{"id":26464,"date":"2014-04-01T11:40:28","date_gmt":"2014-04-01T08:40:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26464"},"modified":"2022-01-07T02:34:58","modified_gmt":"2022-01-06T23:34:58","slug":"maymunlarla-yasayan-kadinlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/04\/01\/maymunlarla-yasayan-kadinlar","title":{"rendered":"Maymunlarla ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Paleoantropolog Leakey, \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131 insan yapan nedir?\u201d sorusunun yan\u0131tlanabilmesi i\u00e7in, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bulmaya d\u00f6n\u00fck ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yeterli olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ya\u015fayan en yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131m\u0131z olan \u015fempanzeler, goriller ve orangutanlar\u0131n da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Leakey\u2019in \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 primatlar\u201d diye adland\u0131rmaya ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 kad\u0131nlardan, Jane Goodall \u015fempanzeleri, Dian Fossey gorilleri, Birut\u00e8 Galdikas orangutanlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Leakey kad\u0131nlar\u0131n b\u00f6ylesi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar i\u00e7in daha uygun oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Neden?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda, Harry Harlow erken \u00e7ocuklukta anne ilgisinin \u00f6nemini g\u00f6stermek \u00fczere rhesus maymunlar\u0131 ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla alk\u0131\u015flan\u0131yordu. Harlow yaban ortamda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131; do\u011fada tan\u0131k olaca\u011f\u0131\/olmayaca\u011f\u0131 bir dolu \u201cdram\u0131\u201d laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda kontroll\u00fc olarak yaratt\u0131. Bebek maymunlar\u0131 do\u011far do\u011fmaz annelerinden ay\u0131rd\u0131, bir kuyucu\u011fun i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm canl\u0131lardan tecrit etti; onlar\u0131n \u00e7aresizce kollar\u0131n\u0131 kendilerine sarmalar\u0131n\u0131, sinip b\u00fczelmelerini, titremelerini izledi. 6 ay, 1 y\u0131l gibi s\u00fcrelerle tecrit edilen bebek maymunlar bir s\u00fcre sonra yemek yemeyi reddediyor, hareket etmekten vazge\u00e7iyor, sonunda \u00f6l\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Uzun s\u00fcre tecritte kalm\u0131\u015f di\u015fi maymunlar suni yollarla anne olduklar\u0131nda, do\u011fan yavrular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Telden anne maketleri yapt\u0131, bebe\u011fin bunlara ba\u011flan\u0131p ba\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc. Maketleri pelu\u015fla kaplad\u0131, \u00fcstlerine \u015fi\u015fe s\u00fctler ili\u015ftirdi; giderek laboratuvar\u0131n\u0131 bir i\u015fkencehaneye \u00e7evirdi, so\u011fuk hava \u00fcfleyen, dikenli telden anneler yapt\u0131; bebek maymunlar her seferinde onlara ac\u0131 veren yapay annelere yana\u015fmaya devam ettiler. K\u00f6t\u00fc anne, annesizlikten iyiydi&#8230; Harlow, \u201cMaymunlara sevgi beslemiyorum, hi\u00e7 beslemedim. Bir maymunu nas\u0131l sevebilirsiniz ki?\u201d diyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda, erken \u00e7ocuklukta annenin yak\u0131n ve destekleyici ilgisinin ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu sonucuna, Jane Goodall da ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tanzanya\u2019da on y\u0131llar boyunca \u015fempanze ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fumlar\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine dek, \u00f6nce uzaktan, g\u00fcvenlerini kazand\u0131k\u00e7a yak\u0131ndan izleyerek, g\u00fcnl\u00fck notlar tutarak, grup i\u00e7indeki farkl\u0131 annelik rollerini ve yeti\u015ftirdikleri \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n konumlar\u0131n\u0131, durumlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde k\u0131yaslayarak&#8230; Goodall tan\u0131d\u0131k\u00e7a isimler verdi\u011fi \u015fempanzelerinin her birini \u00e7ok sevdi. Onun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 dosyan\u0131n devam sayfalar\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak okuyacaks\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>Tam burada, bir parantez a\u00e7al\u0131m ve hayvan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n bu iki farkl\u0131 yolunu k\u0131yasl\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen Stephen Jay Gould\u2019un, Jane Goodall\u2019\u0131n <em>\u0130nsan\u0131n G\u00f6lgesinde<\/em>\u00a0kitab\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnden bir al\u0131nt\u0131 yapal\u0131m: \u201cBiricikli\u011fi soyup \u00e7\u0131karma ve asgari ortak paydan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilirli\u011fini bulmaya odakl\u0131 laboratuvar tekni\u011fi, tarihin ger\u00e7ek zenginli\u011fini yakalayamaz. Do\u011fa ba\u011flamd\u0131r ve organizmalar\u0131n kendi do\u011fal \u00e7evreleriyle etkile\u015fimidir. \u015eempanzelerin bireyselli\u011fi \u00f6nemlidir ve nihai olarak, bir t\u00fcr olarak onlar\u0131 tarihlerindeki olaylar \u015fekillendirir. Bundan dolay\u0131, her bir hayvan, ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir isme gereksinir. Siz (\u00f6zel olarak, bir laboratuvar\u0131n yapay ba\u011flam\u0131 i\u00e7inde) bir \u015fempanzenin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 onu tan\u0131mlayan sosyal ve \u00e7evresel ba\u011flam\u0131 bozmadan manip\u00fcle edemezsiniz. Do\u011fa i\u00e7inde g\u00f6zlemeniz gerekir. \u015eimdi ya da sonra rasgele birka\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc alamazs\u0131n\u0131z. B\u00fct\u00fcn topluluk i\u00e7in tarihi ve \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc \u015fekillendirecek olan garip ay\u0131rt edici (ve s\u0131kl\u0131kla k\u0131sa) olaylar\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rmayas\u0131n\u0131z diye, saat ve saat, b\u00fct\u00fcn zamanlarda ve mek\u00e2nlarda takip etmeniz gerekir.\u201d (Gould, 1988)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kad\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n avantajlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Peki, hayvan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bu iki yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f yolu, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n cinsiyetlerinin farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ba\u011flanabilir mi? Bu \u00fczerinde uzun uzun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, soru\u015fturulmas\u0131 gereken bir soru olarak ortada duruyor. Paleoantropolog Louis Leakey, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hayvan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha uygun oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Leakey, Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 fosillerle, insan\u0131n evriminin be\u015fi\u011finin Afrika oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve atalar\u0131ndan insana giden hatt\u0131n \u00e7ok uzun oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir biliminsan\u0131d\u0131r. Leakey, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n fosille\u015fmi\u015f kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131 insan yapan nedir?\u201d sorusunu yan\u0131tlamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yaln\u0131zca insan\u0131n erken \u00f6rneklerinin neye benzedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterece\u011fini, bulunabilen aletlerinin ise onun k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc sadece ima edece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. \u0130nsan\u0131n ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, ya\u015fayan en yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131 olan \u015fempanzeler, goriller ve orangutanlar da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131. 3-4 y\u0131l arayla birbirine eklenerek say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7e tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Leakey\u2019in trimatlar (\u201ctree primates-\u00fc\u00e7 primatlar\u201ddan t\u00fcretti\u011fi bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck) diye adland\u0131rmaya ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 kad\u0131nlardan, Jane Goodall \u015fempanzeleri, Dian Fossey gorilleri, Birut\u00e8 Galdikas orangutanlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Leakey\u2019in bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in e\u011fitimlerinin ne oldu\u011funa bakmaks\u0131z\u0131n kad\u0131nlar\u0131 se\u00e7mesinin gerek\u00e7esi \u015fuydu: Bir antropolog olarak uzun y\u0131llar edindi\u011fi deneyimlere g\u00f6re, kad\u0131nlar \u00e7ok daha iyi g\u00f6zlemciydi. Her zaman \u00e7ok daha fazla ayr\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 fark ediyorlard\u0131. Do\u011fan\u0131n geni\u015f ba\u011flam\u0131 i\u00e7inde g\u00f6zlem yap\u0131l\u0131rken bu \u00f6nemli bir avantajd\u0131. Leakey, \u00f6rne\u011fin Birut\u00e8\u2019le yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede, onun bir an g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kartlardan ne kadar ayr\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 an\u0131msayabildi\u011fini test etmi\u015fti. Dian da, Leakey ile \u00e7evrede dola\u015f\u0131rken dikkatlerini ve g\u00f6zlem g\u00fc\u00e7lerini artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 oyunlar oynad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 an\u0131ms\u0131yor: Bir \u00f6r\u00fcmcek a\u011f\u0131nda tek bir anda ne kadar \u015fey g\u00f6rebilirsin? A\u011f\u0131, \u00f6r\u00fcmce\u011fi, tak\u0131l\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6cekleri ve \u00e7al\u0131-\u00e7\u0131rp\u0131y\u0131 vs.<\/p>\n<p>Leakey\u2019in ikinci gerek\u00e7esi de, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011fa ve toplum taraf\u0131ndan uzun erimli i\u015fler i\u00e7in programland\u0131klar\u0131yd\u0131. Annelik, yani \u00e7ocuk do\u011furmak ve uzun y\u0131llar bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmek, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sab\u0131rl\u0131, anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve azimli olmalar\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyordu. Bunlar da primatlar\u0131 do\u011fada uzun y\u0131llar ara\u015ft\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in gereken \u00f6zelliklerdi. Leakey, sahada 3-5 ay \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, \u00fcniversitelerin rahat koltuklar\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcp, bu k\u0131sa pratikten \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerine at\u0131p tutan biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmserdi. Erkekler, tipik olarak kolay y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirebilen heveslerle ve daha sab\u0131rs\u0131z ve macerac\u0131 davran\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Ger\u00e7ekten de Jane ve onun a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoldan giden Dian ve Birut\u00e8, on y\u0131llar boyunca sab\u0131rla primat ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015f; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 derinle\u015ftirmi\u015f, kurumsalla\u015fma yoluna gitmi\u015f, yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bir gelenek olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fc de ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 yola, \u00f6nce \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 hayvan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 koruma boyutunu eklemi\u015fler, sonra da b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle korumaya odaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bu kad\u0131nlar bilimi insanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne koymay\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Leakey bu gerek\u00e7eyi \u00f6zel olarak g\u00f6stermez ama, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n canl\u0131lara yaln\u0131zca \u201cara\u015ft\u0131rma nesnesi\u201d g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakamamas\u0131 ve onlarla duygusal ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirmesi, onlar\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmesi genellenebilecek kadar s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir durumdur. Trimatlar, yani Goodall, Fossey ve Galdikas, \u201cbilimi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne koymay\u0131\u201d, \u201cmerhametsiz, sevgisiz, yani duygusuz bir bilimi\u201d her zaman reddetmi\u015flerdir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 topraklarda \u00f6nceli\u011fi hayvanlara, sonra yerlilere, sonra ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara ve en son bilime vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu dosyay\u0131 haz\u0131rlarken okudu\u011fum kimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bebeklerin konu\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde onlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek empati becerilerine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirdi\u011fini, bunun da kad\u0131nlar\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc ileti\u015fim olmadan kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakini anlamaya yatk\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n<p>Bir\u00e7ok kaynakta \u00f6zellikle belirtilen bir durum da, burada ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fc\u00e7 primatolo\u011fun her birinin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 primatlara ne kadar sayg\u0131l\u0131 ve sab\u0131rl\u0131 davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Trimatlar, primatlarla kurduklar\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde ipleri kendi ellerinde tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f, kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131ndaki hayvanlara b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r, onlar kendileriyle bir ili\u015fki ba\u015flatana kadar sabretmi\u015fler, sonra da onlar\u0131n belirledikleri ko\u015fullarda ili\u015fkiyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Yaban ortamda, kendisine yeten ko\u015fullarda bulunan, insana hi\u00e7bir gereksinim duymayan bir canl\u0131yla, ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc uzun vadeli bir ili\u015fki kurabilmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu kad\u0131nlar bunu ba\u015fararak, primatoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na yepyeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131m getirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n<p>Ku\u015fkusuz onlar\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoldan giderek, hayvan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, onlara benzer bir bi\u00e7imde \u201cuzun s\u00fcreli, empatili ve duygusall\u0131k i\u00e7eren ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftiren\u201d bir dolu kad\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu dosyada, sadece \u00f6nc\u00fcleri konu edindik. Ama buradan, Madagaskar lemurlar\u0131yla 20 y\u0131ldan fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, birinden benim de yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir\u00e7ok say\u0131s\u0131z pop\u00fcler bilimi kitab\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015f Allison Jolly\u2019e; Jane\u2019in \u00f6\u011frencisi olan, babunlarla uzun vadeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fcten Barbara Smoots\u2019a; babun topluluklar\u0131nda arkada\u015fl\u0131k rollerine yo\u011funla\u015fan Shirley Strum\u2019a; Kenya\u2019da Amboseli Milli Park\u0131 i\u00e7indeki fil s\u00fcr\u00fcleriyle uzun y\u0131llar ge\u00e7iren Cynthia Moss\u2019a ve ismini bilmedi\u011fimiz onlarcas\u0131na bir selam g\u00f6nderelim. \u00d6zel olarak da, vefas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, Janis Carter\u2019a. Carter, psikoterapist kar\u0131 koca Temerlin\u2019ler taraf\u0131ndan bir insan bebe\u011fi gibi b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclmek \u00fczere evlatl\u0131k edinilmi\u015f \u015fempanze Lucy\u2019nin bak\u0131c\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Temerlin\u2019ler Lucy 12 ya\u015f\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, onunla ev ortam\u0131 i\u00e7inde ba\u015f edemez hale geldiler; Lucy\u2019i Afrika\u2019ya, Gambia \u015eempanze Rehabilitasyon Merkezi\u2019ne g\u00f6ndermeye karar verdiler. Uygar ortamda do\u011fmu\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve \u015fempanzelerle de\u011fil, insanlarla ileti\u015fim geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olan\u00a0 Lucy\u2019nin, yaban bir ortamda nas\u0131l ya\u015fayabilece\u011fi konusunda endi\u015felenen Janis, onu bu hayata al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere onunla birlikte Afrika\u2019ya gitti. Ne yaz\u0131k ki Lucy, yeni evine al\u0131\u015famad\u0131, di\u011fer \u015fempanzelerle ileti\u015fim kurmad\u0131 ve depresyona girdi. Janis ba\u015flarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 3 haftal\u0131k zaman\u0131 uzatarak Lucy\u2019nin yan\u0131nda bir y\u0131l kadar kald\u0131. O Gambia\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Lucy ortadan kayboldu; Janis geri d\u00f6nerek onu arad\u0131, ama ona ait oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bir \u015fempanze \u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fcnden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey bulamad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) Alex Boese, <em>Psikonevrotik Atomik Ke\u00e7iler<\/em>, G\u00fcrer Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7ev. Turgut G\u00fcrer, 2012, 380 s.<\/p>\n<p>2) Alison Joly, <em>Lucy\u2019nin Miras\u0131 \u2013\u0130nsan Evriminde Cinsellik ve Zek\u00e2-<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Nalan \u00d6zt\u00fcrk,\u00a0 Kitap Yay\u0131nevi, Aral\u0131k 2004.<\/p>\n<p>3) Stephen Jay Gould, \u201cIntroduction to the revised edition\u201d; in <em>In The Shadow of Man<\/em> (by Jane Goodall), Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988, pp.V-IX.<\/p>\n<p>4) Lydia Millet, <em>\u00c7aresizlik Kuyusu<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Funda Ba\u015fak D\u00f6rschel, Kolektif\u00a0 Kitap, 2014,ss.11-22.<\/p>\n<p>5) Sy Montgomery, <em>Walking with the Great Apes \u2013Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, Birut\u00e8 Galdikas-<\/em>, Chelsea Green Publishing, 2009, 281 s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci Paleoantropolog Leakey, \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131 insan yapan nedir?\u201d sorusunun yan\u0131tlanabilmesi i\u00e7in, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bulmaya d\u00f6n\u00fck ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yeterli olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ya\u015fayan en yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131m\u0131z olan \u015fempanzeler, goriller ve orangutanlar\u0131n da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Leakey\u2019in \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 primatlar\u201d diye adland\u0131rmaya ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 kad\u0131nlardan, Jane Goodall \u015fempanzeleri, Dian Fossey gorilleri, Birut\u00e8 Galdikas orangutanlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Leakey kad\u0131nlar\u0131n b\u00f6ylesi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar i\u00e7in daha uygun [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":470,"featured_media":26465,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[159,211,1464],"tags":[2542,2059,353],"class_list":["post-26464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-122-sayi","category-antropoloji","category-dosya","tag-kadin-bilimciler","tag-maymunlar","tag-paleoantropoloji"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26464","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/470"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26464"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26464\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26464"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26464"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}