{"id":26134,"date":"2007-01-01T15:27:41","date_gmt":"2007-01-01T13:27:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26134"},"modified":"2018-06-01T15:32:37","modified_gmt":"2018-06-01T12:32:37","slug":"john-locke-ve-insan-anligi-uzerine-bir-deneme-modern-bilimin-bilgi-kuramini-olusturdu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2007\/01\/01\/john-locke-ve-insan-anligi-uzerine-bir-deneme-modern-bilimin-bilgi-kuramini-olusturdu","title":{"rendered":"John Locke ve \u0130nsan Anl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Deneme:\u00a0Modern bilimin \u2018bilgi kuram\u0131n\u0131\u2019 olu\u015fturdu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilgi ve kavramlar\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan mevcudiyetini ele\u015ftiren Locke, do\u011fu\u015funda insan\u0131n zihninin hi\u00e7 yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bo\u015f bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da benzetilebilece\u011fini (Tabula Rasa), b\u00fct\u00fcn kavramlar\u0131n ve kavramsal bilginin tecr\u00fcbe sonucu olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Do\u011fu\u015ftan bilgiyi duyular\u0131 kullanabilme ve alg\u0131lar\u0131 kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rabilme yetene\u011fi olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. O, modern bilim ile ampirik felsefenin kal\u0131c\u0131 ittifak\u0131n\u0131n kurucusudur.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cZihnimizde do\u011fu\u015ftan kavramlar yoktur\u201d, \u201cBilgilerimizin kayna\u011f\u0131 tecr\u00fcbelerimizdir\u201d, \u201cBu bilgiler de kesin do\u011fru de\u011fil, eksik ve kusurludur\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle herhalde, bug\u00fcn \u00e7ok az ki\u015fiyi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtabiliriz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7ocuklu\u011fumuzdan itibaren aile, e\u011fitim, \u00f6\u011fretim ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131m\u0131z, di\u011fer insanlarla, toplumla ili\u015fkilerimiz bu tecr\u00fcbe edilebilir, tecr\u00fcbe ile uyu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir bilgi ya da kavramlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u015fekilleniyor. John Locke (1632-1704), yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u201cinsan\u0131n anlama yetisi\u201d \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sonu\u00e7larla ampirik felsefe gelene\u011finin kurucusu, Bat\u0131 Ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"Ampirik bilgi kuram\u0131n\u0131n babas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6ns\u00f6z olarak okurlar\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta, \u0130nsan Anl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Deneme<\/em>\u2019yi \u201c\u2026 sen onu okurken, benim onu yazarken duydu\u011fum zevkin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bile duyarsan, ben nas\u0131l emeklerimin bo\u015fa gitti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorsam, sen de paran\u0131 bo\u015fa harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmezsin\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle tavsiye eden Locke, Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, konusu \u201cinsan ve d\u00fcnyas\u0131\u201d olan bir \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcr felsefesi\u201d (1) olarak yorumlanabiliyorsa, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin parlak bir \u00f6rne\u011fini sunmu\u015ftur. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin kilisenin \u00e7izdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda son a\u015fama olan Ayd\u0131nlanma D\u00f6nemi, Locke\u2019un \u0130nsan Anl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Deneme<\/em>\u2019de (bundan\u00a0 sonra \u201cDeneme<\/em>\u201d diye s\u00f6z edece\u011fiz) derli toplu halde tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ampirik bilgi kuram\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Locke\u2019un felsefede yeni bir ak\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kendi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n meseleleriyle ilgilenmesi yeterli olmu\u015ftur. Kendisi \u201cBilimsel Devrim\u201din \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Elastisite teorisini geli\u015ftiren Robert Hooke (1635-1703), modern kimyan\u0131n kurucusu say\u0131lan Robert Boyle (1627-1694), Oxford\u2019da t\u0131p e\u011fitimi alan John Locke\u2019un bilim tarihine ad\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f dostlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Boyle, Francis Bacon\u2019un g\u00f6zlem ve deneye dayal\u0131 bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n etkisinde kimyay\u0131 yeniden kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken; yak\u0131n arkada\u015flar\u0131ndan Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689), Boyle\u2019un y\u00f6ntemini anatomi ve t\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kullanmakta, icada, ke\u015ffe neden olmayan bilginin de\u011fersiz oldu\u011funu, genel kuramlar\u0131n bilimi durdurdu\u011funu iddia etmektedir (2).<\/p>\n

Locke, okura mektubunda, dostlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6vd\u00fckten sonra \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck\u201d Huygens (1629-1695) ve \u201ce\u015fsiz\u201d Newton (1643-1727) gibi ustalar\u0131 yeti\u015ftiren bir \u201cbilgi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u201dnda \u201calan\u0131 biraz temizlemek ve bilgi yolunu \u00f6rten d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcleri ortadan kald\u0131rmada kol i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak bile yeterli bir tutku olabilir\u201d demektedir (3).<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7li\u011fini b\u00f6yle bilimsel, \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 bir ortamda ya\u015fayan Locke, bilgili dostlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6ntemini felsefeye, epistemolojiye uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Descartes\u2019\u0131 \u00fcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131nda okumu\u015ftur. \u201cOkullarda al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, felsefe \u00fczerine anla\u015f\u0131lmaz bi\u00e7imde konu\u015fma yolundan ilk kurtulu\u015funun b\u00fcy\u00fck minneti\u201d<\/strong>ni Descartes\u2019a bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler (4). Fakat kendisi Descartes\u00e7\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Descartes\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan Gassandi\u2019yi, Hobbes\u2019u birlikte incelemi\u015f, etkilenmi\u015ftir. Hatta kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tamamen do\u011fu\u015ftan ideler \u00f6\u011fretisini ele\u015ftirmeye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Amerikan Devrimi\u2019ne esin veren siyaset felsefesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

John Locke sadece bilimsel devrimlerin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 de\u011fildir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini salt devrinin bilimsel tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlamak yetersiz, hatta olay\u0131n sadece bir y\u00f6n\u00fcne dikkat \u00e7ekmek olacakt\u0131r. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem \u0130ngiltere tarihinin de kritik y\u0131llar\u0131yla \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcstelik Locke bu devrin sadece izleyicisi de\u011fildir. Avukat babas\u0131, \u0130ngiliz \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na Kraliyet\u00e7iler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fan Parlamento Partisi\u2019nin s\u00fcvari k\u0131talar\u0131ndan birinin lideri olarak kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1642-1651 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kesintilerle s\u00fcren i\u00e7 sava\u015f sona erdi\u011finde, Locke 20\u2019li ya\u015flar\u0131na ba\u015flamak \u00fczeredir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi muhtemelen bu d\u00f6nemlere kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcniversite y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerden yanad\u0131r. En yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Sydenham Cromwell\u2019in devrim ordusuna hizmet vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Locke\u2019un hayat\u0131nda milat olarak an\u0131lan bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli olay, Lord Shaftesbury ad\u0131yla \u0130ngiliz tarihinde \u00f6nemli roller oynam\u0131\u015f Anthony Ashley Cooper\u2019la tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. 1666\u2019da tesad\u00fcfen tan\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda Lord, zek\u00e2s\u0131ndan etkilendi\u011fi gen\u00e7 John Locke\u2019u kendisine \u00f6zel hekim ve dan\u0131\u015fman yapar. \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015fa kraliyet\u00e7ilerle ba\u015flay\u0131p, sonra Cromwell\u2019in taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7en, fakat Cromwell diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f Lord\u2019un malik\u00e2nelerini ve arazilerini John Locke y\u00f6netir, parlamentoya sunulacak projelerinin taslaklar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlar. Lord ayn\u0131 zamanda Kuzey Amerika\u2019da Caroline\u2019daki plantasyonlardan sorumlu validir ve buradaki i\u015flerin d\u00fczenlenmesinde de yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Locke\u2019tur. Plantasyonlarda genellikle Afrika\u2019dan getirilen k\u00f6leler ve Amerikal\u0131lar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak Avrupa\u2019ya sat\u0131lmak \u00fczere pamuk ve t\u00fct\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirilmektedir. D\u00f6nemin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re daha, \u201cliberal\u201d ve \u201creaksiyoner\u201d, yani \u201cdaha insafl\u0131\u201d diyebilece\u011fimiz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin ilgin\u00e7 bir bile\u015fimi olan Caroline Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Lord\u2019a hizmet etti\u011fi d\u00f6nemde Locke haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Siyaset felsefesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Deneme<\/em>\u2019nin epistemolojideki yerinden daha az de\u011ferli olmayan ve Deneme<\/em> ile ayn\u0131 y\u0131lda, 1689\u2019da, \u201cKans\u0131z Devrim\u201d olarak da an\u0131lan aristokratlar\u0131n ve burjuvazinin ittifak\u0131yla Kral II. James\u2019in tahttan indirildi\u011fi 1688 Devrimi\u2019nden bir y\u0131l sonra yay\u0131mlanan ve devrimi savunan Uygar Y\u00f6netim \u00dczerine \u0130ki \u0130nceleme<\/em>, John Locke\u2019un zengin siyasal ge\u00e7mi\u015finin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, do\u011fal hukuk, hak kuram\u0131, toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, devrim hakk\u0131 \u00fczerine fikirleriyle Amerikan Devrimi\u2019ne esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Eserin ikinci incelemesi kapitalizm ve parlamenter demokrasinin manifestosu olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Din alan\u0131nda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc dogmatizmi ele\u015ftirmi\u015f, \u201cen az \u00f6\u011fretiye kar\u015f\u0131, en \u00e7ok ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc\u201d form\u00fcl\u00fcyle tan\u0131mlanabilecek bir anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n savunucusu olmu\u015ftur. Kilisenin dinsel iktidar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6netenlerin y\u00f6netilenlerin r\u0131zas\u0131na dayal\u0131 iktidar\u0131n\u0131, bir nevi \u201chalk egemenli\u011fini\u201d \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. Felsefi ve siyasal fikirleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve paralel olarak geli\u015fmi\u015f ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tabula rasa: \u201c\u0130nsan do\u011fdu\u011funda, zihni beyaz bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tt\u0131r\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Deneme<\/em>, Locke\u2019u insan zihni \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye iten t\u00fcm bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 atmosferde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir metindir. Amac\u0131n\u0131: \u201c\u2026 \u0130nsan bilgisinin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesinli\u011fini ve geni\u015fli\u011fini, bunun yan\u0131nda da inanc\u0131n, san\u0131n\u0131n ve onaylaman\u0131n temellerini ve derecelerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak\u2026 Bu bak\u0131mdan, bir insan\u0131n ay\u0131rt etme yetilerini, bunlar\u0131n ilgili olduklar\u0131 nesneler \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131rada incelemek yeterli olacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer zihnimizin b\u00fct\u00fcn bu yetilerini a\u00e7\u0131k ve tarihsel y\u00f6ntemle ad\u0131m ad\u0131m inceleyerek, anl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015feylerden elde etti\u011fi kavramlar\u0131 hangi yollarla edindi\u011fini herhangi bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterebilirsem; bilgilerimizin kesinlik derecesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve insanlar aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclen inan\u00e7lar\u0131n temellerini belirtebilirsem; bu konu \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekle vaktimi bo\u015fa harcamam\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131 san\u0131yorum; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu inan\u00e7lar b\u00f6ylesine de\u011fi\u015fik ve b\u00f6ylesine kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7inde olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, yine de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015furas\u0131nda ya da buras\u0131nda \u00f6yle bir inan ve g\u00fcvenle desteklenirler ki; insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fik duygular\u0131n\u0131 ele alarak bu duygular aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131 incelemenin ve bir insan\u0131n onlar\u0131 ne \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck bir temele dayanarak benimseyip ne ate\u015fli bir \u00e7abayla ve co\u015fkuyla savundu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlemenin yorgunlu\u011funa katlanacak olan bir kimse, belki de \u015feylerden birinden: ya do\u011fru diye bir \u015feyin bulundu\u011fundan ya da insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, o do\u011frunun bilgisine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in yeterli olana\u011fa sahip oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphelenmekte hakl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r\u201d<\/strong> c\u00fcmleleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r (5).<\/p>\n

Bilgi ve kavramlar\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan mevcudiyetini ele\u015ftiren Locke, do\u011fu\u015funda insan\u0131n zihninin hi\u00e7 yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bo\u015f bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da benzetilebilece\u011fini (tabula rasa<\/em>), b\u00fct\u00fcn kavramlar\u0131n ve kavramsal bilginin tecr\u00fcbe sonucu olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Do\u011fu\u015ftan bilgiyi duyular\u0131 kullanabilme ve alg\u0131lar\u0131 kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rabilme yetene\u011fi olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlamakta, Tanr\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da insana bah\u015fedilen bu yetenekle ispatlamaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple deneyci yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u201cbilgi deneyci de\u011fil\u201d, \u201ckavram deneyci\u201d olarak tarif edilmektedir. Deneme<\/em>, \u201cdo\u011fru bilgi\u201dnin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesi i\u00e7in Platon, Augustinus, Descartes gelene\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131, ampirik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n bir m\u00fccadelesidir. Varl\u0131\u011fa, maddeye ili\u015fkin b\u00fct\u00fcn tinsel dayanak aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirme \u00e7abas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda dogmatik kilise \u00f6\u011fretisinin de ele\u015ftirilmesi demektir. Locke maddeyi ona dair alg\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, atfetti\u011fimiz niteliklerin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak yeniden tarif etmektedir. Bilgi teorisinde zihinde do\u011fu\u015ftan mevcut olan a priori bilginin ke\u015ffinin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 yerine, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya dair g\u00f6zlem ve deneye dayal\u0131 yenilik\u00e7i, \u201cicat\u00e7\u0131\u201d bir anlay\u0131\u015f geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendisinden sonra gelen Berkeley (1685-1753) ve Hume (1711-1776) deneyci anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 radikalle\u015ftirseler de; Berkeley, deneyci bilginin kusurlulu\u011fu ve yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin ink\u00e2r\u0131na varan subjektif idealizmiyle, Hume d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ve bilginin ge\u00e7mi\u015f alg\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ibaret oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren k\u00f6ktenci \u015f\u00fcphecili\u011fiyle, Locke\u2019un kuram\u0131n\u0131n pratik de\u011ferini ve \u00f6nemini azaltamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O, modern bilim ile ampirik felsefenin kal\u0131c\u0131 ittifak\u0131n\u0131n kurucusudur.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) G\u00f6kberk, Felsefenin Evrimi, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, \u0130stanbul, 1979.<\/p>\n

2) Sena, Filozoflar Ansiklopedisi, Remzi Kitabevi, 1976.<\/p>\n

3) Locke, \u0130nsan Anl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Deneme, \u00c7ev. V. Hac\u0131kadiro\u011flu, Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi, 1996.<\/p>\n

4) D. Woozley, \u0130nsan Anl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Deneme<\/em> i\u00e7inde \u201cGiri\u015f\u201d, \u00c7ev. V. Hac\u0131kadiro\u011flu, Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi, 1996.<\/p>\n

5) Locke, \u0130nsan Anl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir Deneme, \u00c7ev. V. Hac\u0131kadiro\u011flu, Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi, 1996.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilgi ve kavramlar\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan mevcudiyetini ele\u015ftiren Locke, do\u011fu\u015funda insan\u0131n zihninin hi\u00e7 yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bo\u015f bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da benzetilebilece\u011fini (Tabula Rasa), b\u00fct\u00fcn kavramlar\u0131n ve kavramsal bilginin tecr\u00fcbe sonucu olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Do\u011fu\u015ftan bilgiyi duyular\u0131 kullanabilme ve alg\u0131lar\u0131 kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rabilme yetene\u011fi olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. O, modern bilim ile ampirik felsefenin kal\u0131c\u0131 ittifak\u0131n\u0131n kurucusudur. \u201cZihnimizde do\u011fu\u015ftan kavramlar yoktur\u201d, \u201cBilgilerimizin kayna\u011f\u0131 tecr\u00fcbelerimizdir\u201d, \u201cBu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":26136,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[73,221],"tags":[3373,3374,3375,1886,3376],"class_list":["post-26134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-35-sayi","category-felsefe","tag-ampirizm","tag-bilgi-kurami","tag-john-locke","tag-siyaset-felsefesi","tag-tabula-rasa"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26134"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26134\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26136"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}