{"id":26179,"date":"2018-06-04T13:09:47","date_gmt":"2018-06-04T10:09:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26179"},"modified":"2018-06-04T13:10:01","modified_gmt":"2018-06-04T10:10:01","slug":"ilk-uygarliklar-birbirlerinden-haberdar-miydi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/06\/04\/ilk-uygarliklar-birbirlerinden-haberdar-miydi","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lk uygarl\u0131klar birbirlerinden haberdar m\u0131yd\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde uygarl\u0131k olgusunun, \u00e7e\u015fitli neolitik topluluklar\u0131n (i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f etkiler sonucu) art\u0131 \u00fcret(e)meyen bir ekonomiden art\u0131 \u00fcretebilen bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda hemen hemen t\u00fcm tarih\u00e7iler g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7indedir. Bu \u201ctoplumsal art\u0131\u201d, farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f (ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasal farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar), s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131, devletli uygar toplumlar\u0131n geli\u015fiminin temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

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\u0130lk uygar toplum, M\u00d6 3500 dolaylar\u0131nda F\u0131rat ve Dicle \u0131rmaklar\u0131n\u0131n sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklarda, Mezopotamya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130lk uygarl\u0131klar b\u00fcy\u00fck nehirlerin sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bereketli ovalarda <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lk uygar toplumun, M\u00d6 3500 dolaylar\u0131nda F\u0131rat ve Dicle \u0131rmaklar\u0131n\u0131n sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklarda, Mezopotamya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. S\u00fcmerler diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Nil deltas\u0131nda odaklanan M\u0131s\u0131r Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kuzey Hindistan\u2019da \u0130ndus nehrinin civar\u0131nda do\u011fan \u0130ndus (Eski Hint) Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan Sar\u0131 Irmak vadisindeki \u00c7in Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 izler.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemlerine ili\u015fkin elimizde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler bulunmuyor. Fakat uzmanlar, \u015fu ana kadarki bulgulara dayanarak, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu toplumlar\u0131n benzer s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7erek M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da M\u00d6 3000, \u0130ndus\u2019ta M\u00d6 3000-2500, \u00c7in\u2019de M\u00d6 1500 dolaylar\u0131nda uygarl\u0131k olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek d\u00fczeye eri\u015ftiklerini belirtiyorlar.<\/p>\n

Peki, hepsi G\u00fcney Asya\u2019n\u0131n \u0131l\u0131man iklim ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda yer alan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck nehirlerin sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bereketli ovalarda f\u0131\u015fk\u0131ran bu uygar toplumlar birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve habersiz olarak m\u0131 geli\u015fmelerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler, yoksa \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fczeylerde ili\u015fkileri var m\u0131yd\u0131? Birbirlerinden etkilendiler mi?<\/p>\n

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Mezopotamya gemileri M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r, Hint ve \u00c7in\u2019de Mezopotamya etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel, S\u00fcmer ve M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fim konusunda \u015funlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

\u201cMezopotamya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n her iki b\u00f6lgenin (M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u0130ndus) uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda kesin rol\u00fc oldu\u011fu konusunda bilim adamlar\u0131 hemen hemen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7indedirler. Ancak bu rol\u00fcn niteli\u011fi ve derecesi konusunda aralar\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Erken Hanedan d\u00f6neminden az \u00f6nceki tarihlerde y\u00fcksek pruval\u0131 gemilerin Nil\u2019den i\u00e7erilere kadar girip, al\u00e7ak pruval\u0131 gemilerle (M\u0131s\u0131r gemileriyle) sava\u015flara giri\u015ftiklerini g\u00f6steren M\u0131s\u0131r resimleri bulunmu\u015ftur. Y\u00fcksek pruval\u0131 gemilerin Mezopotamya gemileri olduklar\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ancak M\u0131s\u0131r Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir ak\u0131n sonucunda M\u0131s\u0131r halk\u0131 \u00fczerinde egemen bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131yla m\u0131, yoksa bu gemilerle birlikte gelen k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkilerle mi do\u011fdu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kesin bir sonuca ba\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ne var ki Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n uygarl\u0131k birikiminden yararlanan M\u0131s\u0131r toplumunun, S\u00fcmerlerin bin, iki bin y\u0131lda olu\u015fabildikleri sonuca, yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ula\u015farak, M\u00d6 3000 dolaylar\u0131nda S\u00fcmer Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na e\u015fit d\u00fczeyde bir uygarl\u0131k geli\u015ftirdi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.\u201d (A. \u015eenel, \u0130lkel Topluluktan Uygar Topluma<\/em>, Bilim ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1995, 4. bask\u0131, s.259)<\/p>\n

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M\u0131s\u0131r toplumunun, S\u00fcmerlerin bin, iki bin y\u0131lda olu\u015fabildikleri sonuca, yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ndus uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde de benzer etkilerinin oldu\u011fu, iki b\u00f6lge aras\u0131nda yo\u011fun bir ticaretin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131, Mezopotamya\u2019da bulunan \u0130ndus yap\u0131s\u0131 m\u00fch\u00fcr ve mallardan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00d6te yandan baz\u0131 S\u00fcmer tabletlerinde Mezopotamya ile \u0130ndus vadisi aras\u0131ndaki ticaret yollar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgilere rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uzmanlar, ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 M\u00d6 1500\u2019lere tarihlenen Sar\u0131 Irmak vadisindeki \u00c7in uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da Mezopotamya ile ili\u015fkisi oldu\u011funu, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u00c7in\u2019de tun\u00e7 i\u015fletmecili\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ani geli\u015fmenin Mezopotamya etkisi ile olu\u015ftu\u011funu belirtiyorlar (McNeill\u2019in A World History<\/em> ve Hawkens\u2019in The Atlas of Early Man<\/em> adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131ndan aktaran A. \u015eenel; ayn\u0131 kaynak, s.261)<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fme \u2018arile\u015ferek\u2019 de\u011fil \u2018melezle\u015ferek\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, farkl\u0131 fakat yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde ye\u015feren ilk uygar toplumlar\u0131n belli d\u00fczeylerde etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131, birbirlerinin geli\u015fimlerini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131, birbirlerinden \u00f6\u011frendikleri anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Hen\u00fcz b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f bir uygarl\u0131ktan s\u00f6z edilemez ama, \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131lcal damarlardan bir insanl\u0131k uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 damar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

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Baz\u0131 S\u00fcmer tabletlerinde Mezopotamya ile \u0130ndus vadisi aras\u0131ndaki ticaret yollar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgilere rastlanm\u0131\u015f.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Her yeni ye\u015feren uygarl\u0131k, bir \u00f6ncekinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ayn\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7mek zorunda kalm\u0131yor, S\u00fcmer\u2019deki bir geli\u015fme belli bir s\u00fcre sonra M\u0131s\u0131r veya \u0130ndus\u2019ta da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n erken Mezopotamya\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen kent devletleri d\u00f6nemini atlay\u0131p k\u0131sa zamanda merkezi devlet d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fmas\u0131 bir \u201cM\u0131s\u0131r mucizesi\u201d de\u011fil, Mezopotamya etkisi. \u00c7in\u2019de tun\u00e7 i\u015fletmecili\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ani geli\u015fmenin bir \u201c\u00c7in mucizesi\u201d olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi mucizelerle a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz. Uygarl\u0131k tarihi, (en erken d\u00f6nemlerinde dahi) giderek bir b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmenin, daha \u00fcst d\u00fczeylerde sentezlere ula\u015fman\u0131n tarihidir. Uygarl\u0131k \u201carile\u015ferek\u201d de\u011fil \u201cmelezle\u015ferek\u201d geli\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde uygarl\u0131k olgusunun, \u00e7e\u015fitli neolitik topluluklar\u0131n (i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f etkiler sonucu) art\u0131 \u00fcret(e)meyen bir ekonomiden art\u0131 \u00fcretebilen bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda hemen hemen t\u00fcm tarih\u00e7iler g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7indedir. Bu \u201ctoplumsal art\u0131\u201d, farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f (ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasal farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar), s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131, devletli uygar toplumlar\u0131n geli\u015fiminin temelini olu\u015fturur. \u0130lk uygarl\u0131klar b\u00fcy\u00fck nehirlerin sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bereketli ovalarda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":26180,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,19,222],"tags":[3390,3389,758,3388,3387,477],"class_list":["post-26179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antropoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","category-tarih","tag-cin-uygarligi","tag-hint-uygarligi","tag-mezopotamya","tag-misir-uygarligi","tag-sumerler","tag-uygarlik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t