{"id":26492,"date":"2014-04-01T12:19:47","date_gmt":"2014-04-01T09:19:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26492"},"modified":"2018-06-07T12:28:08","modified_gmt":"2018-06-07T09:28:08","slug":"darwinin-listesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/04\/01\/darwinin-listesi","title":{"rendered":"Darwin\u2019in listesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Darwin \u2018T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019ni yay\u0131nlad\u0131ktan sonra evrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bir savunucusu olarak tan\u0131nagelen biliminsan\u0131 ve rahip Baden Powell\u2019dan uzun bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7ini karartacak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ele\u015ftiri al\u0131r: Darwin, kendisinden \u00f6nce biyolojik evrim konusuna katk\u0131da bulunan ki\u015filere neden hi\u00e7 yer vermemi\u015fti? Bilimsel bir eser yazman\u0131n alt\u0131n kural\u0131, \u00f6nc\u00fcllere at\u0131fta bulunmak de\u011fil miydi? <\/em><\/p>\n

Charles Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni <\/em>isimli ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131, 24 Kas\u0131m 1859 tarihinde yay\u0131mlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilk g\u00fcn\u00fcnde yok satm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Darwin, bu eserinde, biyolojik evrim hakk\u0131nda ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerine ters d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden bir deprem niteli\u011finde oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra adeta bir tsunami dalgas\u0131 \u015fiddetiyle geri tepece\u011fini biliyordu elbette. Ama dostu botanist Joseph Hooker\u2019a ifade etti\u011fi gibi fazla zaman ge\u00e7meden \u201cgen\u00e7 ve y\u00fckselen do\u011fa bilginlerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bizden yana\u201d tav\u0131r tak\u0131nacaklar\u0131na da g\u00fcveniyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"Darwin\u2019e ele\u015ftiri: Neden \u00f6nc\u00fcllerine at\u0131f yapmad\u0131n?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc izleyen birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde okuyucu mektuplar\u0131 Darwin\u2019e ula\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda Darwin\u2019in tepkisini merakla bekledi\u011fi, teolog, fizik\u00e7i ve Oxford \u00dcniversitesi geometri profes\u00f6r\u00fc, ayr\u0131ca evrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bir savunucusu olarak tan\u0131nagelen rahip Baden Powell\u2019\u0131n mektubu da vard\u0131. Powell\u2019\u0131n yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zarf\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131p yaz\u0131lanlara g\u00f6z gezdiren Darwin, \u00f6vg\u00fc dolu s\u00f6zlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca sevinmi\u015fti. S\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en bu kanaat \u00f6nderinin deste\u011fini almak rahatlat\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131 elbette. Ancak mektup, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar zarars\u0131z de\u011fildi. Hatta Darwin\u2019in uzun bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7ini karartacak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ele\u015ftiri getiriyordu. \u015ea\u015f\u0131lacak bir \u015fey ama \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen evrim kuram\u0131yla ilgili bir ele\u015ftiri de\u011fildi bu. Nas\u0131l oluyordu da bu eserde Darwin, kendisinden \u00f6nce biyolojik evrim konusuna katk\u0131da bulunan ki\u015filere hi\u00e7 yer vermemi\u015fti? Bilimsel bir eser yazman\u0131n alt\u0131n kural\u0131, \u00f6nc\u00fcllere at\u0131fta bulunmak de\u011fil miydi? Dolayl\u0131 intihal su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 Darwin\u2019in s\u0131rt\u0131na bir han\u00e7er gibi saplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tahmin edilece\u011fi \u00fczere \u00f6nc\u00fcller aras\u0131nda Powell\u2019\u0131n kendisi de vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ailesiyle birlikte keyifle ge\u00e7irmeyi umdu\u011fu Noel ve yeni y\u0131l kutlamalar\u0131 Darwin\u2019e zehrolur. \u00dcstelik Powell\u2019\u0131n hakl\u0131 ele\u015ftirisine kar\u015f\u0131 kendini mazur g\u00f6sterecek mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 da yoktur. Son bir y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde, kitab\u0131n\u0131 en k\u0131sa zamanda yay\u0131na sokma bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan (Alfred Russel Wallace yeni bir yay\u0131nla tekrar \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kesebilirdi) \u00f6nc\u00fcllere at\u0131f yapmay\u0131 unutmu\u015ftu! Ne demeliydi Powell\u2019a? Ancak g\u00fcnler sonra, 8 Ocak 1860 tarihinde, yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 kaleme almaya ba\u015flayacakt\u0131: \u201cKitab\u0131 yazarken sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m o kadar k\u00f6t\u00fcyd\u00fc ki i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc zerre kadar art\u0131rmaya bile \u00fc\u015fendim; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla konunun tarih\u00e7esini yapmaya kalk\u0131\u015fmad\u0131m; yapm\u0131\u015f olmam\u0131n gerekti\u011fini de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum. Asl\u0131nda sadece Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda imada bulundum ve b\u00f6yle davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in de \u015fimdi t\u00fcm kalbimle \u00fczg\u00fcn\u00fcm. T\u00fcrlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131klar\u0131 doktrinini kendime mal etmek niyetinde oldu\u011fumu en cahili olsa bile hi\u00e7bir e\u011fitimli ki\u015fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemez…\u201d<\/p>\n

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Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni isimli ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131, 24 Kas\u0131m 1859 tarihinde yay\u0131mlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilk g\u00fcn\u00fcnde yok satm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Powell\u2019a bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 yazarken daha \u00f6nceleri, 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda, konunun bir tarih\u00e7esini yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlar. O eski tasla\u011f\u0131 bulup ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r ve orada s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f olan 10 ki\u015finin ismini -Powell\u2019\u0131nki dahil- mektubuna ekler. Fazla zaman ge\u00e7meden, kitab\u0131n\u0131n Amerika\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kmak \u00fczere olan resmi Amerikan edisyonuna dahil etmek amac\u0131yla da k\u0131sa bir tarih\u00e7e haz\u0131rlar. 1860 yaz\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan bu edisyonda, \u00f6nc\u00fcller listesi 18 ki\u015fiyi bulmu\u015ftur. Ancak yeterli bir liste de\u011fildir bu: Bu denli \u00f6nemli bir konuda sadece 18 \u00f6nc\u00fcl olabilir mi? Darwin, listesini b\u00fcy\u00fctmek i\u00e7in \u00e7abalar. T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin 1860 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131kacak olan 3. bask\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcncelledi\u011fi tarih\u00e7e 30 ki\u015finin ismini i\u00e7erir. Bu liste \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eder, yeni isimler ekledi\u011fi gibi baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r atar. T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin 1866 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan 4. bask\u0131s\u0131nda listesi 37 ki\u015fiden olu\u015facak \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu ilgin\u00e7 hik\u00e2yeyi Rebecca Stott Darwin\u2019in Hayaletleri – \u0130lk Evrimcilerin Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda<\/em> (Darwin\u2019s Ghosts – In Search of the First Evolutionists<\/em>) (1) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131na konu ediyor. Darwin\u2019in listesinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin kimlerin oldu\u011fu sorusunu olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131yor. Eserinde hik\u00e2yelerini sundu\u011fu \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin kimi Darwin\u2019in listesinde yer alan, kimileriyse liste d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalan ancak Stott\u2019a g\u00f6re evrim tarihinin bir \u015fekilde par\u00e7as\u0131 olan karakterlerdir. Evrim bilimiyle ilgilenen herkesin okumas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye edebilece\u011fimiz, rahat bir dille kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bu kitapta, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 daha \u00f6nceden tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, bir k\u0131sm\u0131ysa daha az bilinen fakat evrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131m\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f olan akt\u00f6rlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz. Stott\u2019u izleyerek bunlardan birka\u00e7\u0131na daha yak\u0131ndan bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

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El-Cah\u0131z ad\u0131na bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Katar pulu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

El-Cah\u0131z ve \u2018Kitab el-Hayavan\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

El-Cah\u0131z, Basra\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015f ve \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, fakat ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Eski S\u00fcryani ve Yunan eserlerinin dev\u015firilip e\u015fi benzeri az g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir terc\u00fcme hareketi hamlesiyle Arap\u00e7aya \u00e7evrildi\u011fi, muhte\u015fem bir k\u00fct\u00fcphaneyle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim merkezlerinden biri konumuna gelen Ba\u011fdat\u2019taki Bilgelik Evi\u2019nin kuruldu\u011fu Abb\u00e2s\u00ee d\u00f6neminin en \u00f6nemli entelekt\u00fcellerinden biriydi. Edebiyat, hayvanbilimi, tarih, teoloji ve psikoloji dahil pek \u00e7ok alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, iki y\u00fcz\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n kitap b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eserleri aras\u0131nda en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesiz Kitab el-Hayavan<\/em>\u2019d\u0131r. Yedi ciltten olu\u015fan ve 847-867 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bu kitap, Aristo\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar ele alarak (\u00f6rne\u011fin Hayvanlar\u0131n Tarihi<\/em>), onlar\u0131 hatalar\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131rmak ve canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar hakk\u0131nda bilinecek ne varsa t\u00fcm bilgileri toplay\u0131p aktarmak amac\u0131yla kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kitab el-Hayavan<\/em> 350\u2019den fazla hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc betimlemi\u015f, ansiklopedi niteli\u011finde bir eserdir. S\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda hayvanlar\u0131 konu edinen ilk geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 eser olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131yordu sadece, bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra felsefi, sosyolojik ya da metafizik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi \u015fiir sanat\u0131 ve Kuran<\/em>\u2019dan al\u0131nan baz\u0131 metinler ile harmanl\u0131yor olmas\u0131yla da \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir eserdi. El-Cah\u0131z \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kitab\u0131 hen\u00fcz bitmi\u015f de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Stott\u2019un anlat\u0131m\u0131ndan, El-Cah\u0131z\u2019\u0131n, Darwin ile baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikler payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131yoruz. Darwin gibi El-Cah\u0131z da s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir g\u00f6zlemci olmal\u0131yd\u0131. O da canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131 do\u011fada ya da Abb\u00e2s\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hayvanat bah\u00e7elerinde inceliyor; onlar\u0131n huylar\u0131n\u0131, beslenme \u00e2detlerini ve \u00fcreme tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. O da biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan ya\u015fam \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koyuyor, yaz\u0131lar\u0131na yans\u0131t\u0131yordu. Do\u011fada, hayatta kalan varl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131na en uygun olanlar oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015f, canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7evrelerine uyarlanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. El-Cah\u0131z, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n nihai amac\u0131n\u0131n, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011faya yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi g\u00fczellikleri g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermek ve bu muhte\u015fem d\u00fczenin s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakla Yaradan\u2019a hizmet edip onun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ne ilgin\u00e7tir ki El-Cah\u0131z\u2019dan sonra daha bin k\u00fcsur y\u0131l boyunca, Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda dahil pek \u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 amaca adayacakt\u0131…<\/p>\n

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El-Cah\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Kitab el-Hayavan\u2019\u0131ndan bir sayfa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

El-Cah\u0131z\u2019\u0131n, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilime dayal\u0131 bir evrim kuram\u0131 olu\u015fturma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, \u00f6zellikle \u0130slam gelene\u011fine mensup, kimilerinin dinsel kimilerin ise milliyet\u00e7i hislerle hareket etti\u011fi baz\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n Darwin\u2019den bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce El-Cah\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedildi\u011fini, hatta Darwin\u2019in, \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc fikirleri El-Cah\u0131z\u2019\u0131n eserlerinden \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmek do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Stott\u2019a g\u00f6re: Darwin, El-Cah\u0131z ismini duymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bile (zaten listesinde de yoktu), ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda Kitap El-Hayavan<\/em>\u2019\u0131n \u0130ngilizce bir \u00e7evirisi mevcut de\u011fildi, hatta g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile bu eser t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u0130ngilizceye \u00e7evrilmi\u015f de\u011fildir. Stott\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, El-Cah\u0131z\u2019\u0131, Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fclleri aras\u0131na dahil etmek \u00e7ok do\u011frudur elbette, ancak Darwin\u2019in evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n, El-Cah\u0131z\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fcklerinden \u00e7ok daha \u00f6tesinde, temel nitelikte unsurlar i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Denis Diderot\u2019nun \u2018K\u00f6rler Hakk\u0131nda Mektup\u2019u<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fczel b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin birinde Stott, Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6neminin \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli karakterinin hik\u00e2yesini ele al\u0131yor. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1740\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonundan Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019ne kadar uzanan o s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda, monar\u015fizmin ve dinin egemen oldu\u011fu bir toplumda, Diderot, Baron d\u2019Holbach ve Buffon\u2019un, karanl\u0131klardan ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in verdikleri m\u00fccadelenin ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck badireler ve fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klar pahas\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini bizlere bir kez daha hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

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Diderot\u2019ya g\u00f6re t\u00fcrler, bir Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fillerdi. Diderot bu t\u00fcr fikirleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kovu\u015fturmaya u\u011frad\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Paris\u2019in 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndaki durumunu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne getirmemiz pek de zor olmasa gerek. Monar\u015fik d\u00fczeni ve dinin h\u00e2kimiyetini ele\u015ftiren herkes s\u00fcrekli bir korku hissi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmekte, insanlar\u0131n hayat\u0131 karart\u0131lmakta, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, i\u015fkenceler, hapishanelerde \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye terk edilmeler s\u0131radan uygulamalar aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Paris\u2019te, yerle\u015fik d\u00fczeni hedef alan her t\u00fcr yay\u0131n, \u00e7eviri, bildiri ve faaliyete kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in ve sadece bu i\u015f i\u00e7in y\u00fczlerce polis i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda. Sabah\u0131n k\u00f6r\u00fcnde insanlar yaka pa\u00e7a evlerinden al\u0131n\u0131p sorgulamaya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmekte, ard\u0131ndan da tutuklan\u0131p h\u00fccrelere t\u0131k\u0131lmakta.<\/p>\n

24 Temmuz 1749 sabah\u0131n\u0131n erken saatlerinde, Kitaplar M\u00fcfetti\u015fi Joseph d\u2019H\u00e9mery ve adamlar\u0131 bir arama emriyle Denis Diderot\u2019nun evine bask\u0131n yaparlar. Anonim olarak yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan ve Paris\u2019te elden ele gezen K\u00f6rler Hakk\u0131nda Mektup<\/em>\u2019un yazar\u0131n\u0131n Diderot oldu\u011funa dair deliller aramaktad\u0131rlar. Evdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma masas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde kitab\u0131n iki kopyas\u0131n\u0131 bulurlar. Bunun \u00fczerine d\u2019H\u00e9mery yan\u0131ndaki tutuklama emrini te\u015fhir eder ve Diderot, e\u015finin itirazlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Vincennes hapishanesine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmek \u00fczere at arabas\u0131na yaka pa\u00e7a sokulur.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bir ateistin eseri oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan K\u00f6rler Hakk\u0131nda Mektup<\/em>, Diderot\u2019nun o ona kadar yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplar aras\u0131nda en sak\u0131ncal\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Soru\u015fturma s\u00fcrecinde kitab\u0131 daha yak\u0131ndan inceleme olana\u011f\u0131na sahip olan d\u2019H\u00e9mery, yazar\u0131n birtak\u0131m bilimsel konulara da e\u011fildi\u011fini saptayabilmi\u015fti. Yazara g\u00f6re t\u00fcrler, bir Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fillerdi: Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n, kadim zamanlardan bu yana, \u015fekli \u015femaili belli olmayan bir dizi ilkel varl\u0131klardan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek t\u00fcredi\u011fi iddia edilmekteydi. Do\u011fal ko\u015fullar ile uyum i\u00e7inde olmayan canl\u0131lar ya\u015fam sahnesinden silinmi\u015f, sadece \u201ckendili\u011finden var olup kendi neslini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilen\u201d canl\u0131lar hayatta kalabilmi\u015fti. K\u00f6rler Hakk\u0131nda Mektup<\/em>\u2019u yazarken ve hatta daha \u00f6nceleri, Diderot kendini, do\u011fa ve ya\u015fama ili\u015fkin gitgide daha temel nitelikte sorular soruyor olarak bulmu\u015ftu: Hayat nedir ve nas\u0131l ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olabilirdi, insano\u011flu di\u011fer canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar ile ne gibi bir ba\u011flant\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeydi, canl\u0131 ve cans\u0131z olmak tam olarak ne demekti, t\u00fcrler her daim sabit mi kal\u0131rlard\u0131 yoksa zamanla d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeye muktedir miydiler?<\/p>\n

Joseph d\u2019H\u00e9mery, Diderot\u2019yu defalarca sorguya \u00e7eker, ancak isyank\u00e2r yazar kendine y\u00f6neltilen su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 her seferinde geri \u00e7evirip reddeder. Ta ki hapishanede \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7irip, bask\u0131lar ve \u00f6zel hayat\u0131yla ilgili tehditlere art\u0131k dayanamay\u0131p her \u015feyi itiraf edene kadar. Hapisten sal\u0131verilen Diderot, \u201csadece Paris\u2019te de\u011fil t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019da \u015f\u00f6hrete kavu\u015fmu\u015ftu. K\u00f6rler Hakk\u0131nda Mektup<\/em>, yok satm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d Ancak bundan b\u00f6yle yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha dikkatli olmal\u0131yd\u0131, d\u2019H\u00e9mery ve polis g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00fczerindeydi.<\/p>\n

Baron d\u2019Holbach ve \u2018Do\u011fan\u0131n Sistemi\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hapisten \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Diderot, hayat\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck dostu olacak olan Paul Thiry ile tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u201cHolbach Baronu\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ve yar\u0131 Alman yar\u0131 Frans\u0131z olan Thiry, Hollanda\u2019da tahsilini tamamlam\u0131\u015f, Paris\u2019e yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. Diderot ile payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 do\u011fa bilimleri ve teknoloji meraklar\u0131, kaderlerinin ortak bir mecrada akmas\u0131na neden olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
D’Holbach\u2019\u0131n Louis Carmontelle taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f portresi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bir zaman sonra hem baba hem de amcas\u0131n\u0131n art arda \u00f6lmeleri Baron d\u2019Holbach\u2019\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir servetin ba\u015f\u0131na getirecekti. Muhte\u015fem Gatsby\u2019yi an\u0131msatan resepsiyonlar ve ziyafetler ile malik\u00e2nesini Paris entelekt\u00fcellerinin en g\u00f6zde toplant\u0131 mek\u00e2n\u0131na \u00e7evirecekti. Burada, itina ile se\u00e7ilen misafir ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerle yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalar, polis g\u00f6zetimi ve jurnalc\u0131lar\u0131n dikkatinden uzak, g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebiliyordu. Frans\u0131z Ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131nda Baron d\u2019Holbach\u2019\u0131n salonu kilit bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Diderot gibi d\u2019Holbach, ya\u015fama dair sorularla bo\u011fu\u015fmaktayd\u0131: T\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fumu muammas\u0131 kafas\u0131n\u0131 iyiden iyiye kurcal\u0131yordu. 1770 y\u0131l\u0131nda en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f kitab\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlayacakt\u0131: Do\u011fan\u0131n Sistemi <\/em>(Le Syst\u00e8me de la nature). Do\u011fan\u0131n sadece neden ve etki yasalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcd\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, materyalist bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan bir eserdi bu. \u0130fade etti\u011fi fikirler, Diderot\u2019nun fikirlerine olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131nd\u0131, ama d\u2019Holbach yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda daha korkusuz, yerle\u015fik d\u00fczene kar\u015f\u0131 daha da sald\u0131rgand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Buffon\u2019un Do\u011fal Tarih\u2019i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Diderot, as\u0131rlar \u00f6nce El-Cah\u0131z\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ve Darwin\u2019in de daha sonralar\u0131 ifade edece\u011fi \u00fczere, do\u011fada her \u015feyin birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu idrak eder. D\u2019Alembert\u2019in R\u00fcyas\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda bu d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc dile getirir. \u201cT\u00fcm varl\u0131klar, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla t\u00fcrler, di\u011ferlerinin ya\u015famlar\u0131yla alakal\u0131d\u0131rlar\u2026 do\u011fan\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00fcrekli bir hareket hali i\u00e7erisindedir. Her hayvan az \u00e7ok bir insand\u0131r, her mineral az \u00e7ok bir bitki, her bitki az \u00e7ok bir hayvan. Do\u011fada netlikle tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yoktur\u2026 \u00c7amurda k\u0131vr\u0131lan, zor fark etti\u011fimiz solucan belki de kocaman bir hayvan olma yolundad\u0131r.\u201d Ancak Diderot\u2019ya g\u00f6re bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, d\u0131\u015f etkenlerden kaynaklanmaktan ziyade, \u201cdahili bir dinamikten\u201d dolay\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu\u2026<\/p>\n

\"\"
Buffon\u2019un portresi (Fran\u00e7ois-Hubert Drouais\u2019n\u0131n eseri).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Diderot\u2019nun, o d\u00f6nem Kraliyet Bah\u00e7esi M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6revinde bulunan, as\u0131l ismi Georges-Louis Leclerc olan me\u015fhur Buffon Kontu ile tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. Buffon, bir do\u011fa bilginiydi ve 1749 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren yay\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015flayan Do\u011fal Tarih<\/em> isimli eseri t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019da geni\u015f kitlelerin be\u011fenisini kazanacakt\u0131. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131 ve tutumuyla monar\u015fik d\u00fczen ve dini kurumlara kar\u015f\u0131 Diderot ve d\u2019Holbach\u2019tan \u00e7ok daha itinal\u0131 davranan Buffon\u2019un bile ara s\u0131ra ba\u015f\u0131 derde girecekti. \u00d6rne\u011fin Do\u011fal Tarih<\/em>\u2019in dini de\u011ferleri rencide eden ifadeler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclecek ve piyasadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 istenecekti. Buffon, hi\u00e7bir zaman bir evrimci olmayacakt\u0131, fakat evrimci fikirlere dikkat \u00e7ekecek, bu fikirlerin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na zemin sa\u011flayacakt\u0131. Bu nedenle Darwin\u2019in listesinde yer almas\u0131 anlaml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 Buffon\u2019u, egemen d\u00fczene kar\u015f\u0131 boyun e\u011ferek otosans\u00fcr uygulamakla su\u00e7layacakt\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, \u00f6zellikle hayat\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131na do\u011fru Buffon, belli konularda Katolik Kilisesi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131r alma cesaretini g\u00f6sterecekti. B\u00fcy\u00fck Tufan\u2019\u0131n tarihte yeri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ncil<\/em>\u2019de belirtilenden kat be kat fazla oldu\u011funu yazacakt\u0131. Evrimin ger\u00e7ek oldu\u011funu sezmi\u015f olabilir miydi? \u201c\u0130leri ya\u015f\u0131m, g\u00f6r\u00fcr gibi oldu\u011fum sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karabilmem i\u00e7in bana yeterli bir inceleme zaman\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131yor. Benden sonra ba\u015fkalar\u0131 gelecek… De\u011ferlendirecekler… G\u00f6recekler…\u201d<\/p>\n

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Buffon\u2019un \u00fcnl\u00fc ansiklopedik eseri Do\u011fal Tarih.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stott\u2019un kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, bir okur olarak \u015fu sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz. Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcllerini incelemeye kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zaman, Aristo\u2019dan El-Cah\u0131z\u2019a, da Vinci\u2019den Diderot ve di\u011fer Ayd\u0131nlanma filozoflar\u0131na hatta Lamarck\u2019a kadar, t\u00fcm bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ak\u0131l \u00e7elen karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ya\u015fam dokusunun nas\u0131l \u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getiremediklerini, bulan\u0131k bir zihnin parmakl\u0131klar\u0131 arkas\u0131nda nas\u0131l \u00e7aresiz kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. San\u0131r\u0131z Darwin\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, bu muammay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f; canl\u0131lardaki ak\u0131l almaz karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, son derece basit ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlerin zamanla birikmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve -Darwin\u2019in deyimiyle- ilk ba\u015fta tek ya da birka\u00e7 bi\u00e7im halinde nefes verilmi\u015f olan bir hayat \u015feklinin D\u00fcnya tarihindeki t\u00fcm canl\u0131lara atal\u0131k etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dipnot<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Rebecca Stott, Darwin\u2019s Ghosts \u2013 In Search of the First Evolutionists<\/em>, Bloomsbury, London, 2012.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Darwin \u2018T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019ni yay\u0131nlad\u0131ktan sonra evrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bir savunucusu olarak tan\u0131nagelen biliminsan\u0131 ve rahip Baden Powell\u2019dan uzun bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7ini karartacak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ele\u015ftiri al\u0131r: Darwin, kendisinden \u00f6nce biyolojik evrim konusuna katk\u0131da bulunan ki\u015filere neden hi\u00e7 yer vermemi\u015fti? Bilimsel bir eser yazman\u0131n alt\u0131n kural\u0131, \u00f6nc\u00fcllere at\u0131fta bulunmak de\u011fil miydi? Charles Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni isimli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":508,"featured_media":26493,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[159,32,1473],"tags":[3430,461,2791,3431,200,1474],"class_list":["post-26492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-122-sayi","category-evrim","category-genis-aci","tag-baron-dholbach","tag-darwin","tag-diderot","tag-el-cahiz","tag-evrim","tag-turlerin-kokeni"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t