{"id":26489,"date":"2014-04-01T12:11:47","date_gmt":"2014-04-01T09:11:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26489"},"modified":"2018-06-07T12:19:08","modified_gmt":"2018-06-07T09:19:08","slug":"hint-mitolojisinde-tufan-efsanesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/04\/01\/hint-mitolojisinde-tufan-efsanesi","title":{"rendered":"Hint mitolojisinde Tufan efsanesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr, din ve co\u011frafyalara sahip olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bir\u00e7ok toplumda Tufan efsanesinin ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imindeki benzerlikler olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. Tanr\u0131, d\u00fcnya ya da bir kavmi yok ederken, iyi huylu bir kulunu ya\u015fat\u0131r. Bu kul, G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f destan\u0131nda G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f, \u2018\u015eatapatha Brahmana\u2019da Manu, \u2018Mahabharata\u2019 ve \u2018Matsya Purana\u2019da Manu ve azizler, \u2018Eski Ahit\u2019 ve \u2018Kuran\u2019da Nuh peygamber ve ailesi, Yunan mitolojisinde Deukalin ve kar\u0131s\u0131, \u015eamanist T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131nda ise Nama ve o\u011fullar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Semitik k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fu kabul edilen Tufan efsanesi, d\u00fcnya mitoloji tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bir\u00e7ok uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mitolojilerinin i\u00e7inde yer alan bu efsane, toplumlar\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131, gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak birtak\u0131m farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6stermesine kar\u015f\u0131n, ana \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fc, yani tanr\u0131n\u0131n ya da tanr\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kol gezdi\u011fi d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yok etmeye karar vermesi temas\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yok olu\u015f ise a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011fan ya\u011fmurlar sonucunda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sularla kaplanmas\u0131yla meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tufan\u2019\u0131n ilk izlerine yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 2700 y\u0131llar\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren S\u00fcmerlerde rastlamaktay\u0131z. S\u00fcmer kral\u0131 G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f\u2019a ait 12 yaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletin g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla mitoloji tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir devrim ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu 12 tabletten biri olan 11. tablette Tufan\u2019la ilgili bilgilerin de\u015fifre edilmesiyle ilk Tufan s\u00f6ylencesinin Eski Ahit<\/em>\u2019te oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere Kraliyet Akademisi\u2019nde George Smith adl\u0131 gen\u00e7 bir bilgin, Ninova\u2019daki kaz\u0131dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Kral Asurbanipal kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulunan bir tabletten, Tevrat<\/em>\u2019ta yaz\u0131l\u0131 Tufan olay\u0131n\u0131 okuyup anlatmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca dinleyiciler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nas\u0131l olurdu ki, y\u00fczy\u0131llardan beri tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yazd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131lan bir olay, Tevrat<\/em>\u2019tan y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletlerde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsun! Bunu duyanlar\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131 sars\u0131ld\u0131 ve ge\u00e7mi\u015ften daha ilgin\u00e7 bilgiler edinmek i\u00e7in kaz\u0131lara para yat\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. (\u00c7\u0131\u011f, 2011, 17)<\/p>\n

S\u00fcmer tabletleri: Utnapi\u015ftim efsaneyi anlat\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kral Asurbanipal\u2019in tabletlerinde anlat\u0131lan \u00f6yk\u00fcde, Uruk kral\u0131 G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Utnapi\u015ftim\u2019i aramak i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklardan sonra onun yan\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f ondan \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6\u011frenmek istedi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015f, ancak Utnapi\u015ftim Tufan\u2019dan sonra \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tanr\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan sadece kendisine ve kar\u0131s\u0131na verildi\u011fi s\u00f6yleyerek Tufan\u2019\u0131 anlatmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cTanr\u0131lar insan soyunu yaratt\u0131ktan sonra zaman i\u00e7inde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fczeni bozulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu duruma canlar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131lan tanr\u0131lar bir araya gelerek d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yok etmeye karar verdiler ve bir daha yeni bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in karar ald\u0131lar. Ancak babam\u0131n dostu olan Tanr\u0131 Ea, babam\u0131n ve ailesinin de yok olaca\u011f\u0131na \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc dile getirmek i\u00e7in a\u011flama kul\u00fcbesine gitti. O i\u00e7eride derdini anlat\u0131rken ben de d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan onu dinlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131m. Benim orada oldu\u011fumu bilen tanr\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bekleyen felaketi ve bu felaketten kurtulmam i\u00e7in yapmam gerekenleri bir bir anlatt\u0131. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck faciadan kurtulabilmem i\u00e7in bir gemi yapmam\u0131, gemiye bulabildi\u011fim b\u00fct\u00fcn hayvan t\u00fcrlerini, bitkilerin, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n ve \u00e7i\u00e7eklerin tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 almam\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Bu felaketin geldi\u011fi g\u00fcn g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclmeleri imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan alametlerin olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve o g\u00fcn geldi\u011finde gemiye binmemizi s\u00f6yledi. Tufan g\u00fcn\u00fc her yer sularla kapland\u0131. Yedi g\u00fcn yedi gece boyunca felaket devam etti. Yedinci g\u00fcn\u00fcn sonunda Tufan sona erdi. Sadece ben ve e\u015fim kurtulduk. Bu felaketten sadece bizim kurtuldu\u011fumuzu g\u00f6ren tanr\u0131lar bizi alarak g\u00f6\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar ve Tufan\u2019\u0131n izleri silininceye kadar orada kald\u0131k, sonra da bizi Dilumun\u2019a indirdiler. O g\u00fcnden beri de orada ya\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u201d (Braem 1998, 440-451)<\/p>\n

\u2018Eski Ahit\u2019: K\u0131rk g\u00fcn k\u0131rk gece ya\u011fmur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 1300 olarak tarihlendirilen Yahudilerin kutsal kitab\u0131 Eski Ahit<\/em>\u2019te de S\u00fcmer Tufan efsanesine benzer bir anlat\u0131m vard\u0131r. Burada da tanr\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yarat\u0131r. \u0130nsano\u011flunun \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131yla k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckler de artmaya ba\u015flar. Tanr\u0131 bu durumdan rahats\u0131z olur, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yok etmeye karar verir. Ancak Nuh ve ailesinin yok olmas\u0131n\u0131 istememektedir. Tufan\u2019dan \u00f6nce ona Gofer a\u011fac\u0131ndan bir gemi yapmas\u0131n\u0131, onu i\u00e7eriden ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ziftle kaplamas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledikten sonra gemiyi nas\u0131l yapaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda bilgiler verir. Bu gemiye ailesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra her t\u00fcrden iki\u015fer canl\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 ister. (Tekvin Bap 6) \u201cYedi g\u00fcn sonra yery\u00fcz\u00fcne k\u0131rk g\u00fcn k\u0131rk gece ya\u011fmur ya\u011fd\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m; yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fum her canl\u0131 \u015feyi topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinden silece\u011fim.\u201d der Tanr\u0131. Tufan olunca her yer sular alt\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Nuh ve kar\u0131s\u0131, o\u011fullar\u0131 Sam, Ham ve Yafet ve kar\u0131lar\u0131 ve di\u011fer canl\u0131lar gemiye binerler. Y\u00fcz elli g\u00fcn yery\u00fcz\u00fc sularla kapl\u0131 kal\u0131r. (Tekvin Bap 7) Gemi yedinci ayda, ay\u0131n on yedinci g\u00fcn\u00fcnde, Ararat da\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerine oturur. Ve sular onuncu aya kadar, gittik\u00e7e azald\u0131; onuncu ayda, ay\u0131n birinde, da\u011flar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. (Tekvin Bap 8) Tufan bittikten sonra Rab, Nuh ve o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falarak yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc doldurmalar\u0131n\u0131 emreder. B\u00f6ylece insano\u011flu yeniden yarat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2018Kuran-\u0131 Kerim\u2019: Putlar Tufan sular\u0131na kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di\u011fer dinlerde oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130slam dininin kutsal kitab\u0131 Kuran-\u0131 Kerim<\/em>\u2019in \u00e7e\u015fitli surelerinde de Nuh Tufan\u0131\u2019ndan s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Kuran-\u0131 Kerim<\/em>\u2019e g\u00f6re Nuh peygamber, kavmini i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu sapk\u0131nl\u0131ktan kurtar\u0131p, Allah\u2019\u0131n yoluna davet etmesi i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir: \u201cYemin olsun ki, biz Nuh\u2019u kendi kavmine (peygamber olarak) g\u00f6nderdik. O da i\u00e7lerinde elli y\u0131l eksik olmak \u00fczere bin sene ya\u015fad\u0131. Sonunda onlar zulmetmekte devam ederken Tufan kendilerini yakalad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece biz Nuh\u2019u da, gemide bulunanlar\u0131 da kurtard\u0131k ve bu hadiseyi (sonra gelen) \u00e2lemler i\u00e7in bir ayet (mucize) k\u0131ld\u0131k\u201d. (Ankebut Suresi, ayet 14-15)<\/p>\n

Nuh putlara tapan, \u00e7arp\u0131k ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan halk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru yolu se\u00e7meleri i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7aba harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak halk Nuh\u2019u dinlememi\u015f ve g\u00fcnah i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine Nuh Peygamber Allah\u2019a dua ederek, bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc yola gelmeyen halk\u0131 i\u00e7in yard\u0131m istemi\u015ftir: \u201c\u2026Allah, Nuh\u2019un a\u011fa\u00e7 dikmesini emretti. Nuh\u2019un dikti\u011fi a\u011fa\u00e7lar k\u0131rk y\u0131l i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Marangoz olan Nuh, Allah\u2019\u0131n emriyle yeti\u015fen a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 kesti ve kuruttu. Allah Nuh\u2019a ba\u015f\u0131 horoz ba\u015f\u0131, karn\u0131 ku\u015f karn\u0131 ve kuyru\u011fu horozunki gibi meyilli \u00fc\u00e7 katl\u0131 bir gemi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 buyurdu. Nuh Allah\u2019\u0131n emriyle iki y\u0131l s\u00fcren bir u\u011fra\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gemi yapt\u0131. O bu i\u015fle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken yan\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en g\u00fcnahk\u00e2rlar su olmayan yerde gemi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in onun delirdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp, alay ettiler\u2026 Allah Nuh\u2019a kendisine inanan m\u00fcminleri toplamas\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ca \u00e7evredeki hayvanlardan birer \u00e7ifti ve \u00e7e\u015fitli yiyecekleri yan\u0131na alarak gemiye binmesini emretti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Allah g\u00fcnaha batm\u0131\u015f kavmi Tufan sular\u0131yla cezaland\u0131racakt\u0131. Nuh gemiye binerken o\u011flu Yam\u2019\u0131 da \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 ancak o kafirlerden biriydi ve gemiye binmeyi reddetti\u2026 Sonunda Tufan ba\u015flad\u0131 ve yerlerden pis kokulu sular f\u0131\u015fk\u0131rmaya, g\u00f6kten delinmi\u015f\u00e7esine ya\u011fmur ya\u011fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz bir oldu, ay ve g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez oldu. Sular yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc yuttu ve en y\u00fcksek da\u011flar\u0131n bile \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Nevz da\u011f\u0131nda kafirlerin ilah diye dizdikleri putlar Tufan sular\u0131na kap\u0131l\u0131p par\u00e7aland\u0131lar\u2026 Nuh\u2019un gemisi sular\u0131n \u00fczerinde tam alt\u0131 ay boyunca t\u00fcm yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc dola\u015ft\u0131. Allah yere \u2018sular\u0131 yut!\u2019, g\u00f6\u011fe ise \u2018sular\u0131 tut\u2019 emrini verdi. Tufan b\u00f6ylece son buldu. Nuh\u2019un gemisi Cudi da\u011f\u0131nda karaya oturdu. Nuh ve yan\u0131ndakiler geminin i\u00e7inde bir ay kadar sular\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesini beklediler\u201d. (Kamer 11-15, Hud 25-49, Nuh S\u00fcresi; Gezgin, 2009, 89)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk mitolojisi: Kurba\u011fa k\u0131m\u0131ldarsa tufan olur<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eamanist T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131nda anlat\u0131lan Tufan efsanelerinin temeli de Nuh Tufan\u0131\u2019na dayan\u0131r. Verbisty taraf\u0131ndan 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda tespit edilen Tufan efsanesi \u00d6z Altayl\u0131lar\u0131nd\u0131r. \u201cTanr\u0131 \u00dclgen Nama ad\u0131nda tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir adama d\u00fcnyada Tufan olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haber verdi. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 ve hayvanlar\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in sandal a\u011fac\u0131ndan bir gemi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Nama\u2019n\u0131n da Soozunuul, Saruul ve Bal\u0131ksa ad\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flu vard\u0131. Nama o\u011fullar\u0131na \u00dclgen\u2019in \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi gibi bir gemi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Yap\u0131lan bu gemiye \u00dclgen\u2019in emriyle insanlar ve hayvanlar al\u0131nd\u0131.\u201d (\u0130nal, 1954, 22)<\/p>\n

1. Potanin taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilen Uryanha (Tuba) rivayetinde ise yer bir kurba\u011fa \u00fczerindedir. Kurba\u011fa k\u0131m\u0131ldarsa Tufan oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. A.V. Anohin\u2019in tespit etti\u011fi rivayete g\u00f6re Tufan olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 demir boynuzlu g\u00f6k teke haber vermi\u015ftir. (\u0130nal, 1954, 23) T\u00fcrklerdeki bu Tufan efsanesi hakk\u0131nda A. \u0130nal \u201cEski zamanlarda \u015eamanizmin kendine mahsus bir Tufan efsanesi bulunmu\u015f, sonralar\u0131 Samilerin efsanesiyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d demektedir. (\u0130nal, 1954, 23)<\/p>\n

Yunan mitolojisi: Bir sand\u0131kta dokuz g\u00fcn dokuz gece<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antik Yunan mitolojisinde de Tufan \u00f6yk\u00fclerine rastlamaktay\u0131z. Bunlardan Deukalios ve Pyrra, Nannakos ve Philemon ve Baukis\u2019i \u00f6rnek olarak verebiliriz. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde insano\u011flunun k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 sonucunda Tufan meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Tanr\u0131 Zeus insanlar\u0131n sayg\u0131s\u0131z, g\u00fcnahk\u00e2r ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckler i\u00e7ine batm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcnce, onlardan kurtulmak ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 temizlemek i\u00e7in her yeri sular alt\u0131nda b\u0131rakacak bir Tufan g\u00f6ndermeye karar verir. Ancak Prometheus\u2019un o\u011flu olan Deukalin ve kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek istemez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu \u00e7ift di\u011fer insanlardan farkl\u0131 ve tanr\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 sayg\u0131l\u0131d\u0131rlar. Prometheus bu \u00e7ifte bir gemi yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 buyurur. Deukalin ve kar\u0131s\u0131, bir sand\u0131k yap\u0131p i\u00e7ine girerler. Tufan dokuz g\u00fcn dokuz gece s\u00fcrer. Y\u00fckselen sularda y\u00fczen sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde korunan \u00e7ift sonunda Teselya da\u011flar\u0131nda karaya \u00e7\u0131karlar. Art\u0131k Tufan bitmi\u015f ve kurtulan tek canl\u0131 onlar olmu\u015ftur. (Gezgin, 2009, 53)<\/p>\n

Hint mitolojisi: Manu\u2019nun kutsal bal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi de Hint mitolojisindeki Tufan efsanelerine g\u00f6z atal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Tufan efsanesi Hint mitolojisinde ilk olarak yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 800-500 aras\u0131nda Brahmanalar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu d\u00f6nem din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n toplum \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurdu\u011fu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da kurban seremonilerinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir; halk isteklerine kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in kurban sunmak zorundad\u0131r. Kurban t\u00f6renleri sadece din adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar, kendilerini tanr\u0131lardan daha \u00fcst\u00fcn duruma gelmi\u015f say\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00d6yle ki din adamlar\u0131 tanr\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliyorlard\u0131: \u201cDo\u011frusu iki \u00e7e\u015fit tanr\u0131 vard\u0131r. Biri tanr\u0131 tanr\u0131lar, di\u011feri ise kutsal bilgileri ara\u015ft\u0131ran ve \u00f6\u011freten Brahman insan tanr\u0131lard\u0131r. Bu kurban bu iki t\u00fcr aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; kurban sunaklar\u0131 tanr\u0131lara, hediyeler ise insan tanr\u0131lara verilir; ki\u015fi kurban sunaklar\u0131yla tanr\u0131lar\u0131, hediyelerle insanlar\u0131 sevindirir. Bu iki t\u00fcr tanr\u0131 doyuruldu\u011fu zaman ki\u015fi kutsal d\u00fcnyaya kavu\u015fur.\u201d (\u015eatapatha Brahmana II, 2,2,6; 4,3,4,4) E\u011fer bu iki t\u00fcr tanr\u0131dan hangisi daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr diye sorulacak olursa yan\u0131t\u0131 haz\u0131rd\u0131r: \u201cBrahmanlar ulu ki\u015finin bizzat kendisinden, hakikatte b\u00fct\u00fcn tanr\u0131lardan gelirler.\u201d (\u015eatapatha Brahmana 12, 4,4, 6)<\/p>\n

Tufan efsanesinden Brahmanalar i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan \u015eatapatha Brahmana<\/em> yani Y\u00fcz Yol Brahmana\u2019s\u0131nda (1.8.1\u2019de) bahsedilir. Manu\u2019nun k\u0131z\u0131 \u0130d\u0101 (veya \u0130l\u0101) ad\u0131na sunulan 44 beyitlik bu anlat\u0131mda Tufan efsanesi, ilk alt\u0131 beyitte yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geriye kalan beyitlerde ise Manu\u2019nun soyunu devam ettirmek i\u00e7in kurban t\u00f6reni yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu kurban t\u00f6reni sonunda da bir kad\u0131n (\u0130d\u0101) yaratarak soyunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tufan\u2019\u0131n s\u00fcresiyle ilgili bir bilgi i\u00e7ermeyen efsane \u015fu \u015fekilde anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130d\u0101<\/p>\n

\u201c1) Sabahleyin Manu\u2019ya ellerini y\u0131kamas\u0131 i\u00e7in su getirdiler. Ellerini y\u0131karken ellerine bir bal\u0131k geldi.<\/p>\n

\u201c2) Bal\u0131k ona dedi ki: \u2018Beni beslersen, seni korurum.\u2019 \u2018Beni neden koruyacaks\u0131n?\u2019 \u2018Sel b\u00fct\u00fcn yarat\u0131klar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yacak. Seni ondan kurtaraca\u011f\u0131m.\u2019 \u2018Sana nas\u0131l bakaca\u011f\u0131m?\u2019<\/p>\n

\u201c3) Bal\u0131k dedi ki: \u2018Bu bizim i\u00e7in bir y\u0131k\u0131m olacak, biz \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fcz. Bal\u0131k bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok edecek. Sen beni bir kavanozda sakla. B\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde bir \u00e7ukur kaz ve beni oraya koy. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcnce beni denize b\u0131rak. O zaman ben y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131m.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u201c4) K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde chasha (b\u00fcy\u00fck bal\u0131k) oldu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bal\u0131klar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu. Bunun \u00fczerine dedi ki: \u2018Falan y\u0131l i\u00e7inde sel gelecek. Sonra sen benim tavsiyelerimle haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n gemiyle beni bekleyeceksin. Sular y\u00fckseldi\u011finde sen gemiye bineceksin ve ben seni selden koruyaca\u011f\u0131m.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u201c5) Bu \u015fekilde onu b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fckten sonra bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 denize g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l bal\u0131k verdi\u011fi tavsiyeyle bir gemi haz\u0131rlarken buldu onu. Sel y\u00fckseldi\u011finde o gemiye bindi. Geminin ipini boynuzuna ba\u011flayarak y\u00fczd\u00fcrd\u00fc b\u00f6ylece kuzey da\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine h\u0131zl\u0131ca ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

\u201c6) Sonra dedi ki: \u2018Seni korudum. Gemiyi bir a\u011faca ba\u011fla. Da\u011f\u0131n tepesindeyken su seni s\u00fcr\u00fckleyemeyecek. Sular azal\u0131nca yava\u015f yava\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya ineceksin.\u2019 B\u00f6ylece yava\u015f yava\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya indi, bu y\u00fczden kuzey da\u011f\u0131 \u2018Manu\u2019nun \u0130ni\u015fi\u2019 olarak isimlendirilir. Sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn yarat\u0131klar sele kap\u0131ld\u0131 ve sadece Manu hayatta kald\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u015eatapatha Brahmana<\/em>\u2019da ge\u00e7en bu efsane olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa ve detay verilmeden anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hint mitolojisinde ilk insan olarak kabul edilen Manu\u2019yu bu felaketten kurtaran g\u00fc\u00e7 tanr\u0131 Brahma\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eatapatha Brahmana<\/em>\u2019dan sonra Tufan efsanesi, M\u00d6 300 ila MS 300 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Hintlilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck destan\u0131 Mahabharata<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n (1) \u201cVana Parvan\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde (CLXXXVI) \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cManu H\u00fcnnap a\u011fac\u0131 orman\u0131nda bin y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcredir \u00e7ok zor ve sert bir kefaret yapmaktayd\u0131. Bir g\u00fcn \u00c7irini k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na yakla\u015fan bir bal\u0131k elbisesini \u0131slatarak ona \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledi: \u2018Sayg\u0131de\u011fer Efendim, ben zavall\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir bal\u0131\u011f\u0131m b\u00fcy\u00fck bal\u0131klardan korkuyorum, bu y\u00fczden beni onlardan koruyun. Sizin bu iyili\u011finizi \u00f6d\u00fcllendirece\u011fim.\u2019 Bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu s\u00f6zleri \u00fczerine Manu merhametle onu sudan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Sudan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ay \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi v\u00fccudu parlayan bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraktan bir kab\u0131n i\u00e7ine koyan Manu onunla t\u0131pk\u0131 bir \u00e7ocuk gibi ilgilendi. Bir m\u00fcddet sonra bal\u0131k o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ki toprak kaba s\u0131\u011fmaz oldu. Bunun \u00fczerine O, Manu\u2019dan daha geni\u015f bir yere konulmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Manu bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzunlu\u011fu iki yocana ve geni\u015fli\u011fi bir yocana olan bir kaba koydu. Ancak b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi devam eden bal\u0131k buraya da s\u0131\u011fmay\u0131nca Manu\u2019dan kendisini Ganj nehrine b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Ganj nehrine b\u0131rak\u0131lan bal\u0131k orada da k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Bu defa bal\u0131k Manu\u2019dan kendisini denize b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Manu bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bedenine kar\u015f\u0131n kolayl\u0131kla ta\u015f\u0131yarak denize b\u0131rakt\u0131. Denize b\u0131rak\u0131lan bal\u0131k \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledi: \u2018Ey \u015fansl\u0131 insan, beni \u00f6zenli bir \u015fekilde korudun. \u015eimdi beni dikkatlice dinle. Zaman\u0131 gelince senin i\u00e7in bir \u015fey yapaca\u011f\u0131m. D\u00fcnya yak\u0131nda karanl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclecek. B\u00fcy\u00fck, sa\u011flam bir gemi yap\u0131p, uzun iplerlerle onu ba\u011flamal\u0131s\u0131n. Ey b\u00fcy\u00fck Muni, \u00e7ok eski zamanlarda var olan ve Brahmanlar taraf\u0131ndan numaraland\u0131r\u0131lan farkl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok tohumu da yan\u0131na alarak, yedi azizle birlikte geminin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, beni orada bekle. Ben boynuzlu bir bal\u0131k olarak sana g\u00f6r\u00fcnece\u011fim. B\u00f6ylece sen beni tan\u0131yacaks\u0131n. \u015eimdi gidiyorum. S\u00f6ylediklerimi yapmal\u0131s\u0131n, benim yard\u0131m\u0131m olmadan bu korkun\u00e7 selden kendini koruyamazs\u0131n.\u2019 Bal\u0131k b\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledikten sonra g\u00f6zden kayboldu. F\u0131rt\u0131na kopunca bal\u0131k t\u0131pk\u0131 bir kaya gibi okyanusta g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc. Manu bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n boynuzuna kement gibi ip atarak gemiyi ba\u011flad\u0131. Azg\u0131n dalgalarla bo\u011fu\u015fan gemi t\u0131pk\u0131 sarho\u015f bir fahi\u015fe gibi boran\u0131n etkisiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck okyanusta oradan oraya savrulup duruyordu. Pusula ne karay\u0131 ne de d\u00f6rt ana y\u00f6n\u00fc g\u00f6steriyordu. Her yer suyla kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ne cennet ne de g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00fcnya selle bo\u011fu\u015furken sadece Manu, yedi aziz ve bal\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Gemiyi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikkat ve sab\u0131rla selde \u00e7eken bal\u0131k sonunda onu Himavat da\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zirvesine getirip, ba\u011flamalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Bu y\u00fczden Himavat\u2019\u0131n zirvesi Naubandhana (s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131lacak yer) olarak bilinir. Sonra bal\u0131k azizlere \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledi: \u2018Ben b\u00fct\u00fcn yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n efendisi Brahma\u2019y\u0131m. Benden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck yoktur. Bal\u0131k formunda sizi bu afetten korudum. Ciddi ve kat\u0131 bir uygulamadan sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcce sahip olacak Manu tekrar b\u00fct\u00fcn yarat\u0131klar\u0131 yaratacak. Benim l\u00fctufum sayesinde hi\u00e7bir hile onun g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerinde olmayacak.\u2019 B\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledikten sonra bal\u0131k ortadan kayboldu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu efsaneye Purana edebiyat\u0131 i\u00e7inde de rastlamaktay\u0131z. Di\u011fer Tufan efsanelerine benzerli\u011fiyle dikkat \u00e7eken Matsya Purana II<\/em>; 1-21\u2019deki anlat\u0131m \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

\u201cBir g\u00fcn inziva yerinde kral (Manu) atalar\u0131n\u0131n ruhu i\u00e7in su d\u00f6kerken (2) avu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n (\u015faphari) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissetti. Bal\u0131k kraldan kendisini korumas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Manu da bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kavanoza koydu. Geceden g\u00fcnd\u00fcze bal\u0131k on alt\u0131 parmak uzunlu\u011funda b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek kavanoza s\u0131\u011fmayacak duruma geldi. Kavanozun i\u00e7ine s\u0131\u011fmayan bal\u0131k, kral\u0131n kendisini kurtarmas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u011flad\u0131. Manu bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 alarak daha geni\u015f bir testinin i\u00e7ine koydu. Ancak bir gece boyunca \u00fc\u00e7 el geni\u015fli\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bal\u0131k, \u2018senin merhametine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131m bana yard\u0131m et\u2019 dedi. Bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu s\u00f6zleri \u00fczerine kral onu testiden al\u0131p bir kuyuya b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bir m\u00fcddet sonra kuyuya da s\u0131\u011fmay\u0131nca kral onu bir su deposunun i\u00e7ine koydu. Su deposunun i\u00e7inde de b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam eden bal\u0131k kederli bir sesle kraldan, onu su deposundan \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131n\u0131 rica etti. Bunun \u00fczerine kral bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 oradan alarak Ganj nehrine b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bir m\u00fcddet sonra oraya da s\u0131\u011fmayan bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 okyanusa b\u0131rakt\u0131. Orada da gitgide b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek, b\u00fct\u00fcn okyanusu kaplad\u0131. Bunu g\u00f6ren kral korku i\u00e7inde \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledi: \u2018Asuralar\u0131n \u015fefi misin? Yoksa Vasudeva m\u0131s\u0131n? Ba\u015fka kim bu kadar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek yirmi yocana geni\u015fli\u011fine ula\u015fabilir? Ey Ke\u015fava! Bal\u0131k bedeninde benim i\u00e7in bilmeceydin, ama seni \u015fimdi tan\u0131d\u0131m. Ey Hri\u015fike\u015fa, Cagannatha, Cagaddhama (3) sana sayg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131 sunar\u0131m.\u2019 Bu s\u00f6zleri duyan bal\u0131k bedenindeki Bhagavana Canardana onu \u00f6verek \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yledi: \u2018Ey kusursuz ki\u015fi, senin taraf\u0131ndan do\u011fru olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131m. Ey kral, birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde evrende Tufan olacak, da\u011flar, ormanlar su alt\u0131nda kalacak. Devalar (tanr\u0131lar) felaketten yarat\u0131lanlar\u0131n kurtulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu gemiyi yapt\u0131lar, i\u00e7ine svedacalar (4), andacalar (5), udbhicalar (6) ve carayucalar\u0131 (7) yerle\u015ftirdiler. Felaket geldi\u011finde, sert r\u00fczg\u00e2rlarla sars\u0131lan gemiyi boynuzuma ba\u011flayarak, onlara yard\u0131m etmelisin. Yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak yarat\u0131lanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckbabas\u0131 olacaks\u0131n. Ey \u015fanl\u0131 kral, Kritayuga\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren bir Manvantara\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 oldu\u011funda, Devalar sana b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 duyacak.\u2019 Yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bu s\u00f6zleri \u00fczerine kral felaketin ne kadar s\u00fcre devam edece\u011fini, yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar\u0131 nas\u0131l koruyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tekrar ne zaman kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemesi i\u00e7in yalvar\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine bal\u0131k, \u2018bug\u00fcnden itibaren y\u00fczy\u0131l ya\u011fmur ya\u011fmayacak, evrende korkun\u00e7 bir k\u0131tl\u0131k ba\u015f g\u00f6sterecek. Yedi kat daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olacak g\u00fcne\u015fin \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 kalan canl\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00f6ld\u00fcrecek. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yeralt\u0131ndan ate\u015f \u00e7\u0131kacak, bu k\u0131zg\u0131n ate\u015f \u015eiva\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131karacak, \u015ee\u015fa bin a\u011fz\u0131ndan kin dolu ate\u015fler \u00e7\u0131kartarak yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki evinden \u00e7\u0131kacak. B\u00f6ylece \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fcnya \u00e7e\u015fitli ate\u015flerin k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ufalan\u0131p k\u00fcl olacak, b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u0131ld\u0131zlar gezegenlerle birlikte g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla mahvolacak. Bu y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n ard\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 yedi bulut yani Samvarta, Bhimanada, Drona, Chanda, Balabaka, Vidyut ve Patala ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak ve her yer selle kaplanacak. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar oldu\u011funda orada ba\u011fl\u0131 duran geminin i\u00e7ine yarat\u0131lanlar\u0131n tohumunu, kutsal Vedalar\u0131 koyup, iple gemiyi benim boynuzuma ba\u011fla. Ey dindar ki\u015fi, her \u015fey yok oldu\u011funda sadece sen, ay, g\u00fcne\u015f, ben, Brahma, kutsal nehir Narmada, b\u00fcy\u00fck aziz Markandeya, kutsal Vedalar, Puranalar, Tanr\u0131 \u015eiva ve \u00e7e\u015fitli bilimler kalacak, kral \u00c7ak\u015fu\u015fa Manu\u2019nun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sona erecek. Bu yok olu\u015ftan sonra evrenin tekrar yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Vedik bilgisini \u00e7o\u011faltaca\u011f\u0131m\u2019 dedikten sonra g\u00f6zden kayboldu. Kral, kutsal Vasudeva taraf\u0131ndan ona verilen y\u0131k\u0131m zaman\u0131na kadar Yoga yaparak zaman\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi. Felaket zaman\u0131 gelince tanr\u0131 boynuzlu bir bal\u0131k olarak, y\u0131lan kral\u0131 \u015ee\u015fa ise bir ip \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc. Yoga g\u00fcc\u00fc sayesinde kral ya\u015fayan her \u015feyi bir araya getirdi. Onlar\u0131 gemiye koydu, iple gemiyi bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n boynuzuna ba\u011flay\u0131p, yarat\u0131c\u0131ya sayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sunduktan sonra gemiye bindi. B\u00f6ylece Tufan sonunda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yaratma g\u00f6revi Manu\u2019ya verildi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Matsya Purana\u2019dan ba\u015fka Purana edebiyat\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan di\u011fer Puranalar\u2019dan Agni<\/em> ve Bhagavata Purana<\/em>\u2019da da benzer bir anlat\u0131m vard\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Padma Purana<\/em>, Vishnu Purana<\/em>, Skanda Purana<\/em>, Bhavishya Purana<\/em> ve Kalinka Purana<\/em>\u2019da da yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn sular alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Ama \u00f6rg\u00fc konusu di\u011fer Tufan efsanelerinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu Puranalar\u2019da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n devirleri (8) tek tek anlat\u0131l\u0131r sonra da Kali Yuga d\u00f6neminde Tufan\u2019\u0131n meydana gelece\u011finden s\u00f6z edilir.<\/p>\n

Hint mitolojisinde Tufan efsanesiyle ilk kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yer \u015eatapatha Brahmana<\/em>\u2019d\u0131r. Bu eserde, insan \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair eski bir hik\u00e2ye anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce de s\u00f6z edildi\u011fi gibi Manu, insan \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirmek i\u00e7in bir kurban t\u00f6reni d\u00fczenlemi\u015f, bu kurban t\u00f6reninde bir kad\u0131n do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Do\u011fan bu k\u0131z \u0130d\u0101 (9) ad\u0131yla Manu\u2019nun k\u0131z\u0131 olarak an\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130d\u0101\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fuyla insan \u0131rk\u0131 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Winternitz, bu do\u011fum \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kurban sunma t\u00f6renlerinin \u00f6nemini vurgulamak i\u00e7in beyitlere d\u00e2hil edilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. (Winternitz, 1927, vol:I, 211)<\/p>\n

Eski bir \u00f6yk\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7inde tekrar tekrar ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 mitolojide kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za s\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kan bir durumdur. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n yok olu\u015fuyla ilgili bu efsane Vedik d\u00f6nemden sonra Epik d\u00f6nemde tekrar ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahabharata<\/em> destan\u0131nda ve Matsya Purana<\/em>\u2019da anlat\u0131lan bu efsane \u015eatapatha<\/em>\u2019da anlat\u0131lan efsaneye g\u00f6re daha kapsaml\u0131 ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Mahabharata<\/em>\u2019da azg\u0131n dalgalarla bo\u011fu\u015fan geminin sarho\u015f bir fahi\u015feye benzetilmesi, Tufan\u2019\u0131n s\u00fcresinden s\u00f6z edilmesi, eski zamanlarda var olan ve Brahmanlar taraf\u0131ndan numaraland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tohumlarla birlikte yedi azizi yan\u0131na almas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemesi, Matsya Purana<\/em>\u2019da ise geminin tanr\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, gemiye al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekenlerin say\u0131lmas\u0131 bu iki efsaneyi \u015eatapatha Brahmana<\/em>\u2019da anlat\u0131lan Tufan efsanesinden ay\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u015eatapatha<\/em>\u2019daki anlat\u0131m d\u00fcz yaz\u0131 \u015fekline bir \u00f6rnekken, Mahabharata<\/em>\u2019daki ve Matsya<\/em>\u2019daki anlat\u0131m \u015fiirsel tarzdad\u0131r. Her \u00fc\u00e7 efsanenin de ortak y\u00f6n\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck sel felaketinden kurtar\u0131lan ki\u015finin ilk insan yani Manu olmas\u0131, kurtar\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n da yarat\u0131c\u0131 tanr\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Vedik d\u00f6nemde Pracapati, Hiranyagarbha ve Ka olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu tanr\u0131 Brahmanizmin y\u00fckseli\u015f d\u00f6neminde Brahma\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f kavram\u0131n\u0131n ifadesi olan Brahma, Epik D\u00f6nemde Brahma \u015fekliyle Hindu mitolojisinin tanr\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7lemesi yani trimurtinin bir \u00fcyesi olmu\u015ftur. Brahma d\u00f6rt kollu, d\u00f6rt y\u00fczl\u00fc gibi fiziksel \u00f6zelliklere sahipken boynuzu bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Boynuzlu tanr\u0131 kavram\u0131yla sadece Tufan efsanelerinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlerde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Bu, bize yarat\u0131c\u0131 tanr\u0131n\u0131n boynuzlu formunun Hindistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda M\u00d6 3000-3500\u2019lerde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan \u0130ndus Vadisi Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, boynuzlu tanr\u0131 fig\u00fcrlerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Tufan efsanesinin de \u0130ndus Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihinde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, g\u00f6\u00e7lerle de Hint mitolojisinde yer etmi\u015f oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. Totemlere ait bir hayvan olan bal\u0131k, Hint mitolojisinde ilk olarak Brahman\u2019\u0131n bir bedenlenmesi olarak, daha sonra da Epik d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli tanr\u0131s\u0131 Vishnu\u2019nun on bedenlenmesinden biri olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Ancak Hint efsanelerinde yarat\u0131c\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n di\u011fer anlat\u0131mlarda yer almad\u0131\u011f\u0131, efsanenin toplumlar\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u015fekillendi\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. S\u00fcmerlerde, Eski Ahit<\/em>\u2019te ve Hint mitolojisinde anlat\u0131lan Tufan efsanelerinde d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn artmas\u0131 sonucunda tanr\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi selle ya\u015fayan her \u015fey yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden silinmi\u015ftir. Oysa Yunan mitolojisinde tanr\u0131 Zeus insanlar\u0131n sayg\u0131s\u0131z, g\u00fcnahk\u00e2r ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckler i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce onlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaya karar vermi\u015ftir. Kuran-\u0131 Kerim<\/em>\u2019de anlat\u0131lan efsanede de Tufan sadece sapk\u0131nl\u0131k i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan Nuh\u2019un kavmini yok etmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada semitik k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen Tufan efsanesine olan benzerliklerinden dolay\u0131, Hint mitolojisinde yer alan Tufan efsanelerinden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ele al\u0131nd\u0131. Farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr, din ve co\u011frafyalarda ya\u015famalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir\u00e7ok toplumda Tufan efsanesinin, metinlerde ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imindeki benzerlikler olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, d\u00fcnya ya da bir kavim yok edilirken tanr\u0131n\u0131n iyi huylu bir kulunun ya\u015famas\u0131na \u015fans vermi\u015f olmas\u0131 gibi. Bu, G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f destan\u0131nda G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f, \u015eatapatha Brahmana<\/em>\u2019da Manu, Mahabharata<\/em> ve Matsya Purana<\/em>\u2019da Manu ve azizler, Eski Ahit<\/em> ve Kuran<\/em>\u2019da Nuh peygamber ve ailesi, Yunan mitolojisinde Deukalin ve kar\u0131s\u0131, \u015eamanist T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131nda ise Nama ve o\u011fullar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) 100.000 beyit ve 18 kitapt\u0131r. Yazar\u0131 olarak Vyasa kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

2) Sihirli mantralar e\u015fli\u011finde yap\u0131lan seremoniler.<\/p>\n

3) Yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 isimleri.<\/p>\n

4) Terden do\u011fanlar.<\/p>\n

5) Yumurtadan do\u011fanlar.<\/p>\n

6) Filizlerden do\u011fanlar.<\/p>\n

7) Rahimden do\u011fanlar.<\/p>\n

8) Hint inan\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n olu\u015fumu d\u00f6rt evredir:\u00a0 Krita Yuga (yakla\u015f\u0131k 4800 y\u0131l), Treta Yuga (yakla\u015f\u0131k 3600 y\u0131l), Dvapara Yuga (yakla\u015f\u0131k 2400 y\u0131l) ve Kali Yuga (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1200 y\u0131l). En ayd\u0131nl\u0131k devir Krita devri, en karanl\u0131k devir ise Kali devridir. Giderek k\u00f6t\u00fcye giden d\u00fcnya Kali devrinde son bulur. Sonra her \u015fey yeniden ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

9) \u0130d\u0101 kelimesi Sanskrit 2.s\u0131n\u0131f id \u201cdua etmek, istemek vb.\u201d fiil k\u00f6k\u00fcnden t\u00fcremi\u015f, di\u015fil bir isimdir ve dua, hediye anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Braem, H. (1998). G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f, <\/em>Yurt kitap-Yay\u0131n, Ankara.<\/p>\n

2) \u00c7\u0131\u011f, Muazzez \u0130lmiye, 2011, S\u00fcmerlilerde Tufan Tufan\u2019da T\u00fcrkler<\/em>, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

3) \u0130nal, A., 1954, Tarihte ve Bug\u00fcn \u015eamanizm<\/em>, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara.<\/p>\n

4) Gezgin, Deniz, 2009, Su Mitoslar\u0131<\/em>, Sel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

5) Kaya, K., 2003, Hint Mitoloji S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>, \u0130mge Kitabevi, Ankara.<\/p>\n

6) Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes<\/em>, 1991, Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes \u015eirketi, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

7) Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim<\/em>, 2006, Hikmet Ne\u015friyat LTD.\u015eT\u0130., \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

8) Mahabharata<\/em> (t.y.), Sans.\u0130ng. \u00c7ev. Pratap Chandra Roy, Book Sellers and Publishers. Calcutta.<\/p>\n

9) Matsya Purana<\/em>, 1986, \u0130ng. \u00c7ev. A. Taluqdar of Oudh, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.<\/p>\n

10) \u015eatapatha Brahmana<\/em>, 1993, \u0130ng.\u00c7ev. Julius Eggeling, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi.<\/p>\n

11) Winternitz, M., 1927, A History of Indian Literature<\/em>, University of Calcutta, Calcutta.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr, din ve co\u011frafyalara sahip olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bir\u00e7ok toplumda Tufan efsanesinin ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imindeki benzerlikler olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. Tanr\u0131, d\u00fcnya ya da bir kavmi yok ederken, iyi huylu bir kulunu ya\u015fat\u0131r. Bu kul, G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f destan\u0131nda G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f, \u2018\u015eatapatha Brahmana\u2019da Manu, \u2018Mahabharata\u2019 ve \u2018Matsya Purana\u2019da Manu ve azizler, \u2018Eski Ahit\u2019 ve \u2018Kuran\u2019da Nuh peygamber ve ailesi, Yunan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":26490,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[159,224,222],"tags":[3429,3427,1569,3428],"class_list":["post-26489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-122-sayi","category-din-ve-dinler-tarihi","category-tarih","tag-efsaneler","tag-hint-mitolojisi","tag-mitler","tag-tufan-efsanesi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t