{"id":26831,"date":"2014-03-01T12:56:06","date_gmt":"2014-03-01T10:56:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26831"},"modified":"2018-06-12T14:53:10","modified_gmt":"2018-06-12T11:53:10","slug":"antik-romada-isyanlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/03\/01\/antik-romada-isyanlar","title":{"rendered":"Antik Roma\u2019da isyanlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131, her a\u00e7\u0131dan, antik \u00e7a\u011fda Grekoromen d\u00fcnyada bir daha e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyecek bir kalk\u0131\u015fmayd\u0131. Her ne kadar Roma cumhuriyeti ya da k\u00f6lelik kurumu \u00fczerinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkileri olmasa da, Roma\u2019n\u0131n kalbi olan \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 kas\u0131p kavuran bu isyan, daha sonraki benzer giri\u015fimler i\u00e7in bir ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 haline geldi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Antik Yunan ve Roma toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6leci karakterleri, belirli a\u00e7\u0131lardan, bu toplumlarda cereyan eden s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerinin karma\u015f\u0131k ve \u00e7ok d\u00fczeyli do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirici bir etkide bulunmu\u015ftur. S\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n tarihsel evriminin ba\u015f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen k\u00f6leci \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi, kaba bir Marksizm yorumuyla birlikte evrensel bir olgu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunun sonucunda da k\u00f6leci toplumlarda temel s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n k\u00f6le sahipleriyle k\u00f6leler oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi bu iki s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131nda tespit edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fkusuz k\u00f6lelik, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarih \u00f6ncesine uzanan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de \u00e7e\u015fitli formlar alt\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren evrensel bir kurumdur. Fakat h\u00e2kim ya da m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n zorla el koyduklar\u0131 toplumsal art\u0131\u011f\u0131n, kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda k\u00f6le eme\u011finden almas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda k\u00f6leci \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi, tarihsel ve co\u011frafi ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn evriminin sonucunda, yaln\u0131zca Grekoromen d\u00fcnyada ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte Ste. Croix\u2019n\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi, h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n art\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda k\u00f6le eme\u011finden elde ediyor olmas\u0131, hi\u00e7bir bi\u00e7imde, antik Yunan ve Roma toplumlar\u0131nda siyasal a\u00e7\u0131dan en \u00f6nemli ve faal s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n k\u00f6leler oldu\u011fu ya da \u00fcretimin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6leler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. (1) Her iki toplumda da, ama \u00f6zellikle de Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z zanaatk\u00e2rlar, di\u011fer t\u00fcm kapitalizm \u00f6ncesi s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlarda oldu\u011fu gibi \u00fcretimin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve n\u00fcfusun ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yine t\u00fcm di\u011fer kapitalizm \u00f6ncesi toplumlarda oldu\u011fu gibi, toplumsal art\u0131\u011f\u0131n zor yoluyla temell\u00fck\u00fc temelinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen Roma toplumunda s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi, bu temel \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok d\u00fczeyli bir seyir izlemi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00fczeylerden ilki bir siyasal olu\u015fum olarak Roma devletinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, di\u011fer siyasi olu\u015fumlardaki s\u0131n\u0131fda\u015flar\u0131yla giri\u015fti\u011fi m\u00fccadeledir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda devasa bir askeri mekanizma olan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015fta sava\u015f olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi b\u00f6lgesel geni\u015fleme ve bu geni\u015fleme kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yerel h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirdikleri stratejiler bu ilk d\u00fczeyin konusunu olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin ikinci d\u00fczeyi verili bir siyasi olu\u015fumda \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kendi i\u00e7inde verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadeledir. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu \u00f6rne\u011finde, siyasal yap\u0131 \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck etkilerde bulunan bu m\u00fccadele zaman zaman i\u00e7 sava\u015f boyutu da kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fczeyde, h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131fla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen geni\u015f kitleler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleler yer al\u0131r. Roma \u00f6rne\u011finde taraflar m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flarla, k\u00f6leler, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve zanaatk\u00e2rlardan olu\u015fan, eme\u011fiyle ge\u00e7inmek zorunda olan geni\u015f kitlelerdir. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fczeyse, m\u00fclk sahibi olmayan toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelelerden olu\u015fur. Nadiren siyasi bir h\u00fcviyet kazanan bu m\u00fccadelelerin en somut \u00f6rne\u011fi, k\u0131rsal alandaki geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k ya da haydutluk hareketleriyle, kentlerdeki \u201chizipler\u201d aras\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerdir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7ok d\u00fczeyli s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi tarifi, elbette bir soyutlamadan ibarettir ve fiiliyatta s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczeyler birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, tarihsel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme yap\u0131l\u0131rken ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 da imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. Fakat antik Roma\u2019daki isyanlar\u0131 ele alan bu yaz\u0131da, bu t\u00fcr bir soyutlama en az\u0131ndan isyanlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rabilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kimi avantajlar sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu her d\u00f6rt d\u00fczeyde de s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi s\u0131k s\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k, siyasi ve \u015fiddetin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bi\u00e7im alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu bi\u00e7imin en kristalle\u015fmi\u015f hali olan isyan ya da ayaklanmalar, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin t\u00fcm d\u00fczeylerinde tespit edilebilirler.<\/p>\n

Roma tarihinde isyan ya da ayaklanmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 siyasal iktidar mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tekel kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan farkl\u0131 h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f hiziplerinin a\u00e7\u0131k siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6reli istikrar d\u00f6nemleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn bir Roma tarihi, \u00f6nce cumhuriyetin, sonras\u0131ndaysa imparatorluktaki veraset sisteminin do\u011fas\u0131ndan da kaynakl\u0131 olarak, bu t\u00fcr ayaklanma ve isyan \u00f6rnekleriyle doludur. Yine d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fczeydeki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi de nadiren ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir kanalda akt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda di\u011fer d\u00fczeylerle ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bu nedenle bu yaz\u0131da, di\u011fer d\u00fczeylerdeki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerinin a\u00e7\u0131k isyan ya da ayaklanmalara evrildi\u011fi tarihsel momentler \u00fczerinden, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki siyasi m\u00fccadelelere dair genel bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00e7izilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130MPARATORLU\u011eA KAR\u015eI D\u0130REN\u0130\u015eLER<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan \u201cD\u00fcnyan\u0131n Krali\u00e7esi ve Efendisi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, \u0130spanya\u2019dan Mezopotamya ve Ermenistan\u2019a kadar uzanan topraklar \u00fczerinde, kendisinden sonraki hi\u00e7bir g\u00fcce bir daha nasip olmayacak bir egemenlik kurmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz bu ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda yatan \u015fey Roma\u2019n\u0131n devasa askeri ve idari makinesidir. Fakat s\u00f6z konusu imparatorlu\u011fun kurulmas\u0131 sava\u015f ve fetihlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00e7e\u015fitli entegrasyon stratejileriyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmi\u015ftir. \u0130mparatorlukla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fen b\u00f6lgelerin, bu s\u00fcrece verdikleri tepkiler de yine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler mevcut toplumsal yap\u0131 ve ili\u015fkilerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 pahas\u0131na imparatorlu\u011fa kat\u0131l\u0131rken baz\u0131 yerlerde, \u00f6rne\u011fin Yunanistan ve Makedonya\u2019da, h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131flar Roma egemenli\u011fini alt s\u0131n\u0131flardan gelen bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 bir kurtar\u0131c\u0131 olarak selamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu noktada, biri Britanya\u2019da di\u011feriyse Filistin\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen iki ayaklanma, imparatorluk kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 direni\u015flerin isyan bi\u00e7imini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnekler olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

\"\"Boudicca \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc Asterix<\/em> \u00e7izgi roman\u0131n\u0131n kitaplar\u0131ndan birinde Caesar\u2019\u0131n Britanya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgali ve direngen Galyal\u0131lar\u0131n, Britanyal\u0131 karde\u015flerinin Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 direni\u015fine verdikleri destek resmedilmi\u015ftir. Roma tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck geni\u015fleme evrelerinden birine imza atan Caesar\u2019\u0131n Britanya seferinin ard\u0131ndan Roma, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kabile ili\u015fkilerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Kelt k\u00f6kenli topluluklara hakimiyetini a\u015fama a\u015fama kabul ettirmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcrecin tarihsel olarak en fazla hat\u0131rlanan a\u015famas\u0131ysa Boudicca \u0130syan\u0131 olarak bilinen, Do\u011fu Anglia\u2019da yerle\u015fik bulunan Kelt k\u00f6kenli Iceni kabilesinin Roma ilerleyi\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki direni\u015fidir.<\/p>\n

Roma\u2019yla ittifak halindeki Iceni kabilesinin kral\u0131 olan Prasutagus\u2019un, vasiyetinde krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131zlar\u0131yla Roma imparatorunun ortak y\u00f6netimine b\u0131rakarak \u00f6lmesinin ard\u0131ndan, bunu f\u0131rsat bilen Roma valisi krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ilhak eder. Prasutagus\u2019un kar\u0131s\u0131 olan Boudicca k\u0131rba\u00e7lan\u0131r ve k\u0131zlar\u0131na Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan tecav\u00fcz edilir. Bu Iceni kabilesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Roma imparatorlu\u011funun gaddarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. (2) Bu gaddarl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda direnmeyi se\u00e7en Boudicca, milattan sonra 60-61 y\u0131l\u0131nda di\u011fer Britanya kabilelerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da birle\u015ftirerek Roma ba\u015fkenti Colchester\u2019a bir sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Kabile ordusu Romal\u0131 her \u015feyi yak\u0131p y\u0131karak g\u00fcneye do\u011fru ilerler. Roma villalar\u0131 yak\u0131l\u0131r, sakinleri k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilir. Colchester\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle birlikte, \u015fehir yak\u0131l\u0131r. Boudicca g\u00fcneye do\u011fru ilerlemeye devam eder ve Chelmsford ve St. Albans\u2019da bulunan Roma lejyonu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle katledilir.<\/p>\n

Roma askeri valisi Seutonius Paulinus, tehlikenin fark\u0131nda olarak Londra\u2019ya d\u00f6ner, fakat \u015fehri kurtaramaz. Pek \u00e7ok Londral\u0131 daha g\u00fcneydeki Roma yanl\u0131s\u0131 kabilelere s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r; kalanlarsa katliamdan kurtulamaz. Tacitus\u2019a g\u00f6re \u015fehre d\u00fczenlenen sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda 70.000 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Paulinus\u2019un pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fen Boudicca, Roma i\u015fgaline nihai bir darbe indirme pe\u015findedir. Fakat Roma lejyonlar\u0131 disiplinleri ve sava\u015fta ald\u0131klar\u0131 konum sayesinde kendilerinden on kat daha kalabal\u0131k olan kabile ordusunu bozguna u\u011frat\u0131rlar. Sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda 400 Romal\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131, 80.000 Britanyal\u0131 \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Boudicca kendisini zehirler (ba\u015fka kaynaklara g\u00f6reyse hastalan\u0131p \u00f6l\u00fcr). Paulinus\u2019un bu zaferi, imparatorlu\u011fun elinden \u00e7\u0131kmak \u00fczere olan Britanya\u2019n\u0131n yeniden Roma hakimiyetine girmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Celile \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Boudicca isyan\u0131n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan be\u015f y\u0131l sonra, imparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7ok uzak bir k\u00f6\u015fesi olan Filistin bir ba\u015fka Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ayaklanmaya sahne olur. Milattan sonra 66 ile 73 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda devam eden Yahudi-Roma sava\u015f\u0131, Roma\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de h\u00e2kimiyetini kurmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir kilometre ta\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. (3)<\/p>\n

Milattan \u00f6nce 64 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pompey\u2019in Antakya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesiyle Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019e giren Roma, Caesar d\u00f6neminde Yahudi b\u00f6lgelerini \u00f6zerk bir y\u00f6netim alt\u0131nda imparatorlu\u011fa ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Caesar\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc takip eden i\u00e7 sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zerklik alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleten Antipatros\u2019un o\u011flu Herodes, Yahudiye (Judaea) b\u00f6lgesinin denetimini tamamen eline ge\u00e7irir ve burada Roma\u2019ya tabi bir krall\u0131k kurar. Herodes\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan krall\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flu aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; fakat hi\u00e7biri krall\u0131k unvan\u0131n\u0131 alamaz. Yahudiye, Herodes\u2019in torunu Agrippa\u2019n\u0131n kral oldu\u011fu 41-44 y\u0131llar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Romal\u0131 valiler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir. Roma y\u00f6netimine, imparatorlu\u011fun askeri ve mali bask\u0131lar\u0131, Yahudilerle Yunanl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki gergin ili\u015fkiler ve Yahudilerin yurtta\u015fl\u0131k i\u00e7in verdikleri m\u00fccadele damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurur. Bu gergin ili\u015fkiler 66 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, ba\u015f rahibin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve Yahudilerle Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fehirlerde kanl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. Yahudi h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Roma yanl\u0131s\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olarak ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle birlikte bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc de alan Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 m\u00fccadele sekiz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Roma ordular\u0131n\u0131n kesin zaferiyle sona erer. \u0130syan\u0131n sonucu, Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ve Yahudilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan kurumlar\u0131n, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n ve ba\u015f rahipli\u011fin ortadan kalkmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130mparator Neron d\u00f6neminin siyasi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131na da denk d\u00fc\u015fen bu iki Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 direni\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fi, s\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lgelerin \u00f6nce belirli bir \u00f6zerklik stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle imparatorlu\u011fa dahil edilmesinin, sonras\u0131ndaysa a\u015fama a\u015fama imparatorlukla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirilmelerinin yerli h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131flar \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkileri ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Her iki \u00f6rnekte de, s\u00f6z konusu siyasi co\u011frafyalar\u0131n imparatorlukla olan ili\u015fkilerinin nas\u0131l d\u00fczenlenece\u011fi sorunu isyanlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine belirleyici olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

K\u00d6LE \u0130SYANLARI<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere Roma\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6leci bir toplum olmas\u0131, esas siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n k\u00f6lelerle efendiler aras\u0131nda vuku buldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. Bununla birlikte, Roma tarihinde say\u0131ca az olsa da k\u00f6le isyanlar\u0131na rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"K\u00f6le isyanlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biri, bunlara ili\u015fkin tarihsel kay\u0131tlar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarafl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Roma d\u00f6nemindeki siyasi olaylara ili\u015fkin bilgilerimizi bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fumuz edebi kaynaklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Roma h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n mensuplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu yazarlar ait olduklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n k\u00f6lelikle ilgili zihniyetini payla\u015f\u0131rlar. Buna ek olarak, k\u00f6le sahibini \u00f6ld\u00fcrme ya da ka\u00e7ma gibi bireysel direni\u015f pratikleri \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olsa da, geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 ve kolektif direni\u015f hareketleri nadiren vuku bulmu\u015ftur. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da birka\u00e7 \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu t\u00fcr hareketler de, k\u00f6le sahiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015f ne kadar uzun s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olursa olsun, k\u00f6lelik kurumunun ortadan kalkmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde herhangi bir etki yaratamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sicilya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Roma d\u00f6nemindeki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131, kolektif k\u00f6le hareketi Sicilya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Milattan \u00f6nce ikinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00e7iftliklerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve \u00e7obanl\u0131k yapmak \u00fczere \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00f6le Sicilya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti. Fakat yiyecek ve giyecek gibi k\u00f6lelerin en temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bile d\u00fczenli olarak kar\u015f\u0131layamayan \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00f6le sahibi vard\u0131. Bu durum bir s\u00fcre sonra k\u00f6lelerin silahlanarak k\u0131rsal alanda haydutlu\u011fa ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden olmu\u015f ve Sicilya\u2019daki yollar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fczerinde denetim kurmalar\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk olarak Enna\u2019da bulunan k\u00f6lelerin, sahiplerinden g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri son derece k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015f kald\u0131rarak onlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeleriyle ba\u015flayan Sicilya\u2019daki k\u00f6le isyanlar\u0131, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ba\u015fka k\u00f6lelerin de silaha sar\u0131lmas\u0131yla adan\u0131n ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerine s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131. Adan\u0131n g\u00fcney sahilindeki Acragas kentini ele ge\u00e7iren k\u00f6leler bir s\u00fcre sonra g\u00fc\u00e7lerini Enna\u2019dakilerle birle\u015ftirdiler. K\u00f6lelerin Romal\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda elde ettikleri ba\u015far\u0131lar, ba\u015fta Roma ve Attika olmak \u00fczere ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerdeki k\u00f6leleri de etkiledi ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 yerel ayaklanmalar ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

Sicilya ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliklerinden biri Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr n\u00fcfusunun da deste\u011fini sa\u011flayabilmi\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. (4) Sicilyal\u0131 yoksullar\u0131n k\u00f6le sahiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer almalar\u0131nda, kendilerini de s\u00f6m\u00fcren ortak bir s\u0131n\u0131fa kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etme iste\u011fi kadar, isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n arazilere ve hasatlara zarar vermemeleri, toprakta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlar\u0131 taciz etmemeleri de rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

E\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak \u0130talya\u2019da da patlak veren k\u00f6le isyanlar\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgede k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken Sicilya\u2019da say\u0131lar\u0131 kimi kaynaklara g\u00f6re (5) 200.000\u2019i ge\u00e7en isyanc\u0131lar yedi y\u0131l boyunca adan\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ellerinde tutmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. 132 y\u0131l\u0131nda kons\u00fcl Publius Rupilius\u2019un komutas\u0131ndaki sert Roma sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 k\u00f6leler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonunu getirse de, yakla\u015f\u0131k otuz y\u0131l sonra 104-101 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yeni bir ayaklanman\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyemeyecekti. \u00d6zellikle adan\u0131n bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerini etkileyen bu ikinci ayaklanma da, t\u0131pk\u0131 ilki gibi bir k\u00f6le krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n sert m\u00fcdahalesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Roma, Sicilya\u2019da benzer bir ayaklanman\u0131n tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcreklile\u015fmi\u015f bir ter\u00f6r rejimi kurdu. (6)<\/p>\n

Pergamum<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sicilya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geli\u015fen k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131yla ilgili pek fazla bilgi sahibi olmamam\u0131z\u0131n nedenlerinden biri de bir\u00e7o\u011funun k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde ezilmesiydi. Antik Pergamum kentinde \u00e7\u0131kan isyan, g\u00f6rece ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle buna bir istisna olu\u015fturur. Pergamum\u2019daki k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131, yaz\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda dile getirilen farkl\u0131 isyan hareketlerinden ikisine birden uymas\u0131 nedeniyle de ilgi \u00e7ekicidir. Pergamum krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, kral III. Attalos\u2019un vasiyeti \u00fczerine Roma\u2019ya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n Asya vilayeti haline gelmi\u015fti. Bu durumdan ho\u015flanmayan Pergamum\u2019un \u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlar\u0131, 133 y\u0131l\u0131nda silaha sar\u0131lan k\u00f6lelere kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. \u0130syan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na, eski kral\u0131n gayr\u0131me\u015fru karde\u015fi Aristonicus ge\u00e7ti, ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Romal\u0131lara direnecek bir ordu kuruldu. D\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k bir m\u00fccadelenin ard\u0131ndan Roma\u2019ya boyun e\u011fen Pergamum\u2019daki k\u00f6le isyan\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, eski kral\u0131n vasiyeti \u00fczerine h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ihtilaftan faydalanabilmesi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlar\u0131n Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 direni\u015fiyle birle\u015febilmesiydi.<\/p>\n

Spartak\u00fcs ya da Bellum Servile (K\u00f6lelerin Sava\u015f\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antik \u00e7a\u011fdaki k\u00f6le isyanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ku\u015fkusuz, bir pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr malzemesi haline gelmesinin de etkisiyle, en fazla bilineni Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131d\u0131r. Hem bir siyasi ikon haline gelen, hem de halen pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr end\u00fcstrisinin i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartmaya devam eden Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131, her a\u00e7\u0131dan, antik \u00e7a\u011fda Grekoromen d\u00fcnyada bir daha e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyecek bir kalk\u0131\u015fmayd\u0131. Her ne kadar Roma cumhuriyeti ya da k\u00f6lelik kurumu \u00fczerinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkileri olmasa da, Roma\u2019n\u0131n kalbi olan \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 kas\u0131p kavuran bu isyan, daha sonraki benzer giri\u015fimler i\u00e7in bir ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 haline geldi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00c7arm\u0131ha gerilmi\u015f k\u00f6leler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Spartak\u00fcs ve liderlik etti\u011fi isyan s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, di\u011fer k\u00f6le ayaklanmalar\u0131 ya da liderlerine k\u0131yasla g\u00f6rece daha fazla bilgiye sahip oldu\u011fumuz do\u011frudur. Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ordusunun \u0130talya\u2019da hareket halinde olmas\u0131, bizzat Roma\u2019y\u0131 tehdit etmeleri ve pek \u00e7ok Roma ordusuna ac\u0131 ma\u011flubiyetler tatt\u0131rmalar\u0131 bilgi kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131zdaki bu g\u00f6reli bollu\u011fun nedenleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, daha \u00f6nce de belirtildi\u011fi gibi, hemen hemen hepsi Roma h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensup olan yazarlar bu etkileyici lidere kar\u015f\u0131, di\u011fer k\u00f6le liderlerine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6stermedikleri bir ilgi g\u00f6stermi\u015fler ve isyan\u0131 yerdiklerinde bile Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc ayr\u0131 bir yere koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci Sicilya ayaklanmas\u0131ndan sonra Roma, bir yanda h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7i m\u00fccadeleler, di\u011fer yandansa Do\u011fu\u2019daki Mithridates tehlikesiyle bo\u011fu\u015ftu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k otuz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir bunal\u0131m d\u00f6neminin sonunda belki de tarihindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehditlerden birisiyle ka\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. Milattan \u00f6nce 73 y\u0131l\u0131nda Capua \u015fehrindeki bir grup gladyat\u00f6r sahiplerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek, okullar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7t\u0131. Olaya kar\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 200 civar\u0131nda olmakla birlikte ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015farabilenler 78 (baz\u0131 kaynaklarda 74) ki\u015fiydi. Fakat bu 70 ki\u015finin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, Sicilya\u2019daki ayaklanmalara \u00f6nderlik edenler gibi \u00e7oban ya da \u00e7ift\u00e7i de\u011fil, profesyonel sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olmalar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ka\u00e7ak gladyat\u00f6rler kendi aralar\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fiyi, Spartak\u00fcs, Crixus ve Oenomaus\u2019u lider olarak se\u00e7tiler. Her \u00fc\u00e7 lider de, baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re Mithridates\u2019in ordular\u0131nda Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131rken tutsak d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve k\u00f6le olarak sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. (Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn Roma lejyonlar\u0131nda hizmet verdi\u011fi de ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Fakat bunun Romal\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n, kendilerini bu kadar zor duruma sokmu\u015f bir ki\u015finin mutlaka Roma tedrisat\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine inanmalar\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihtimal dahilindendir.) K\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde b\u00f6lgedeki k\u00f6leler ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlar gruba kat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Giderek geni\u015fleyen k\u00f6le ordusu, \u00fczerine g\u00f6nderilen Roma kons\u00fcllerini teker teker yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131. Her galibiyet ordunun say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yordu. \u00d6nce \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyine Mutina\u2019ya, daha sonraysa g\u00fcneye do\u011fru ilerlemelerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Baz\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n belirtti\u011fi gibi sadece k\u00f6leler de\u011fil, \u00f6zg\u00fcr stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcler de Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ordusuna kat\u0131l\u0131yor ve yerel milisler asilere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmak konusunda isteksizlik g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. (7) Bunun en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri, \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 sava\u015flar ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u0130talya halklar\u0131n\u0131 kendi boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131n, b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131 Roma\u2019ya yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. (8)<\/p>\n

\u0130syanc\u0131lar \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Lucania ve Bruttium\u2019dan ge\u00e7erken kendisine kat\u0131lan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7oban k\u00f6leyle birlikte ger\u00e7ek bir ordu haline gelirken, Roma da hareketi bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in daha ciddi \u00f6nlemler almak \u00fczereydi. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00f6le sahibi olan, Sulla\u2019n\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 M. Licinus Crassus, kendisini diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck yetkileriyle donatarak ve daha \u00f6nce Spartak\u00fcs kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bozguna u\u011frayan kons\u00fcllerin ordular\u0131ndan arta kalanlar\u0131 da alt\u0131 lejyondan olu\u015fan kendi ordusuna katarak Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 bir u\u00e7tan di\u011ferine dola\u015fan bu ordunun ve Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn neyi hedefledi\u011fi, tarih\u00e7ileri \u00e7ok u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f bir sorundur ve hareketlerine dair ekseriyetle birtak\u0131m tahminlerde bulunulmu\u015ftur. Fakat kesin olan \u015fey, Crassus\u2019un ordusuyla nihai kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Spartak\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn, g\u00fcney \u0130talya\u2019dan kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gemilerle Sicilya\u2019ya ge\u00e7meyi ya da en az\u0131ndan 2000 adam\u0131n\u0131 bu adaya g\u00f6ndermeyi planlam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Otuz y\u0131l \u00f6nceki Sicilya k\u00f6le krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz haf\u0131zalardan silinmemi\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Spartak\u00fcs bu ad\u0131mla k\u00f6le ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 daha da b\u00fcy\u00fctmeyi hedeflemi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Spartak\u00fcs, kendilerini Sicilya\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek Kilikyal\u0131 korsanlar\u0131n Roma\u2019yla anla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bu plan sonu\u00e7suz kal\u0131nca yeniden kuzeye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde, ordunun hedefi konusunda ya\u015fanan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar nedeniyle zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6nderlerinden birini, Crixus\u2019u kaybetmi\u015f k\u00f6le ordusu, Lucania\u2019da Trakya ve \u0130spanya\u2019dan gelen birliklerle takviye edilmi\u015f Crassus\u2019un ordusuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Romal\u0131lar\u0131n galibiyetiyle sonu\u00e7lanan sava\u015f ard\u0131nda 100.000\u2019den fazla \u00f6l\u00fc k\u00f6le b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve sa\u011f ele ge\u00e7irilen 6000 k\u00f6le de Capua\u2019ya giden yol boyunca \u00e7arm\u0131ha gerilmi\u015fti. Fakat bu yenilgiden on y\u0131ldan daha uzun bir s\u00fcre sonra bile, k\u00f6le ordusundan geriye kalanlar da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Roma h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve uzun i\u00e7 sava\u015flar, Cumhuriyet\u2019in yerini Principate<\/em>\u2019ye, yani tek adam y\u00f6netimine b\u0131rakmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu Roma h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, vilayetler ve ordular \u00fczerinde daha s\u0131k bir denetim anlam\u0131na geliyordu. \u0130mparatorluk b\u00fcrokrasisinin s\u0131k\u0131 kontrol\u00fc, k\u00f6le isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n da daha seyrek g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr hale gelmesine neden oldu. K\u00f6leler ka\u00e7maya ya da direnmeye devam ettiler; ama Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde bir hareket bir daha g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi. (9)<\/p>\n

Fakat bu Roma\u2019n\u0131n bir daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ayaklanmalarla sars\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmiyordu. Ge\u00e7 \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6nemiyle birlikte Roma h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n zorla el koydu\u011fu toplumsal art\u0131k miktar\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza etme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00e7abalar\u0131, yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve curia<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n (Klasik ve Helenistik d\u00f6nemlerde Meclis taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilirken daha sonra bizzat Konsey taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmeye ba\u015flayan \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet mevkilerini dolduran m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131f mensuplar\u0131 ve aileleri.) \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanacak ve Roma k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn serfle\u015fme s\u00fcreci, beraberinde Bacaudae ismiyle an\u0131lan geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 getirecekti.<\/p>\n

GE\u00c7 \u0130MPARATORLUKTA K\u00d6YL\u00dc \u0130SYANLARI VE HAYDUTLUK <\/strong>(10)<\/h4>\n

Ste. Croix Grekoromen d\u00fcnyada s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerini ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, Ge\u00e7 \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6neminde k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn giderek artan bir \u015fekilde nas\u0131l s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve imparatorlu\u011fun b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131mak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkileyici bir \u015fekilde anlatt\u0131ktan sonra, k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131 konusunda ne kadar az bilgi sahip oldu\u011fumuzdan yak\u0131n\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr olaylar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011fu i\u00e7in elimizdeki kan\u0131tlar k\u00f6t\u00fc ve alttan gelen bir devrime ya da toplumsal bir itiraza ili\u015fkin herhangi bir kayda de\u011fer unsur olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda mu\u011flakt\u0131r. (11) Fakat Thompson\u2019un da belirtti\u011fi gibi, k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131 yetkililerin a\u00e7\u0131k referanslar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00e7ok daha s\u0131k ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Bu isyanlara imparatorluk co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde zaman zaman etkili olan geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k ya da haydutluk hareketleri de e\u015flik ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Ste. Croix\u2019n\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi, e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k ya da haydutluk ku\u015fkusuz genellikle toplumsal itiraz\u0131n bir belirtisiydi, fakat b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden, \u00e7obanlardan, ka\u00e7ak k\u00f6lelerden ve di\u011fer s\u0131radan insanlardan olu\u015fan takip\u00e7ilerle ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra yerel despotlar haline gelen baz\u0131 haydut \u015fefleri de s\u00f6z konusuydu. Toplumsal e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k ile s\u0131radan haydutluk aras\u0131nda karma\u015f\u0131k ili\u015fkiyi tart\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in yerimiz yok ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki Celali \u0130syanlar\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011finde de oldu\u011fu gibi bu ikisini birbirinden ay\u0131rmak her zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle bu yaz\u0131da, milattan sonra \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131ldan be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Roma d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerini sarsan ve d\u00f6nemin yazarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sessizlikle kar\u015f\u0131lanan Bacaudae ad\u0131 verilen \u015fiddet hareketleri, bu t\u00fcr e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k hareketlerinin en \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6rne\u011fi olan Bulla ile birlikte ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Maternus \u0130syan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lk b\u00fcy\u00fck Galya ve \u0130spanya ayaklanmas\u0131, MS ikinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Marcus Aurelius\u2019un felaketle sonu\u00e7lanan sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve korkun\u00e7 bir veba salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 takip eden Septimus Severus ile rakipleri aras\u0131ndaki i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Muhtemelen b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri bu felaketlerin neden oldu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fckleri ellerinden geldi\u011fince yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin omuzlar\u0131na y\u0131kmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin kitlesel tepkisi ise 180\u2019lerde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale gelmi\u015fti. Maternus ayaklanmas\u0131, niceli\u011fi ve hedefleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan imparatorluk tarihinde daha \u00f6nce rastlanmam\u0131\u015f bir \u00f6rnekti.<\/p>\n

Maternus 186 y\u0131l\u0131nda ordudan firar eden ve baz\u0131 arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapmaya ikna etmi\u015f bir askerdi. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede etraf\u0131na \u00e7ok say\u0131da adam toplam\u0131\u015f ve e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Maternus ve adamlar\u0131 zenginle\u015ftik\u00e7e Roma\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde e\u015fk\u0131yadan d\u00fc\u015fman stat\u00fcs\u00fcne terfi ettiler. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere sald\u0131r\u0131yor, su\u00e7lar\u0131 ne olursa olsun hapishanelerde tutulanlar\u0131 serbest b\u0131rak\u0131yor ve onlar\u0131 kendilerine kat\u0131lmaya ikna ediyorlard\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn Galya ve \u0130spanya\u2019da ter\u00f6r estirdiler.<\/p>\n

Maternus\u2019un bir ayaklanma ba\u015flatmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sadece bayra\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi yeterli olmu\u015ftu. \u00d6yle g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor ki Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesinde b\u00f6yle bir ayaklanmaya kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in haz\u0131r bekleyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da mal\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015f, ezilen insan bulunuyordu. Maternus m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir ka\u00e7ak k\u00f6le, sefalete d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve asker ka\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 toplam\u0131ndan faydalanabildi. Ba\u015fka bir Roma kayna\u011f\u0131 da Maternus\u2019un ayaklanmas\u0131ndan \u2018\u2018Ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019\u2019 olarak s\u00f6z eder ve say\u0131s\u0131z ka\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ayaklanma s\u0131ras\u0131nda Galya eyaletlerini yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. (12)<\/p>\n

Fakat her ne kadar asker ka\u00e7aklar\u0131 isyan\u0131n liderli\u011fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olsalar da, s\u00f6z konusu hareket \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir toplumsal temele dayan\u0131yordu. \u0130syan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi Galya ve \u0130spanya\u2019daki boyunduruk alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ciddi bir kalk\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu Bacaudae i\u00e7in bir pe\u015frevdi. Y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren bu isyan s\u0131ras\u0131nda e\u011fer asiler sadece yak\u0131p y\u0131kmakla yetinip yerel halk\u0131n deste\u011fini sa\u011flayamasalar, bu kadar uzun s\u00fcre faal kalamaz ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenleyecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7lenemezlerdi.<\/p>\n

Yerel otoriteler Maternus isyan\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda merkezi y\u00f6netimi yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmak zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131nda, asiler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplara ayr\u0131l\u0131p \u0130talya\u2019ya s\u0131zma ve bir suikastla imparator Commodus\u2019u \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp onun yerine Maternus\u2019u imparator olarak ilan etmeye karar verdiler. Asilerin bu plan\u0131 Thompson\u2019a g\u00f6re, asl\u0131nda yeni bir toplum tasavvuruna sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve yaln\u0131zca imparatorun yerine kendi liderlerini \u00e7\u0131karmak istediklerini g\u00f6stermektedir. Maternus imparator olma hevesiyle takip\u00e7ileriyle aras\u0131ndaki duyguda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yitirince, asi bir lidere sahip olmaktan memnun olan fakat bir efendi ve imparator istemeyen takip\u00e7ilerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ihanete u\u011frad\u0131. Maternus bu ihanetin sonucuna yakalansa ve ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetse de isyan sona ermedi. Yirmi y\u0131l sonra bile Roma, b\u00f6lgedeki asilere kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt lejyona komuta eden bir general g\u00f6nderiyordu.<\/p>\n

Bulla ya da Felix<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba\u015fta Herodian olmak \u00fczere Romal\u0131 yazarlar Maternus\u2019un hareketini basit bir asker ka\u00e7akl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k hareketi olarak g\u00f6stermek isteseler de durum bundan olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Thompson, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir orduya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen bu hareketi o d\u00f6nemlerde olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n olan fakat kaynaklara pek fazla girmeyen s\u0131radan e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k hareketlerinden ay\u0131rt etmemiz gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler ve bunun i\u00e7in faaliyetlerini ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde Roma\u2019n\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131na kadar geni\u015fleten Bulla, ya da di\u011fer ismiyle Felix\u2019in hareketiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6nerir. Bulla 600 yolda\u015f\u0131yla birlikte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 ya\u011fmalayan bir \u0130talyan\u2019d\u0131. Kurdu\u011fu istihbarat a\u011f\u0131 sayesinde \u0130mparatorun ve yetkililerin elini kolunu ba\u011flayabilmi\u015f, ayr\u0131ca yerel n\u00fcfustan baz\u0131 ki\u015filerin de deste\u011fini sa\u011flayabilmi\u015fti. Bir t\u00fcr Roma Robin Hood\u2019u olan Bulla, kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bir k\u0131sm\u0131na el koyuyor, sonra gitmelerine izin veriyordu. Fakat e\u011fer yakalad\u0131klar\u0131 zanaatkarlarsa onlardan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey alm\u0131yor, kendisi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 istiyor ve i\u015fleri bitti\u011finde de onlara \u00f6deme yap\u0131yordu. Fakat Bulla\u2019y\u0131 Roma tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan \u015fey ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, s\u00f6yledikleriyle tarihe d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc izlerdi. Yakalay\u0131p daha sonra serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir centurion<\/em>\u2019a (Roma ordusunda y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 r\u00fctbesi) haydutlu\u011fun nedenini \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cEfendilerine s\u00f6yle e\u011fer haydutlu\u011fa bir son vermek istiyorlarsa k\u00f6lelerini beslesinler.\u201d Bulla yine bir ihanet sonucu yakalan\u0131p sorguya \u00e7ekildi\u011finde, Prefect\u2019in (Roma\u2019da \u00e7e\u015fitli tipleri bulunan bir t\u00fcr resmi g\u00f6revli) sordu\u011fu \u201cNeden bir h\u0131rs\u0131zs\u0131n?\u201d sorusuna, \u201cSen neden bir Prefect\u2019sin?\u201d diye yan\u0131t vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bulla ve Maternus\u2019un faaliyetleri her \u015feyden \u00f6nce \u00f6l\u00e7ek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steriyordu. Maternus\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 koca bir ordu g\u00f6nderilmesi gerekirken, Bulla i\u00e7in bir centurion\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 bir grup askerin yeterli olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Thompson\u2019a g\u00f6re Bulla basit bir h\u0131rs\u0131zken, \u00f6yle g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor ki Maternus\u2019un Galya ve \u0130spanya k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ruhunu yakalam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, hem \u015fehirlere hem de toprak sahiplerinin m\u00fclklerine sald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bacaudae<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bacaudae isminin ilk kez kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 283-4 y\u0131llar\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015fer. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndaki felaketlerin y\u00fck\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda en yoksul s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve Galyal\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin buna yan\u0131t\u0131 isyan bi\u00e7imini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Barbarlarla u\u011fra\u015fmakta olan imparator Carinus, isyan kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6nce bir \u015fey yapamad\u0131. \u0130ki y\u0131l sonra imparatorlukta \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fikliklere de imza atacak olan Diocletian ise bu isyanla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabilmek i\u00e7in Maximian\u2019\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019ya e\u015f imparator olarak atad\u0131. Maximian\u2019\u0131n temel g\u00f6revi isyan\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. Maximian en az\u0131ndan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bu g\u00f6revde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015f, fakat kendisine yard\u0131m eden Do\u011fulu birliklerin de isyan etmesi sonucunda onlar\u0131 da k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bacaudae\u2019\u0131n Galya\u2019daki temel faaliyet alan\u0131 Loire nehrinin a\u011fz\u0131ndan Seine nehrinin a\u011fz\u0131na kadar olan b\u00f6lgeydi. Bacaudae isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131s\u0131 olan 407 isyan\u0131 da burada ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve 417 y\u0131l\u0131na dek bast\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131,. Tibatto \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u00e7\u0131kan 435-7 ve 442 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki isyanlar da yine bu b\u00f6lgede ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat Bacaudae\u2019\u0131n be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Alpler\u2019de de etkili olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130spanya\u2019da da Bacaudae isyanlar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve 442 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeye giden Flavius Asturius \u00e7ok say\u0131da isyanc\u0131y\u0131 katletmi\u015fti. Fakat g\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki bu katliamlar isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya yeterli olmam\u0131\u015f, Asturius\u2019un halefi de d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7aba sarf etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 450\u2019lerde yeniden alevlenen isyan, \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Bat\u0131\u2019daki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Roma kaynaklar\u0131nda \u201ck\u00f6yl\u00fc\u201d, \u201ccahil \u00e7oban\u201d \u015feklinde adland\u0131r\u0131lan Baracaudae asileri, piyadelerin \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerden, s\u00fcvarilerinse \u00e7obanlardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu k\u00f6yl\u00fc ordular\u0131 kurmu\u015flar ve \u201cbarbar\u201d istilac\u0131lar\u0131n taktik ve stratejilerini benimsemi\u015flerdi. T\u00fcm Bacaudae isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu strateji, ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131n bir dizi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruba ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na ve d\u00fc\u015fmana pusu kurmas\u0131na ya da bask\u0131n vermesine dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Thompson\u2019a g\u00f6re, Bacaudae\u2019\u0131n temel amac\u0131 Roma imparatorlu\u011fundan ayr\u0131larak kendi devletlerini kurmakt\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la ele ge\u00e7irdikleri b\u00f6lgelerde toprak sahiplerinin m\u00fclklerine el koymu\u015f ve onlar\u0131 bir zamanlar sahip olduklar\u0131 arazilerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Fakat Galya ve \u0130spanya k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin \u00e7e\u015fitli ayaklanmalar\u0131, y\u0131llarca ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olsalar da, hi\u00e7bir yeni kurum ya da toplumsal g\u00fcc\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanmad\u0131. Yeni kurulmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanan devletlerde eskisinden farkl\u0131 bir toplumsal d\u00fczen in\u015fa edilece\u011fini g\u00f6steren herhangi bir \u015fey bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Hatta Attila \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Hunlar Galya\u2019ya girdiklerinde, b\u00f6lgedeki Bacaudae birlikleri Romal\u0131larla birlikte sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Thompson\u2019un iddias\u0131na g\u00f6re, e\u011fer bu isyanlar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olsalard\u0131 toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar de\u011fil, o s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n mensuplar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fecekti.<\/p>\n

Romal\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin bu isyana ve yeni \u201cbarbar\u201d istilac\u0131lara kucak a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni her iki hareketin de Roma d\u00fczeni alt\u0131nda bulamad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kendilerine sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131na inanmalar\u0131yd\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta Ste. Croix\u2019n\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi, bu inanc\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131k ve Roma d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir bask\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu ayaklanmalar, Bat\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funun kayda de\u011fer bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7alanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World<\/em>, Ithaca, Cornell UP, 1981.<\/p>\n

2) Peter Ackroyd, Foundation, History of England<\/em>, Cilt I., Londra, St. Martin’sGriffin, 2013.<\/p>\n

3) Celile \u0130syan\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Susan Serok, The Jews Against Rome<\/em>, Cornwall, Continuum, 2008 ve Nicholas de Lange, Yahudi D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/em>, \u0130stanbul, \u0130leti\u015fim, 1987.<\/p>\n

4) Theresa Urbainczyk, Slave Revolts in Antiquity<\/em>, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2008, s.13.<\/p>\n

5) V. Diakov ve S. Kovalev, \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f Tarihi<\/em>, Cilt 2, \u00e7ev. \u00d6zdemir \u0130nce, \u0130stanbul, Yordam, 2008, s.132.<\/p>\n

6) A.g.e., s.137.<\/p>\n

7) A.g.e., s.178.<\/p>\n

8) Urbainczyk, s.47.<\/p>\n

9) A.g.e. s.23.<\/p>\n

10) Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde E. A. Thompson\u2019un, \u201cPeasant Revolts in Late Roman Gaul and Spain\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinden yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [Past & Present, No. 2 (Kas\u0131m, 1952), ss. 11-23]<\/p>\n

11) Ste. Croix, a.g.e., s.474-5.<\/p>\n

12) Thompson, s.13.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spartak\u00fcs isyan\u0131, her a\u00e7\u0131dan, antik \u00e7a\u011fda Grekoromen d\u00fcnyada bir daha e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyecek bir kalk\u0131\u015fmayd\u0131. Her ne kadar Roma cumhuriyeti ya da k\u00f6lelik kurumu \u00fczerinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkileri olmasa da, Roma\u2019n\u0131n kalbi olan \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 kas\u0131p kavuran bu isyan, daha sonraki benzer giri\u015fimler i\u00e7in bir ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 haline geldi. Antik Yunan ve Roma toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6leci karakterleri, belirli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":362,"featured_media":26832,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[158,1464,222],"tags":[3480,3471,3481,3482,1496,1823],"class_list":["post-26831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-121-sayi","category-dosya","category-tarih","tag-antik-roma","tag-halk-isyanlari","tag-kole-isyanlari","tag-roma-imparatorlugu","tag-sinif-mucadelesi","tag-spartakus"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26831","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/362"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26831"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26831\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26832"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26831"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26831"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26831"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}