Tohumlar\u0131 Islah Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Ankara-T\u00fcrkiye.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zararl\u0131lar\u0131n ABD\u2019de yerel y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar vermesi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yerel zararl\u0131lara dayan\u0131kl\u0131 egzotik (ba\u015fka iklime ait ve\/veya yabanc\u0131) y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 adaylar\u0131na \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir. ABD i\u00e7in egzotik olan bu y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131 adaylar\u0131ndan bir tanesi ise T\u00fcrkiye g\u00f6knarlar\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen bir gelene\u011fin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda dekoratif ama\u00e7l\u0131 ve yeni y\u0131l\u0131n habercisi olarak kullan\u0131\u0131r. Bu kullan\u0131mda, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":619,"featured_media":25282,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[169,21,217,38,1],"tags":[579,596,3234,3233],"class_list":["post-25280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-132-sayi","category-biyoloji","category-cevre-bilimleri","category-dergi-sayilari","category-genel","tag-abd","tag-agac","tag-cam","tag-goknar"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t