{"id":26824,"date":"2014-03-01T12:48:57","date_gmt":"2014-03-01T10:48:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26824"},"modified":"2018-06-12T12:55:50","modified_gmt":"2018-06-12T09:55:50","slug":"eski-yunanda-siyasal-catisma-atina-ve-spartada-sinif-mucadelesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/03\/01\/eski-yunanda-siyasal-catisma-atina-ve-spartada-sinif-mucadelesi","title":{"rendered":"Eski Yunan\u2019da siyasal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma: Atina ve Sparta\u2019da s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Attika b\u00f6lgesine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ayakta kalmas\u0131, yo\u011fun k\u00f6le eme\u011fi kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve izlenen emperyalist politikalar, Atina\u2019da siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yurtta\u015flar aras\u0131nda cereyan etmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Oysa ba\u015fka iktisadi-siyasi temeller \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen kom\u015fu\u00a0 Sparta toplumunda siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n esas alan\u0131n\u0131 yurtta\u015flarla, yurtta\u015f olmayan serf-k\u00f6leler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele olu\u015fturacakt\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dor istilas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Arkaik \u00c7a\u011f ad\u0131 verilen M\u00d6 800 ve 500 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda anakara Yunanistan\u2019\u0131nda iki farkl\u0131 siyasal geli\u015fim \u00e7izgisinin \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bunlardan ilkini, fethetti\u011fi halklar\u0131 serfle\u015ftirerek kendi kabile yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve hiyerar\u015fisini g\u00f6rece korumay\u0131 ba\u015faran ve hatta kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131ran Spartal\u0131lar, ikincisini ise polis<\/strong> i\u00e7indeki \u015fiddetli s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri sonucunda al\u0131n\u0131r sat\u0131l\u0131r k\u00f6leli\u011fe dayal\u0131 bir demokratik devlet<\/strong> kuran Atinal\u0131lar temsil ediyordu. Her iki toplumda da kabileden polis\u2019e ge\u00e7i\u015fin izledi\u011fi farkl\u0131 g\u00fczergahlar, siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve bu dosyan\u0131n konusunu olu\u015fturan ayaklanmalar\u0131n karakterlerini de belirlemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Atina<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yunan toplumunun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi Atina\u2019da da toplumun yap\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kabile ge\u00e7mi\u015finin izlerini ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Kabile toplumunun hiyerar\u015fik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi kent ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcl ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015fti. (1) Bu kentlile\u015fmi\u015f toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme i\u00e7inde, kabile toplumunun aristokrat tabakas\u0131 polisin siyasi ve iktisadi ya\u015fam\u0131nda kal\u0131tsal bir h\u00e2kimiyet kurmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131 ile 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, o d\u00f6neme kadar kal\u0131tsal aristokrasilerin hakimiyetindeki pek \u00e7ok Yunan \u015fehrinin, tiran (tyrannoi<\/em>) ad\u0131 verilen ki\u015filerin iktidarda oldu\u011fu yeni bir ki\u015fisel diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck y\u00f6netimiyle tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bu aristokratik h\u00e2kimiyetin sonu anlam\u0131na geldi. Yunan tiranlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi sona erdi\u011finde, ki genellikle bir ya da iki ku\u015fakl\u0131k hayli k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrenin ard\u0131ndan b\u00f6yle oluyordu, birka\u00e7 yer d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kal\u0131tsal aristokratik h\u00e2kimiyet ortadan kayboldu ve Ste. Croix\u2019n\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle bunun yerini \u00e7ok daha \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k\u201d bir toplum ald\u0131. (2) Siyasi iktidar art\u0131k soya de\u011fil esasen m\u00fclkiyet sahipli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131 ve Atina gibi demokrasiyle y\u00f6netilen pek \u00e7ok \u015fehirde, daha sonra teoride t\u00fcm yurtta\u015flara yay\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"Tiran y\u00f6netimleri alt\u0131nda toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin belirli ailelerin elinde toplanmaktan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, iktisadi yap\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00e7iftlikleri temelinde y\u00fckselmesi anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Orta halli bu k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitlesine genellikle \u201choplit s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131\u201d deniyordu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131ndaki Yunan yurtta\u015f ordular\u0131n\u0131n, Marathon (490) ve Plataea\u2019da (479) i\u015fgalci Pers ordular\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011flup edilmesinde kayda de\u011fer bir rol oynayan ve Yunan devletlerine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u015fehirler-aras\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda y\u00fcr\u00fcten a\u011f\u0131r silahl\u0131 piyadelerini (hoplitai<\/em>) sa\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Hoplit s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensubiyet b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle, sadece modern yazarlar\u0131n zaman zaman tek \u015fart olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri \u201ctam te\u00e7hizatl\u0131\u201d bir asker g\u00f6ndermeye de\u011fil, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u0131\u015far\u0131da bir sefere kat\u0131lmak ya da \u00e7iftli\u011finden g\u00fcnlerce ve hatta aylarca uzakta muhaf\u0131zl\u0131k yapmak zorunda kalsa bile ona ve ailesine m\u00fcnasip bir ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 temin etmeye de yetecek, makul miktarda m\u00fclk sahibi olmaya ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Bununla birlikte, Atina\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kentsel geli\u015fme k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitleleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir toplumsal kesimin de geni\u015flemesi ve siyasete aktif bir \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahil olmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. 5. ve 4. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u201cdemos<\/em>\u201d terimi genellikle bilhassa hoplitlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan bu s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden, di\u011ferleriyse sanatk\u00e2rlardan, d\u00fckkan sahiplerinden, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck t\u00fcccarlardan ve \u00fccretli emek\u00e7ilerden olu\u015furdu.<\/p>\n

Atina\u2019n\u0131n Arkaik ve Klasik \u00e7a\u011flardaki siyasi evrimi b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda i\u015fte bu iki toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelenin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131yd\u0131. Antik Yunan demokrasisi ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz siyasal yap\u0131, Atina\u2019da Solon\u2019un bor\u00e7 esaretini kald\u0131ran ve siyasal yap\u0131y\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet temelinde \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen 594 tarihli reformlar\u0131yla ba\u015flayan bir s\u00fcrecin sonucunda tedricen geli\u015fti ve bu m\u00fccadelelerin etkisi alt\u0131nda 5. ve 4. y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131. Atina demokrasisinin \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k ser\u00fcveni boyunca siyasi d\u00fczlemdeki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi, pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rnekte her \u015feyden \u00f6nce devletin kontrol\u00fcne y\u00f6nelikti. Siyasal iktidar mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek, demosun kendisini m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korumak i\u00e7in sahip oldu\u011fu ba\u015fl\u0131ca ara\u00e7t\u0131. Bu arac\u0131 di\u011fer Yunan muadillerine k\u0131yasla daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullanan Atina alt s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131, 507 ve 322\/1 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, demokrasiyi 411 ve 404-3 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki iki k\u0131sa oligar\u015fik devrim d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ayakta tutmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Hem hoplit s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n hem de demosun siyasal etkisinin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flayan \u015fey,\u00a0 aristokrasiye kar\u015f\u0131 verilen ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fccadeleden ziyade, al\u0131n\u0131r sat\u0131l\u0131r k\u00f6leli\u011fin daha \u00f6nce e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. M\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n toplumsal art\u0131\u011fa el koyarken kendilerini s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesini ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde engelleyen bu kesimler, ekonomide kitlesel k\u00f6leli\u011fin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldular. Anderson\u2019un da belirtti\u011fi gibi, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kurtulu\u015funu ve bor\u00e7 esaretinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, hem \u015fehirde hem de k\u0131rsal kesimde k\u00f6le eme\u011finin kullan\u0131m\u0131nda ya\u015fanan yeni ve \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n takip etmesi tesad\u00fcfi de\u011fildi. Toplum i\u00e7indeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 toplumsal kutupla\u015fma bir kez engellendi\u011finde, art\u0131k ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak \u00fczere h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, emek k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6le ithaline y\u00f6nelmesi mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm haline geldi. (3) K\u00f6le fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Atina\u2019ya k\u00f6le ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, demos mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n bile k\u00f6le sahibi olmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Attika b\u00f6lgesine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ayakta kalmas\u0131, yo\u011fun k\u00f6le eme\u011fi kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve izlenen emperyalist politikalar, Atina\u2019da siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yurtta\u015flar aras\u0131nda cereyan etmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Oysa ba\u015fka iktisadi-siyasi temeller \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen kom\u015fu\u00a0 Sparta toplumunda siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n esas alan\u0131n\u0131 yurtta\u015flarla, yurtta\u015f olmayan serf-k\u00f6leler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele olu\u015fturacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"Sparta ve helotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Platon\u2019un Devlet<\/em> isimli kitab\u0131nda esas olarak Atina demokrasisine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi ideal devlet resminin, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda Sparta\u2019ya bak\u0131larak olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu bilinir. Bu ideal devlet, Sparta\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi s\u0131n\u0131fsal farkl\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ya\u015fanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yurtta\u015f toplulu\u011funu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Fakat Sparta\u2019da bu g\u00f6rece t\u00fcrde\u015f yurtta\u015f kitlesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan \u015fey, Platon\u2019un ideal devletinde \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden farkl\u0131 bir emek bi\u00e7imi \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselmesidir.<\/p>\n

Bir monar\u015fi olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen Sparta polisi<\/strong> Perry Anderson\u2019un ifadesiyle ileri ve arkaik unsurlar\u0131 harmanlam\u0131\u015f ve Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n deneyimledi\u011fi \u201cnormal\u201d ge\u00e7i\u015fi yani tiranl\u0131klar d\u00f6nemini ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in suigeneris<\/em>, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir evrim ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. (4) Bu evrimin temelinde fatih Dor kabilelerinin Peloponez\u2019deki di\u011fer halklar\u0131 serfle\u015ftirmesi ya da k\u00f6lele\u015ftirmesi yat\u0131yordu. Sparta erken bir tarihte, \u00f6nce do\u011fuda Lakonia\u2019y\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaysa bat\u0131da Messenia\u2019y\u0131 topraklar\u0131na katarak burada ya\u015fayan haklar\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k formuyla kendisine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Helotlar, al\u0131n\u0131r sat\u0131l\u0131r k\u00f6lelerin aksine tekil efendilerin de\u011fil t\u00fcm polis\u2019in mal\u0131yd\u0131lar. Bu nedenle al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lmalar\u0131, \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. \u00dcrettiklerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kendilerine ay\u0131rmalar\u0131na izin verilirdi. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan da b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle efendilerinin insaf\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6lelerden farkl\u0131yd\u0131lar. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde her ne kadar \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmasalar da \u00f6zg\u00fcr yurtta\u015flar\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 baz\u0131 hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri payla\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin evlenebilir ve orduda hizmet g\u00f6rebilirlerdi. Her ne kadar yaln\u0131zca hafif silah ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131na izin verilse de, sava\u015flara d\u00fczenli bir \u015fekilde kat\u0131lmalar\u0131, di\u011fer Yunan polislerindeki pratikle keskin bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k te\u015fkil ediyordu. Zira \u00f6rne\u011fin Atina\u2019da k\u00f6leler yaln\u0131zca acil durumlarda son \u00e7are olarak ve azat etme vaadiyle \u015fehrin savunmas\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Helotlar\u0131n stat\u00fcleriyle hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri boyunduruk alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 M\u00d6 8. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile Messenia\u2019da \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine kavu\u015ftuklar\u0131 370 y\u0131l\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. \u00d6rne\u011fin Spartal\u0131lara \u00fcrettikleri art\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit bir hara\u00e7 olarak m\u0131 yoksa \u00fcr\u00fcnden pay olarak m\u0131 verdikleri d\u00f6nemden d\u00f6neme de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. Benzer \u015fekilde helotlar\u0131n bile\u015fimi de s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan getirilen k\u00f6lelerle de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Fakat devlet m\u00fclkiyetinde olma stat\u00fcleri hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015fti. (5)<\/p>\n

Helotluk ad\u0131 verilen bu \u00f6zg\u00fcn form, pek \u00e7ok ilk\u00e7a\u011f tarih\u00e7isi taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler bunun bir k\u00f6lelik bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken, di\u011ferleri al\u0131n\u0131r sat\u0131l\u0131r k\u00f6lelikle aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 vurgulamak i\u00e7in serflik ya da devlet serfli\u011fi tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmi\u015ftir. Her ne kadar Ste Croix\u2019n\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi helotlar Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki serfler aras\u0131nda hakk\u0131nda en \u00e7ok bilgi sahibi oldu\u011fumuz grup olsalar da, yine de onlar hakk\u0131ndaki bilgilerimiz hayli s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. (6) Bunun en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri antik Yunan\u2019da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan kay\u0131tlar\u0131n hemen t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcreten h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n, alt s\u0131n\u0131flarla ilgi kay\u0131t d\u00fc\u015fmeyi pek \u00f6nemsememi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Buna ek olarak Sparta kaynakl\u0131 materyaller g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, helotlarla ilgili bilgi edinebilece\u011fimiz kaynaklar Atinal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaynak eksikli\u011fi, antik d\u00fcnyayla ilgili di\u011fer meselelerde oldu\u011fu gibi helotlar\u0131n niteli\u011fi konusunda \u00fczerinde uzla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yarg\u0131ya varmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Helotlarla ilgili geleneksel yorum, bu serflik bi\u00e7imin, Miken uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan Karanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011flar\u2019a (M\u00d6 1200-800) ait bir kal\u0131nt\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve Yunan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte yerini k\u00f6leli\u011fe b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, helotluk Sparta\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc, ge\u00e7ici ve tali bir emek bi\u00e7imi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 helotlu\u011fun asl\u0131nda Yunan anakaras\u0131n\u0131n ve hatta kolonilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde g\u00f6zlenen, Karanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011flar\u2019a de\u011fil bizzat Yunan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillendi\u011fi Arkaik d\u00f6neme ait bir emek bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011fu ve \u00e7e\u015fitli siyasal ve toplumsal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunda yerini al\u0131n\u0131r sat\u0131l\u0131r k\u00f6leli\u011fe b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re, Sparta\u2019n\u0131n Messenia\u2019y\u0131 fethi bir anomali de\u011fil, arkaik Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n tipik bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan jeopolitik birikim s\u00fcrecinin a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fiydi. Kuzey Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n geni\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinde (Teselya, Locris ve Fokida\u2019da), Peloponez\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda, Girit\u2019te ve kolonyal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n (Sirak\u00fcza, Bizans, Heraclea ve Kirene gibi) \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde baz\u0131 topluluklar barbar ya da Yunanl\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 devlet serfi ya da perioiki<\/strong> stat\u00fcs\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Bu t\u00fcr bir fethin ilk \u00f6rnekleri Sirak\u00fcza ve\u00a0 Korint\u2019te 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, fakat sistem en geli\u015fkin ve istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imine Sparta i\u015fgali alt\u0131ndaki Messenia ve Lakonia\u2019da ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (7)<\/p>\n

Helotlarla Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki di\u011fer k\u00f6leler aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck fark, k\u00f6kenleri ve otomatik olarak stat\u00fclerinin farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilme bi\u00e7imleriydi. Hepsi ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015fuyorlard\u0131, Spartal\u0131lar gelmeden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce bu topraklarda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131, aralar\u0131nda aile ba\u011flar\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftu ve ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6reli olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck b\u00f6lge g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa birbirilerinden ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 zordu. (8) Bu durum \u00f6zellikle Messenia b\u00f6lgesindeki helotlar aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kimlik nosyonunun olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve Spartal\u0131 efendileriyle olan ili\u015fkilerine ek bir gerilim katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Sparta uzman\u0131 Paul Cartledge, Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Sparta\u2019n\u0131n tarihi Spartal\u0131larla helotlar aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin tarihidir dersek abartm\u0131\u015f olmay\u0131z der. (9) Ger\u00e7ekten de helotlarla Spartal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer \u00f6rneklerinde rastlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00fcreklile\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz \u00f6rneklerde oldu\u011fu gibi nadiren a\u00e7\u0131k bir isyan halini alm\u0131\u015f olsa da ilk\u00e7a\u011f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ka\u00e7mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Spartal\u0131lara ait herhangi bir kaynak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, fakat di\u011fer Yunanl\u0131 yazarlar genellikle bir sadakatsizlik ve gerilim tablosu \u00e7izerler. \u00d6rne\u011fin Thucydides, pek \u00e7ok Sparta kurumunun helotlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flama kayg\u0131s\u0131yla tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yorumunda bulunur. Sparta siyasal yap\u0131s\u0131na \u015feklini veren Lycurgus reformlar\u0131n\u0131n Messenia\u2019n\u0131n fethinin ard\u0131ndan g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f olmas\u0131 da bunu do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde Aristo da helotlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak Spartal\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na bir felaket gelmesini bekleyen ve s\u0131k s\u0131k isyan \u00e7\u0131karan bir d\u00fc\u015fman olarak tasvir eder. Plutarkhos da, Sparta\u2019n\u0131n birincil magistratlar\u0131 olan ephor<\/strong>\u2019lar\u0131n, her y\u0131l, g\u00f6reve gelirken helotlara kar\u015f\u0131 resmi bir sava\u015f ilan\u0131nda bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece helotlar devlet d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131, polemioi<\/strong> ilan edilir ve gerekti\u011finde, Spartal\u0131lar\u0131 resmen devlet d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ilan edilmemi\u015f birinin hukuk yolu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda idam edilmesinin neden olaca\u011f\u0131 kirlenmeyle muhatap etmeden \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlerdi. SteCroix bu uygulama kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u201ckendi emek-g\u00fcc\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f ilan etmek, o kadar e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir eylemdi ki, Spartal\u0131larla helotlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda e\u015fsiz olmas\u0131 bizi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmamal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d yorumunda bulunur.<\/p>\n

Spartal\u0131lar bu genel sava\u015f ilan\u0131na ek olarak helotlar\u0131 s\u00fcreklile\u015fmi\u015f bir ter\u00f6r rejimine de tabi tutmu\u015flard\u0131r. Krypties<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen \u00f6nlemlerle sadakatlerinden \u015f\u00fcphe edilen helotlar d\u00fczenli olarak temizlenmi\u015f, gen\u00e7 Spartal\u0131lardan olu\u015fan \u00f6zel m\u00fcfrezeler k\u0131rsal alanda tam bir denetim sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat t\u00fcm bu \u00f6nlemler helotlar\u0131n ayaklanmalar\u0131na ve ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmalar\u0131na engel olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Helot isyanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu isyanlardan en \u00f6nemlisi hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz Sparta\u2019y\u0131 harap eden 464 tarihli bir depremin ard\u0131ndan patlak veren ve Messenia\u2019daki helotlar\u0131n da kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck isyand\u0131r. \u0130syan Spartal\u0131lar\u0131n pek de beklemedikleri bir zamanda depremin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 karga\u015fan\u0131n etkisiyle \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. Zira Spartal\u0131lar depremden hemen \u00f6nce Atina kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 Thasia ayaklanmas\u0131na destek olarak asker yollayacak kadar kendilerini g\u00fcvende hissediyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130syana ili\u015fkin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan kaynaklar, s\u00f6z konusu helotlar\u0131n hangi b\u00f6lgenin helotlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu konusunda farkl\u0131 bilgiler vermektedir. \u0130syan\u0131n Messenia merkezli oldu\u011funu belirtenler oldu\u011fu gibi, genellikle Spartal\u0131 efendilerine daha sad\u0131k olan Lakonia\u2019l\u0131lar\u0131n da isyana kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret edenler de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Helotlarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kamayan Spartal\u0131lar, Atinal\u0131lar da dahil olmak \u00fczere m\u00fcttefiklerini yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, fakat rivayete g\u00f6re Atinal\u0131lar\u0131 helotlara yard\u0131m edebilecekleri gerek\u00e7esiyle daha sonra evlerine yollam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (10) \u0130syan bast\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ancak on y\u0131l boyunca s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce Sparta i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fin de merkezi olan Ithome da\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk edip Peloponez\u2019in giri\u015findeki Naupactus\u2019a yerle\u015fmelerine izin verilmesiyle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Helotlar burada Atinal\u0131lar\u0131n sad\u0131k m\u00fcttefikleri olarak ya\u015famaya devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu isyan\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca, Sparta\u2019da kalan helotlarla Spartal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki gerilimler a\u00e7\u0131k bir isyan boyutunu almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat 371 tarihinde bu kez Thebai polisinin Sparta\u2019yla olan sava\u015f\u0131 yeni bir isyan\u0131n olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 370\u2019deki Leuctra sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Thebai ordusu Sparta\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Lakonya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgale \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Thebaililer ilk ba\u015fta b\u00f6lgenin co\u011frafi \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle isteksiz olsalar da, Lakonia\u2019n\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmakla birlikte yurtta\u015f olmayan perioikoi topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n isyan s\u00f6z\u00fc vermesi \u00fczerine fikirlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. \u0130\u015fgal ordusunu g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinde Spartal\u0131lar helotlar\u0131na kendilerine yard\u0131m etmeleri halinde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ba\u011f\u0131\u015flayacaklar\u0131na dair s\u00f6z verirler. Fakat helotlardan 6000 kadar\u0131 bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ya olumlu yan\u0131t verse de Messenial\u0131 helotlar Thebai ordusunun ilerlemesini f\u0131rsat bilerek ayaklan\u0131p \u00f6zg\u00fcr Messene polisini kurmu\u015ftur. Messenail\u0131 helotlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Spartal\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmaya devam eden tek helot grubu olan Lakonyal\u0131larsa M\u00d6 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Makedon Sava\u015flar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Sparta h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Nabis taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sparta\u2019ya hem Peloponez \u00fczerinde hakimiyet hem de g\u00f6rece t\u00fcrde\u015f bir hakim s\u0131n\u0131f hediye eden helotlu\u011fun tasfiyesinin Yunan tarihinin daha sonraki ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinde de \u00f6nemli etkileri olmu\u015f ve Sparta Yunan anakaras\u0131 \u00fczerindeki hakimiyetini tedricen yitirmi\u015ftir. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda al\u0131n\u0131r sat\u0131l\u0131r k\u00f6leli\u011fin de, bu alternatif \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmayan emek bi\u00e7imi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda t\u00fcm Yunan anakaras\u0131na yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Atina ve Sparta toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n kabile yap\u0131s\u0131ndan yerle\u015fik bir s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 topluma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde i\u00e7ine girdikleri farkl\u0131 g\u00fczergahlar, farkl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 emek formlar\u0131n\u0131, farkl\u0131 siyasi m\u00fccadeleleri ve farkl\u0131 siyasal yap\u0131lar\u0131n evrimini de do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Antik Yunan toplumuna ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ele al\u0131nan genellikle Atina toplumudur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin esas literat\u00fcr\u00fc ve Yunan toplumunun pek \u00e7ok estetik, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferini Atinal\u0131lar \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. (11) Fakat bu, Atina\u2019da hakim olan formlar\u0131n insanl\u0131k ya da Avrupa tarihi bir yana, ilk\u00e7a\u011f Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 i\u00e7in bile genelle\u015ftirilmesine yol a\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r. Antik Yunan\u2019daki \u00e7ok s\u0131k olmasa da a\u00e7\u0131k isyana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilen s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin ve siyasal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve farkl\u0131la\u015fan karakteri ancak bu t\u00fcr bir genelle\u015ftirmeden uzak durularak anla\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Perry Anderson, PassagesfromAntiquitytoFeudalism, s.30.<\/p>\n

2) G. E. M. de SteCroix, The Class Struggle in Ancient Greek\u00a0 World, s.280<\/p>\n

3) A.g.y., s.36.<\/p>\n

4) A.g.y., s.33.<\/p>\n

5) H. vanWess, \u2018\u2018Conquerors and serf: wars of conquest and forced labour in archaic Greece\u2019\u2019, Helots and ther masters in Laconia and Messenia, der. Nino Luraghive Susan Alcock, s.37.<\/p>\n

6) Susan Alcock, \u2018\u2018Researchingthehelots: details, methodologies, agencies\u2019\u2019, Helotsand …. s.3.<\/p>\n

7) vanWees, a.g.y., s.72.<\/p>\n

8) Urbainczyk, SlaveRevolts in Antiquity, s.91.<\/p>\n

9) Cartledge, a.g.y., s.13.<\/p>\n

10) Urbainczyk, a.g.y., s.24.<\/p>\n

11) A.g.y. s. 99.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Attika b\u00f6lgesine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ayakta kalmas\u0131, yo\u011fun k\u00f6le eme\u011fi kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve izlenen emperyalist politikalar, Atina\u2019da siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yurtta\u015flar aras\u0131nda cereyan etmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Oysa ba\u015fka iktisadi-siyasi temeller \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen kom\u015fu\u00a0 Sparta toplumunda siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n esas alan\u0131n\u0131 yurtta\u015flarla, yurtta\u015f olmayan serf-k\u00f6leler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele olu\u015fturacakt\u0131. Dor istilas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Arkaik \u00c7a\u011f ad\u0131 verilen M\u00d6 800 ve 500 y\u0131llar\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":362,"featured_media":26825,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[158,1464,222],"tags":[1666,3477,3471,3479,1496,3478],"class_list":["post-26824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-121-sayi","category-dosya","category-tarih","tag-antik-yunan","tag-atina","tag-halk-isyanlari","tag-helotlar","tag-sinif-mucadelesi","tag-sparta"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t