{"id":25842,"date":"2018-05-26T05:50:15","date_gmt":"2018-05-26T02:50:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=25842"},"modified":"2018-05-29T10:26:11","modified_gmt":"2018-05-29T07:26:11","slug":"paul-witteke-gore-neden-osmanli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/05\/26\/paul-witteke-gore-neden-osmanli","title":{"rendered":"Paul Wittek\u2019e g\u00f6re, neden Osmanl\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Anadolu karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r, derin bir politik kriz ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Gerek Mo\u011fol ak\u0131nlar\u0131, gerek yeni O\u011fuz g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131, gerekse Sel\u00e7uklulara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrkmen halk isyanlar\u0131 (Babailer) sonucunda Anadolu\u2019da merkezi otorite kurabilecek iki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 oda\u011f\u0131 da (Bizans ve Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti) bu niteli\u011fini yitirmi\u015f, Anadolu beyliklere b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130\u015fte bu beylikler i\u00e7inde belki de en m\u00fctevaz\u0131 olan\u0131 Osman\u2019\u0131nkidir.<\/p>\n

Avusturyal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Paul Wittek (1894-1978), \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Do\u011fu\u015fu\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde (\u00c7ev. Fatmag\u00fcl Berktay, 1. bask\u0131: \u015eubat 1985, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; 2. bask\u0131: 2013, Pencere Yay\u0131nlar\u0131), \u201cneden di\u011fer beylikler de\u011fil de Osman\u2019\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Gazi Devleti, bir cihan imparatorlu\u011funa evrilebildi?\u201d sorusuna yan\u0131t arar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Avusturyal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Paul Wittek (1894-1978)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bizans\u2019la kim sava\u015f\u0131yorsa\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wittek ilk olarak \u201cGazilik\u201d karakterine vurgu yapar. \u201cGaza yapma\u201d, yani en \u00f6nde kutsal sava\u015f verme niteli\u011fi\u2026 Gaziler, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n ve T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00f6nc\u00fc sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Gazilerin \u015fefleri \u201csultan, hakan, imparator\u201d falan de\u011fildirler; askerleriyle (di\u011fer gazilerle) birlikte ayn\u0131 ota\u011fda yat\u0131p kalkarlar, ayn\u0131 kaptan yemek yerler, birlikte k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 sallarlar.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019da Osman\u2019\u0131nkiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha olgun, oturmu\u015f ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc iki beylik vard\u0131r: Sel\u00e7uklu devletinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015f bir aileye dayanan ve ba\u015fkenti K\u00fctahya olan Germiyan Beyli\u011fi ile Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n resmi varisi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden Konya\u2019y\u0131 ba\u015fkent edinmi\u015f Karaman Beyli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Wittek’in \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Do\u011fu\u015fu\u201d adl\u0131 eseri.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu iki beylik de Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n miras\u0131n\u0131 devrald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederler ve di\u011fer t\u00fcm beylikleri kendi otoriteleri alt\u0131nda birle\u015fmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rlar. Ama \u201cgazi\u201d de\u011fildirler; hatta bu unvan\u0131 almak istemezler ve bat\u0131daki kom\u015fular\u0131na (Osman gibilerine) b\u0131rak\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Fakat di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn beyliklerde ve yeni gelenler i\u00e7inde ne kadar sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve dinamik unsur varsa, bunlar Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131na veya Karamano\u011fullar\u0131na biat etmezler, gidip Osman\u2019\u0131n gazilerine kat\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu, gelecekte merkezi birli\u011fin nas\u0131l sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da ilk i\u015faretidir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ortada bir kriz ve sava\u015f vard\u0131r. Kald\u0131 ki as\u0131l ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklu gelene\u011fi, 200 y\u0131l \u00f6nceki Malazgirt (Alpaslan) prati\u011fidir. G\u00fcn\u00fcn Alpaslanlar\u0131, Germiyan ve Karaman Beyleri de\u011fil, Osman\u2019\u0131n gazileridir.<\/p>\n

Demek ki birlik i\u00e7in soy, miras, gelenek yetmiyor. Bizans\u2019la kim sava\u015f\u0131yorsa birli\u011fi de o sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011finin kurucusu Osman Gazi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131-kurucu sentezi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olmak yetmiyor. Wittek \u015fu soruyu da ortaya atar: Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 (gazi) bir\u00e7ok beylik vard\u0131. Mente\u015fe Beyli\u011fi, Ayd\u0131n Beyli\u011fi, Saruhan Beyli\u011fi, Karesi Beyli\u011fi, Teke Beyli\u011fi, \u00c7andarl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi, Hamido\u011fullar\u0131 vb\u2026 Neden bunlar de\u011fil de Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi?<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da yer alan bu beylikler de Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flar, geni\u015f topraklar\u0131 fethetmi\u015flerdir. Fakat fazla h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Fethedilen yerlerin yeniden in\u015fa edilmesi, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, d\u00fczenin ve dirli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekir. Yoksa o topraklar elde tutulamaz. Bu da \u201ckurucu kadro\u201d meselesidir, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar yetmez.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bu sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zebilen biricik gazi beyli\u011fi Osman\u2019\u0131nki olmu\u015ftur. Neden ve nas\u0131l?<\/p>\n

\"\"
Bizans\u2019la kim sava\u015f\u0131yorsa birli\u011fi de o sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Birincisi Osmanl\u0131lar yava\u015f olmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Osman Bey\u2019in fazla ihtiyatl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan de\u011fil, son derece inat\u00e7\u0131 bir Bizans savunmas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Osmanl\u0131lar Bizans\u2019\u0131n merkezine, Konstantinopolis\u2019e (\u0130stanbul\u2019a) en yak\u0131n beyliktir. Ucun da ucudurlar. Bizans a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Ayd\u0131n\u2019\u0131n, \u0130zmir\u2019in al\u0131nmas\u0131 o kadar \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir; ama merkez (\u0130stanbul) \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne savunulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilerleyi\u015fi yava\u015f olur. Ama bu yava\u015fl\u0131k ona kuruculuk niteli\u011fi edinmesi i\u00e7in zaman kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fethedilen yerlerde yerle\u015fmek ve bir dirlik sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in vakit bulmu\u015ftur Osmanl\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya sadece sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 unsurlar de\u011fil, hem \u00fcretici hem de kentli olan Ahiler de, \u0130slam uygarl\u0131k gelene\u011fini temsil eden ulema da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya sadece sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 unsurlar de\u011fil, hem sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 hem \u00fcretici hem de kentli olan Ahiler de, \u0130slam uygarl\u0131k gelene\u011fini temsil eden ulema da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kurucular\u0131n da birli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, buna vakit bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Demek ki ba\u015far\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yetmez, kuruculuk da gerekir. Birlik, y\u0131kmaya cesaretle giri\u015febilmekle ba\u015flar; ama ba\u015far\u0131 as\u0131l birli\u011fin, y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131larla kurucular\u0131n birli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gazi olmayanlardan ve di\u011fer gazilerden fark\u0131 budur.<\/p>\n

Devrimci gelene\u011fini unutma!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wittek\u2019in eserinde bir \u00f6nemli konu daha var. Sonralar\u0131, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t \u00f6nderli\u011finde gazilik niteli\u011fini unutup erken bir imparatorluk pe\u015finde ko\u015fan Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Timur\u2019un okkal\u0131 tokad\u0131n\u0131 yiyip kendine gelme \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Timur\u2019un tokad\u0131 Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya \u201cgazili\u011fi\u201d an\u0131msat\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Beyaz\u0131t, bir \u0130slam imparatorlu\u011fu hedefiyle Do\u011fu\u2019ya y\u00f6nelmesini isteyen uleman\u0131n akl\u0131na uyar. Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutmu\u015f, kuruculu\u011fa fazla \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. Timur\u2019un tokad\u0131 Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya \u201cgazili\u011fi\u201d an\u0131msat\u0131r. Sanki \u201c\u0130\u015fini yar\u0131m b\u0131rakma, bitir\u201d diye uyarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r Timur.<\/p>\n

Bu da k\u0131ssadan hisselerin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc: Devrimci gelene\u011fini unutma; unutursan fena hat\u0131rlat\u0131rlar!<\/p>\n

Wittek\u2019in analizleri b\u00f6yle. Dr. Hikmet K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131ml\u0131 da benzer sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, hem de \u00e7ok daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 analizlerle. Bir ara onu da ele al\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Anadolu karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r, derin bir politik kriz ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Gerek Mo\u011fol ak\u0131nlar\u0131, gerek yeni O\u011fuz g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131, gerekse Sel\u00e7uklulara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrkmen halk isyanlar\u0131 (Babailer) sonucunda Anadolu\u2019da merkezi otorite kurabilecek iki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 oda\u011f\u0131 da (Bizans ve Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti) bu niteli\u011fini yitirmi\u015f, Anadolu beyliklere b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130\u015fte bu beylikler i\u00e7inde belki de en […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":25843,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314,222],"tags":[3320,3319,3318,3317,3321],"class_list":["post-25842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","category-tarih","tag-gazilik","tag-osman-gazi","tag-osmanli-beyligi","tag-paul-wittek","tag-timur"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t