{"id":26067,"date":"2018-06-01T00:00:16","date_gmt":"2018-05-31T21:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26067"},"modified":"2018-05-31T16:51:16","modified_gmt":"2018-05-31T13:51:16","slug":"utopyanin-diyalektikle-iliskisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/06\/01\/utopyanin-diyalektikle-iliskisi","title":{"rendered":"\u00dctopyan\u0131n diyalektikle ili\u015fkisi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Marx\u2019\u0131n sermaye birikiminin olu\u015fumuna y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeleri, hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n her alan\u0131na uygulanabilecek muazzam bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Marx Kapital<\/em>\u2019de, Hegel\u2019in ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 duran diyalektik y\u00f6ntemini, kavramlar\u0131n geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde oldu\u011fu kadar g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131n ve somut olgular\u0131n kavranmas\u0131nda da sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Marx\u2019\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ntem felsefi a\u00e7\u0131dan bir yeniliktir. O, diyalekti\u011fi sadece yorumlamak i\u00e7in de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in de kullanmaktad\u0131r. Bu bir tercih de\u011fil, fakat zorunluluktur. Felsefe esas olarak d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin bir arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemiz nas\u0131l geli\u015fir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin Marx, sermayenin geli\u015fimini (birikimini) incelerken, onu (sermayeyi) birbiriyle m\u00fccadele halindeki iki kutup (de\u011fi\u015fmez ve de\u011fi\u015fir sermaye) olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve s\u00f6z konusu birikimin esas olarak iki kutuptan biri \u00fczerinden, yani aktif olan ve de\u011fi\u015fimin can damar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan de\u011fi\u015fir sermaye \u00fczerinden yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar. Bu bulu\u015f, ekonomi politi\u011fin tarihinde ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kapitalizmin teorik analizinde bir devrimdir. Buna g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir sermaye, de\u011fi\u015fmez sermayeyi her an yarat\u0131lmakta olan art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00fczerinden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011fratarak, bir bak\u0131ma onu b\u00fcy\u00fctmek suretiyle ortadan kald\u0131rarak, yani a\u015farak sermaye birikiminin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini de somut meta \u00fczerinden, \u00f6rne\u011fin pamu\u011fun i\u015flenmesi \u00fczerinden anlat\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin pamuk i\u015flenerek \u00f6nce ipli\u011fe ve sonra da kuma\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr; ana madde (pamuk) her defas\u0131nda ona eklenen yeni bir art\u0131 de\u011ferle niteliksel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011frar ve b\u00f6ylece varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde ama niteliksel de\u011ferler de edinerek devam ettirmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr…<\/p>\n

Peki, Marx\u2019\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu y\u00f6ntemi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemizin ve bilgimizin geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecine de uyarlayabilir miyiz?<\/p>\n

Acaba insano\u011flunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel geli\u015fimi, z\u0131t kutuplarda konumlanm\u0131\u015f, yani birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde bulunan ve birbirini yok etmeye odaklanm\u0131\u015f, daha do\u011frusu geli\u015febilmek i\u00e7in birinin bir di\u011ferini yok etti\u011fi iki farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncel-zihinsel unsurun diyalektik birlikteli\u011fiyle mi olmaktad\u0131r?<\/p>\n

Soruyu \u015f\u00f6yle de sorabiliriz… D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemiz nas\u0131l geli\u015fir veya bilgi, zihinde nas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr?<\/p>\n

Bilgi; maddenin, olgular\u0131n, fenomenlerin y\u00fczeylerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve bizim a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131zdan da do\u011frudan alg\u0131lanabilen (duyu organlar\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerinden) anl\u0131k durumlar\u0131 ifade eder. T\u0131pk\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 halindeki magman\u0131n (maddenin) yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda donarak kat\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya\/g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi gibi. Bu \u00f6rne\u011fi bilgi kuram\u0131na da uyarlayabiliriz. \u00d6rne\u011fin her bilgi, yani nesnel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 duyumsanabilen, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 se\u00e7ilebilen nesnelerin ve durumlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bilgi somut ve olgusald\u0131r; ve ancak s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f haliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. \u0130nsano\u011flu bilgiyi elde edebilmesi i\u00e7in, herhangi bir olgu ve nesneye ait say\u0131lamayacak miktarda mikro bilgiden olu\u015fan bilgi k\u00fcmeci\u011fini kavramla\u015ft\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in onu de\u011fi\u015fmez ve kat\u0131 haliyle alg\u0131lar ve kavramlar\u0131 da onun \u00fczerinden olu\u015fturur. O bilgi kat\u0131 haliyle hem ger\u00e7ektir hem ger\u00e7ek de\u011fildir. Ger\u00e7ektir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o bir foto\u011fraf karesi gibi donuk ve gridir. Ger\u00e7ek de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onu alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anda o \u00e7oktan de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir, ancak insan beyninin herhangi bir fenomeni alg\u0131layabilmesi i\u00e7in onu \u00f6nce s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7izili bir unsura d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesi gerekir, t\u0131pk\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tersy\u00fcz alg\u0131lanarak beyinde yeniden d\u00fczg\u00fcn olu\u015fturulabilmesi gibi. T\u0131pk\u0131 bir buz k\u00fctlesi gibi; dokunulabilir, anla\u015f\u0131labilir, g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir ve saydamd\u0131r, ancak her an do\u011fayla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze geldi\u011finde, yani hareketin ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde eriyemeye de mahk\u00fbmdur.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bilgi budur; ancak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce somut, kesin ve anl\u0131k bilginin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7en toplam bilginin, yani hen\u00fcz mevcut olmayan bilginin sentezidir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemiz iki temel unsurdan olu\u015fur: maddi ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi ifade eden somut bilgi + olgunun \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7en ve k\u0131smen spek\u00fclasyonu ifade eden, hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f olan ve gelecekteki muhtemel olgunun \u201cbilgi\u201dsi. Bu iki unsur birlikte insano\u011flunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Bilgi somut ve ger\u00e7ektir; spek\u00fclasyon ise tahmindir, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr, hipotezdir, tasavvurdur ve gelece\u011fe i\u015faret eden \u00fctopik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin, yani hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7eklikten uzak ama onun omuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckselen \u201cbilgi\u201ddir. Bu nedenle de hem \u015fekilsiz hem de belirsizdir. Ancak her d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce zaman i\u00e7inde bir y\u00f6ne i\u015faret etti\u011fi i\u00e7in onun g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi y\u00f6n hen\u00fcz sislerin ard\u0131ndad\u0131r; olas\u0131l\u0131klar dahilindedir ama ger\u00e7ek de\u011fildir. Olgunla\u015fmak i\u00e7in zamana ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r, \u00f6nce somut ve ger\u00e7ek bilgiyi mayalamas\u0131 gerekir. \u00dctopik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce (spek\u00fclasyon) ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin s\u0131rt\u0131na basarak y\u00fckselir ancak kanatlanmak istedi\u011fi an, g\u00fcne\u015fe \u00e7ok fazla yakla\u015fan \u0130karus gibi yere \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131r. Gelece\u011fin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc, yani \u015fafa\u011f\u0131n alacakaranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret eder, ancak onun bir seraba d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bir bak\u0131ma ger\u00e7eklik, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u201c\u015fu an\u201dd\u0131r. Donuk olmas\u0131 nedeniyle somut ve belli bir birikimi simgeleyen olgusal bir \u201ck\u00fctleye\u201d dayan\u0131r. Temsil etti\u011fi bilgi, somut elle tutulabilen k\u00fctlesinden daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermez. Hareketsiz durdu\u011fu i\u00e7in de her an y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011frama durumuyla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dctopyas\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce k\u0131s\u0131r ve kab\u0131zd\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ek, somut ve alg\u0131sal bilgi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemizin \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselece\u011fi bir zemin ve birikim sunar, t\u0131pk\u0131 sabit sermaye gibi. Ancak bu zemin ve birikim, bizi \u201c\u015fu an\u201d\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcremez, yani b\u00fcy\u00fcyemez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc fizi\u011fin yer\u00e7ekimi kanununa kar\u015f\u0131 direnemeyecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7ten yoksundur. Nas\u0131l ki sermaye art\u0131-de\u011fer \u00fcretilerek hareketleniyorsa, yani b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek sermaye birikimi yarat\u0131yorsa, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de \u00f6yledir. Bilgi ve sabit sermaye \u015feklini, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn birikimini \u201c\u00e7ekim kanuna\u201d bor\u00e7ludur, ancak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (birikimi ve k\u00fctlesi) her an hareketin girdab\u0131nda yutulmak, tuz-buz olmakla y\u00fcz y\u00fczedir.<\/p>\n

Bir bak\u0131ma ger\u00e7ek bilgi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemizin \u201csabit sermayesini\u201d olu\u015fturur. O kendi kendini \u00e7o\u011faltamaz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131rd\u0131r veya \u201ctek cinsiyetlidir\u201d; dura\u011fand\u0131r bu nedenle de \u00f6mr\u00fc anl\u0131kt\u0131r ve her an \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flunun \u00fctopik bilinci ise d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemizin \u201cde\u011fi\u015fken ve hareketli sermayesidir\u201d. Daima hareket halindedir ve bu \u00f6zellik onun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sebebidir; art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcne kaynakl\u0131k eder ve bu nedenle de b\u00fct\u00fcnsel hareketin ya\u015famsal kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel birikimin canlanmas\u0131n\u0131 (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemizin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131) o sa\u011flar. Hem onun \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselir hem de onu her an olgusal \u201cger\u00e7ekli\u011finden\u201d kopararak yok eder; asl\u0131nda onu b\u00fcy\u00fcterek (bilgiyi \u00e7o\u011faltmak suretiyle a\u015farak) onu ba\u015fka bir \u015feye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u00dctopik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\/bilin\u00e7 bir bak\u0131ma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin d\u00f6lleyen unsurunu temsil eder. Do\u011furgan olan ger\u00e7ek bilgiyi d\u00f6lleyerek ve onu hareketlendirerek \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle de \u00fctopik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel art\u0131-de\u011ferin bir ba\u015fka ifadesi olan de\u011fi\u015fir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel sermayemizi olu\u015fturur. \u00dctopik bilin\u00e7, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel art\u0131 de\u011ferimizdir. O u\u00e7ar\u0131d\u0131r ama \u00fcretkendir. S\u00fcrekli kendisi olabilmek i\u00e7in devinim i\u00e7inde olmal\u0131, hareketli ve do\u011furgan maddeyi (nesnel bilgiyi) d\u00f6lleyerek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel do\u011fuma (devrime) katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel geli\u015fmenin motorudur.<\/p>\n

\u00dctopyan\u0131n devrimci i\u015flevi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dctopya, \u00fcretimin \u00fcreten taraf\u0131n\u0131 temsil eder. Bu nedenle de kendinden veren (s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen) k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r. Onun \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne (\u00fctopik bilin\u00e7) el konulmaktad\u0131r, zaten onun i\u015flevi de el konulmas\u0131 gereken art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc meydana getirmek veya ona ev sahipli\u011fi yapmakt\u0131r. O el konularak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi \u00e7o\u011faltan tohumu ba\u011fr\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131r ama bu arada d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin tarihsel s\u0131\u00e7ramalar\u0131na veya devrimcile\u015fmesine neden olur. Her d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel devrim veya her s\u0131\u00e7rama bir \u00f6nceki birikimin, yeni bir art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fczerinden a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131yla meydana gelir.<\/p>\n

\u00dctopik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi sak\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, u\u00e7uk, temelsiz ve ayaklar\u0131 havada olan bilin\u00e7\/d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de\u011fil, reel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin devrimcile\u015fmesini sa\u011flayan esas \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. \u00dcretim s\u00fcreci onunla olu\u015fur, \u00fcretim potansiyeli onunla varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. O hem ger\u00e7eklik zemininde ye\u015ferir hem de ye\u015ferdi\u011fi zemininin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 (yok olmas\u0131n\u0131) sa\u011flar. O \u00f6l\u00fc ve cans\u0131z birikime ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel zemine hayat \u00f6p\u00fcc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vererek onun ba\u015fkala\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, yani a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bir bak\u0131ma \u00fctopik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, mevcut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel birikimin hem kocas\u0131d\u0131r hem de onun mezar kaz\u0131c\u0131s\u0131…<\/p>\n

O insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin mevcut birikiminin devrimci yan\u0131n\u0131 temsil eder.<\/p>\n

O yoksa ne geli\u015fme ne hareket ne de canl\u0131l\u0131k vard\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel birikimin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin ye\u015fermesi i\u00e7in zorunludur ancak s\u00f6z konusu birikimin \u00e7o\u011falarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00fctopik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmesi, onu \u00f6nce koynuna almas\u0131, ondan hamile kalmas\u0131 ve sonra yeni bir hayat do\u011furmas\u0131; ve en sonunda da sahneyi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011funa (sermaye birikimi\/d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce) terk etmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Muhafazak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n trajedisi <\/strong><\/p>\n

Fakat… Bunun g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir yerde g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Birikim, \u00e7o\u011falmak ister ancak ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe dayanan kat\u0131 do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi, donuk ve muhafazak\u00e2rd\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zorunlu olarak i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ve do\u011furdu\u011fu yeniliklere ve gelece\u011fi i\u015faret eden \u00fctopik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131na da d\u00fc\u015fmand\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o onun mezar kaz\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin trajedisi budur. Hem varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmek ister hem de yenili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 durur; hem b\u00fcy\u00fcmek ister hem de kendisinden do\u011facak olana d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k eder; hem ebedile\u015fmek ister hem de onu ebedi k\u0131lacak yeni s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri k\u0131skan\u0131r ve onlar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck\u00e7e yok olup gidece\u011fini hat\u0131rlar. Ama bu kaderin cilvesidir…<\/p>\n

Bu bir \u00f6l\u00fcm kal\u0131m m\u00fccadelesidir. Her madde, varl\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve birikim ancak a\u015f\u0131larak, yani yeni s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler vererek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilir. T\u0131pk\u0131 ham y\u00fcn\u00fcn, ipli\u011fin ve kuma\u015f\u0131n yeni de\u011ferlerle a\u015f\u0131la a\u015f\u0131la, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fe kost\u00fcm haline gelmesi gibi.<\/p>\n

\u00dctopyay\u0131 kabul etmeyen, ona yabanc\u0131la\u015fan kendi birikimini de heba etmi\u015f olur. Bu da diyalekti\u011fin bir cilvesidir…<\/p>\n

Isaac Newton, bilimsel ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hik\u00e2yesini do\u011fa bilimcisi Robert Hooke\u2019a \u015f\u00f6yle ifade etmi\u015fti: \u201cIf I have seen further it is by standing on ye sholders of Giants\u201c (E\u011fer ben, [bilim alan\u0131nda] biraz daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmi\u015fsem, bunun nedeni, devlerin [adamlar\u0131n] omzunda oturuyor olmamdand\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte Newton\u2019dan, bilimin ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n daha do\u011frusu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n nas\u0131l geli\u015fti\u011fine dair muhte\u015fem bir betimleme…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Marx\u2019\u0131n sermaye birikiminin olu\u015fumuna y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeleri, hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n her alan\u0131na uygulanabilecek muazzam bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Marx Kapital\u2019de, Hegel\u2019in ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 duran diyalektik y\u00f6ntemini, kavramlar\u0131n geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde oldu\u011fu kadar g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131n ve somut olgular\u0131n kavranmas\u0131nda da sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Marx\u2019\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ntem felsefi a\u00e7\u0131dan bir yeniliktir. O, diyalekti\u011fi sadece yorumlamak i\u00e7in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":681,"featured_media":26068,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3343,221,535],"tags":[484,1869,583],"class_list":["post-26067","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-172-sayi","category-felsefe","category-forum","tag-diyalektik","tag-dusunce","tag-utopya"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26067","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/681"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26067"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26067\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26068"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26067"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26067"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26067"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}