Son zamanlarda s\u0131k s\u0131k G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019dan insan atalar\u0131na ait yeni ke\u015fifler hakk\u0131nda haberler duyuyoruz. G\u00fcney Afrika lokaliteleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla karstik yeralt\u0131 bo\u015fluklar\u0131 \u015feklinde. Bu bo\u015fluklara \u00e7\u00f6kelen organik materyal, fosil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok zengin depolar\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. Sterkfontein bu lokalitelerden biri, jeomorfolojik olarak karstik yeralt\u0131 bo\u015fluklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir ma\u011faralar sistemi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde turistlerin fosil alanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir ziyaret alan\u0131 olan bu lokalitelerde, Johannesburg\u2019da bulunan Witwatersrand \u00dcniversitesi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 1920\u2019li y\u0131llardan beri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
Sterkfonteim Ma\u011faralar\u0131\u2019nda daha \u00f6nce bulunmu\u015f olan Little Foot (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak) kod adl\u0131 fosil hakk\u0131nda, Journal of Human Evolution<\/em>\u2019da (\u0130nsan Evrimi Dergisi) yeni bir makale yay\u0131mland\u0131. Makalede daha \u00f6nceden de bildi\u011fimiz K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak kod adl\u0131 Australopithecus <\/em>fosilinin, stratigrafik ya\u015f\u0131, yani ka\u00e7 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bilgiler duyuruldu (Bruxelles ve di\u011f. , 2014). K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak fosilinden, yine Sterkfontein\u2019e yak\u0131n bir b\u00f6lge olan Malapa\u2019da bulunan Australopithecus sediba<\/em> ile ilgili yaz\u0131da (\u201cNeden dik y\u00fcr\u00fcme, b\u00fcy\u00fck beyin ve k\u0131ls\u0131z beden\u201d, Ferhat Kaya, Bilim ve Gelecek, Ocak 2012) bahsetmi\u015ftim.<\/p>\n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak fosili, bug\u00fcne kadar bulunmu\u015f olan insan atas\u0131 fosilleri i\u00e7inde en b\u00fct\u00fcn iskelete sahip olan\u0131; iskeletin neredeyse y\u00fczde 95\u2019i mevcut. Bunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedeni K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak\u2019\u0131n bu karstik \u00e7ukura d\u00fc\u015ferek \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131, yani herhangi bir avc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp par\u00e7alanmam\u0131\u015f, ya da herhangi bir nedenden dolay\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra par\u00e7alan\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f. Bu fosil 1997\u2019de Ron Clarke ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcny\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak t\u00fcr\u00fcne ait d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 ayak kemi\u011fi ke\u015ffedildi. Bu ayak kemiklerinde \u00f6zellikle topuk b\u00f6lgesi \u00e7ok ilkin \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yordu, bizler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve b\u00fcy\u00fck topuk kemiklerine sahibiz. Bu durum bizim iki aya\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerinde dik y\u00fcr\u00fcmemizi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, topuk kemi\u011fi bir kaide olarak beden a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayak \u00fczerinde ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve her ad\u0131m att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6ne ve arkaya iletilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcne kadar K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak fosilinin yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 2, 2 milyon y\u0131l ya\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Clarke\u2019\u0131n ilk izlenimleri bu fosilin Australopihtecus promtheus<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fcne ait oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeydi. Ancak Lee Berger\u2019in Australopithecus sediba<\/em> ke\u015ffinden sonra bu iki t\u00fcr\u00fcn yak\u0131n evrimsel ili\u015fkiler ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmalar aras\u0131na eklendi. \u0130ki t\u00fcr de \u00e7ok benzer ayak fosillerine sahipti, sadece Au. sediba<\/em> daha \u00e7ok bize benzeyen bir el ve kal\u00e7a kemi\u011fi anatomisi ta\u015f\u0131yordu. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak fosilinin bulundu\u011fu tabakalarda bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lan tarihlendirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla 1, 5 milyon y\u0131l ile 4 milyon y\u0131la aras\u0131nda tarihler \u00f6nerildi; ancak bu son tarihlendirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 fosilin 3 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bu d\u00f6nemde, yani yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 3 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Australopithecus africanus<\/em> bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Clarke uzunca bir d\u00f6nem K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak\u2019\u0131n Au. africanus<\/em>\u2019un bir varyasyonu olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc, ancak analizler sonucunda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak\u2019\u0131n Australopithecus prometheu<\/em>s t\u00fcr\u00fcne ait oldu\u011funa karar verdi.<\/p>\n Gerek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze daha yak\u0131n bir d\u00f6neme, yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilen Au. sediba<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n gerekse de K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak\u2019\u0131n bizlerin ait oldu\u011fu Homo<\/em> cinsine atal\u0131k etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ok kan\u0131ta gerek var. Bu kan\u0131tlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi anatomik alanda b\u00fcy\u00fck beyin, yetenekli dik y\u00fcr\u00fcme yani profesyonel dik y\u00fcr\u00fcyen bir anatomi, kavrama ve tutma yetene\u011fi olan eller. Anatomik karakterlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kan\u0131tlar, ta\u015f aletler. Bu kan\u0131tlara hen\u00fcz G\u00fcney Afrika buluntular\u0131 olan Au. sediba<\/em>, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayak ve Au. africanus<\/em>\u2019ta rastlam\u0131yoruz. O nedenle G\u00fcney Afrikal\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin Homo<\/em> cinsine do\u011frudan atal\u0131k etti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek biraz spek\u00fclatif. Kald\u0131 ki Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da en eski ta\u015f aletler yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 milyon y\u0131la tarihlendiriliyor ve en eski Homo<\/em> cinsi de neredeyse bu ta\u015f aletler ile ayn\u0131 ya\u015flarda. O nedenle Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da daha farkl\u0131 evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimlerin rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bu durumda, \u015fimdilik Homo<\/em> cinsinin G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da de\u011fil, Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da evrimle\u015fmi\u015f olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leniyor.<\/p>\n Kaynak<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) Bruxelles ve di\u011f. , \u201cStratigraphic analysis of the Sterkfontein StW 573 Australopithecus skeleton and implications for its age\u201d, Journal of Human Evolution<\/em>, published online March 14, 2014.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Son zamanlarda s\u0131k s\u0131k G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019dan insan atalar\u0131na ait yeni ke\u015fifler hakk\u0131nda haberler duyuyoruz. G\u00fcney Afrika lokaliteleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla karstik yeralt\u0131 bo\u015fluklar\u0131 \u015feklinde. Bu bo\u015fluklara \u00e7\u00f6kelen organik materyal, fosil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok zengin depolar\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. Sterkfontein bu lokalitelerden biri, jeomorfolojik olarak karstik yeralt\u0131 bo\u015fluklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir ma\u011faralar sistemi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde turistlerin fosil alanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":180,"featured_media":26306,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[159,211,19],"tags":[243,1589,1049,230],"class_list":["post-26300","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-122-sayi","category-antropoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-antropoloji","tag-insan-fosili","tag-insanin-evrimi","tag-insanlik-tarihi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26300","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/180"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26300"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26300\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26306"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26300"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26300"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26300"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}