{"id":26850,"date":"2014-03-01T15:08:43","date_gmt":"2014-03-01T13:08:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26850"},"modified":"2018-06-12T15:15:06","modified_gmt":"2018-06-12T12:15:06","slug":"hanedan-savaslarinin-golgesinde-cin-tarihinde-koylu-isyanlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/03\/01\/hanedan-savaslarinin-golgesinde-cin-tarihinde-koylu-isyanlari","title":{"rendered":"Hanedan sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6lgesinde\u00a0\u00c7in tarihinde k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7in tarihi her zaman, do\u011fan, y\u00fckselen ve \u00e7\u00f6ken hanedanlar\u0131n birbirini izledi\u011fi, \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerde egemen olan derebeyleri ve sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelesi olarak anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Burada, \u00c7in tarihinin sat\u0131r aralar\u0131nda an\u0131lan halk hareketlerine dikkat \u00e7ekecek, \u00f6nemli birka\u00e7 tanesini \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan derleyerek bilginize sunaca\u011f\u0131z<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u00c7in tarihi \u00fczerine en \u00f6nemli kaynaklardan biri olan d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc sinolog Wolfgan Eberhard\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in Tarihi<\/em>\u2019nde, Qin hanedan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Han hanedan\u0131n\u0131n kurulu\u015fu \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle anlat\u0131l\u0131yor: \u201c\u2026\u0130mparator Shi Huang ti\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc reaksiyonun do\u011fmas\u0131na vesile olmu\u015ftur. \u0130llerde bulunan eski asilzadeler n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen kaybettiklerinden ayakland\u0131lar. Baz\u0131 generaller, merkezin tazyikinden ve denetleyiciler taraf\u0131ndan devaml\u0131 olarak kontrol edilmelerinden ho\u015flanmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, m\u00fcnferit \u015fah\u0131slar da eskisinden fazla mecburi hizmete tabi olduklar\u0131ndan ve bu m\u00fckellefiyeti memleketlerinden uzaklarda yapmak zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131ndan ayakland\u0131lar. Birka\u00e7 ay zarf\u0131nda 6 muhtelif isyan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ch\u2019in\u2019e (Qin) kar\u015f\u0131 ve kendi aralar\u0131nda sava\u015fan 6 ayr\u0131 \u2018kral\u2019 vard\u0131.\u2026 M\u00d6 206\u2019da asilerden Liu Pang h\u00fck\u00fcmet merkezine girerek imparatoru tahttan indirdi.\u201d (1)<\/p>\n

En y\u00fczeyde g\u00f6r\u00fcneni anlatmaktan ibaret bu tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda, siz de g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz, daha do\u011frusu g\u00f6remiyorsunuz ki, halk yok. Eserin \u00f6nceki sayfalar\u0131nda Qin d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in\u2019in siyasi ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00f6nemli \u015feyler anlat\u0131l\u0131yor elbette. Ancak bu siyasi ve ekonomik yap\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ezilen ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen geni\u015f kitlelerin tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde oynad\u0131klar\u0131 rol s\u00f6z konusu olunca, mesele \u201cm\u00fcnferit \u015fah\u0131slar\u201d\u0131n ayaklanmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Elimizin alt\u0131nda Eberhard\u2019\u0131n eseri oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in onu \u00f6rnek verdik, yoksa \u00c7in tarihi \u00fczerine T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve \u0130ngilizcedeki pek \u00e7ok kayna\u011f\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da farkl\u0131 de\u011fil. \u00c7in tarihi her zaman, do\u011fan, y\u00fckselen ve \u00e7\u00f6ken hanedanlar\u0131n birbirini izledi\u011fi, \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerde egemen olan derebeyleri ve sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelesi olarak anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Evet, y\u00fczeyde g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu; ama neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn bu m\u00fccadelelerin arka plan\u0131nda, hem de hi\u00e7 kendini gizleyip saklamadan, y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kuvvetler olarak halk hareketleri, emek\u00e7i k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131 var olmu\u015f. Kurucu olamam\u0131\u015f ve yeni bir d\u00fczenin temellerini atamam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri ayr\u0131ca tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir. Ama hi\u00e7bir durumda, tarihin \u00e7ark\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcren ads\u0131z kitleleri g\u00f6rmezden gelmenin bir mazereti olamaz.<\/p>\n

Tarihi b\u00fcy\u00fck insanlar, krallar, saltanatlar \u00fczerinden okuyan yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu olan bu kadar \u201cuzak\u201d (neye, kime?) bir co\u011frafya olunca, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m daha da belirginle\u015fiyor. Neredeyse son zamanlarda reva\u00e7ta olan y\u00fcksek b\u00fct\u00e7eli \u00c7in tarihi filmlerinden daha \u00f6teye gitmeyen egzotik bir \u00c7in tarihi kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"\"Antik \u00c7in tarihine \u201csol\u201d bak\u0131\u015f da, elbette ki bu d\u00fczeyde olmamakla beraber, bu yakla\u015f\u0131mdan s\u0131yr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil. Bat\u0131 merkezci bir tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, ister soldan ister sa\u011fdan baks\u0131n, \u00c7in\u2019de ve b\u00fct\u00fcn do\u011fuda yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k (nereden?), Asyatik geli\u015fmezlik ve atalet (hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye g\u00f6re?), \u201cdespotik\u201d merkezi devlet boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda k\u0131p\u0131rt\u0131s\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015f kitleler g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. \u00c7in dedi\u011fimiz co\u011frafyan\u0131n, bu dosyan\u0131n di\u011fer makalelerinde inceledi\u011fimiz isyanlar\u0131n yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa ve Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131ndan daha geni\u015f bir y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcne sahip oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bu saptamalarla ilgili soru i\u015faretleri daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Elbette, burada \u00c7in tarihindeki s\u0131n\u0131fsal dinamikleri inceleyip bunlar \u00fczerine bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya girmek gibi bir iddiam\u0131z yok. \u00c7in tarihinin sat\u0131r aralar\u0131nda an\u0131lan halk hareketlerine dikkat \u00e7ekecek, \u00f6nemli birka\u00e7 tanesini \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan derleyerek bilginize sunaca\u011f\u0131z. B\u00f6ylece \u201cdura\u011fan\u201d denilen antik \u00c7in toplumunun ciddi s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerini bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi ve siyasi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki isyanlar\u0131n gerisinde kalmayan halk hareketlerine sahne oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u0130N\u2019DE \u0130MPARATORLUK \u00c7A\u011eI ve DAZE \u0130SYANI<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00c7in ilk defa yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 220\u2019lerde Qin hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde birle\u015fik bir imparatorluk yap\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer alt\u0131 beyli\u011fi alt eden Ying Zheng, Qin Shi Huang nam\u0131yla ilk \u00c7in imparatoru oldu. Qin hanedan\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019i birle\u015ftirilmesiyle \u00fclke y\u00f6neticileri imparator taraf\u0131ndan atanan 36 b\u00f6lgesel y\u00f6netime b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc, soy \u00fcst\u00fcnden devam eden beylerin y\u00f6netimi ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. De\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerde kullan\u0131lan farkl\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131n, uzunluk, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerin birle\u015ftirilmesiyle, u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z \u00c7in topraklar\u0131nda hem ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n hem de ekonomide h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fmenin de \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Merkeziyet\u00e7i y\u00f6netim b\u00f6ylelikle g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Qin Shi Huang k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki hakimiyetini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Qin tarihi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn beyliklerin tarih kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 ve Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs klasiklerini yakt\u0131rd\u0131, bu kitaplar\u0131 koruyup yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131ranlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rd\u0131. Kuzeyde ya\u015fayan kavimlerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, daha \u00f6nceden par\u00e7a par\u00e7a yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f setleri restore edip birle\u015ftirerek uzunlu\u011fu be\u015f bin kilometreyi ge\u00e7en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7in Seddi\u2019ni in\u015fa eden ve 700 binden fazla k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck harcamalar yaparak bug\u00fcn D\u00fcnya Miraslar\u0131 listesinde yer alan Terra Cotta yeralt\u0131 ordusunun bulundu\u011fu dev an\u0131t mezar\u0131 yapt\u0131ran da odur.<\/p>\n

\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun bu g\u00f6rkemli g\u00fcnleri yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131n. Eski ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7erisinde, ama daha \u00e7ok da bu g\u00f6rkemin y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc omuzlayan yoksul halk aras\u0131nda ho\u015fnutsuzluk b\u00fcy\u00fcyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7in Seddi\u2019nin yap\u0131m\u0131nda, s\u00f6ylenceye g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin askerin g\u00f6zetimi alt\u0131nda iki milyon k\u00f6le ve angaryaya y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck, toprak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yoksulla\u015fma, k\u00f6lele\u015fme tehlikesi, haks\u0131z vergi ve zul\u00fcm, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ayaklanmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Batakl\u0131k K\u00f6y\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qin \u015ei Huang\u2019\u0131n M\u00d6 209\u2019daki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan, \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerdeki isyanlar h\u0131zla genel bir ayaklanmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi Daze (B\u00fcy\u00fck Batakl\u0131k) K\u00f6y\u00fc isyan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130syan \u015f\u00f6yle geli\u015fir. Kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki istihk\u00e2m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan 900 ki\u015filik k\u00f6yl\u00fc birli\u011fi, f\u0131rt\u0131na ve sel y\u00fcz\u00fcnden mahsur kal\u0131r. Qin yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re askere ya da devlet hizmetine \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131p zaman\u0131nda gitmemenin cezas\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r. Zaman\u0131nda varamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 anlayan ve zaten hayatlar\u0131ndan bezmi\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki toprak kirac\u0131s\u0131 bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc olan Chen Sheng\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011finde Daze b\u00f6lgesine \u00e7ekilirler ve isyan ederler. Birka\u00e7 ya\u011fma ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan sonra say\u0131lar\u0131 h\u0131zla artar, on bine ula\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerindeki isyanlar i\u00e7in bir i\u015faret fi\u015fe\u011fi ve merkez olurlar.<\/p>\n

Bu isyanlardan bir di\u011feri de k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan gelme bir askeri devriye olan Liu Bang\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyand\u0131r. Liu Bang \u00f6len imparatorun dev an\u0131t mezar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczere bir grup mahk\u00fbma refakat etmektedir. Mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ka\u00e7ar, Liu Bang geri kalanlar\u0131 serbest b\u0131rak\u0131p isyan eder. Birli\u011findeki k\u00f6yl\u00fc askerlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kendisine kat\u0131lan mahk\u00fbmlarla birlikte Mangdang Da\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak bir isyan ordusu olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fen k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131 Qin hanedan\u0131n\u0131 sarssa da askeri disiplinsizlik ve \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fczl\u00fck y\u00fcz\u00fcnden t\u0131kan\u0131rlar. \u00c7in\u2019in profesyonel ordusuyla ba\u015f edemezler. Bu durumda Qin hanedan\u0131n\u0131n yerinden etti\u011fi aristokratlara g\u00fcn do\u011far, zaten haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olan g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle fiilen ayaklanman\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7erler. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen, \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcneydo\u011fu eyaletlerinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc soylular\u0131ndan Hiang Yu, Liu Bang\u2019la i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapar ve b\u00fct\u00fcn isyanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc eline ge\u00e7irir. Nihayet M\u00d6 206 y\u0131l\u0131nda Qin hanedan\u0131n\u0131n devrilmesinden sonra ba\u015fa ge\u00e7er. Boyun e\u011fmeyen k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 ise ezer. Daze ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderi \u00c7eng \u015eeng bu s\u0131ralarda bir muhaf\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n ihaneti sonucunda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Hiang Yu \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu on sekiz krall\u0131\u011fa b\u00f6ler ve kendisinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki on yedi isyanc\u0131 lidere krall\u0131klar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r. Liu Bang en yak\u0131ndakilerden ba\u015flayarak di\u011fer krall\u0131klara sava\u015f a\u00e7ar ve d\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Hiang Yu\u2019yu da alt ederek, \u00c7in\u2019i yeniden birle\u015ftirir. Halktan bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanc\u0131 olan Liu Bang, \u00c7in tarihine damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran Han hanedan\u0131n\u0131, i\u015fte b\u00f6yle bir isyan dalgas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

WANG MANG\u2019A KAR\u015eI YE\u015e\u0130L ORMAN VE KIZIL KA\u015eLILAR \u0130SYANI<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Me\u015fhur Han Kitab\u0131<\/em> (2) MS 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019deki k\u00f6yl\u00fc halk\u0131n durumunu \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor: “G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerin topraklar\u0131 binlerce mu’yla (yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak bir mu 0,06 hektar) \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcyordu, oysa yoksullar\u0131n bir \u00e7uvald\u0131z bat\u0131racak kadar bile topraklar\u0131 yoktu. Babalar, \u00e7ocuklar, kocalar, kar\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u0131l toprakta \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar ama emeklerinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan kazan\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 bile doyurmaya yetmiyordu. Zenginlerin k\u00f6pek ve atlar\u0131na verilen dar\u0131 ve bezelyeler onlara fazla gelirken, yoksullar kepekle idare etmek zorunda kal\u0131yorlard\u0131.” Bunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck sebebi, t\u00fcccar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n avucundaki Han hanedan\u0131 saraylar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 l\u00fcks\u00fc ve izlenen d\u0131\u015f politikan\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck\u00fc nedeniyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan vergilerdi. Ba\u015fka d\u00f6nemlerde \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn otuzda ya da on be\u015fte biri vergi olarak al\u0131n\u0131rken, yine Han Kitab\u0131<\/em>\u2019na g\u00f6re bu oran \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu a\u011f\u0131r ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle birlikte k\u00f6lelerin de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel ve k\u0131smi ayaklanmalar ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak s\u0131kla\u015fmaktayd\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet baz\u0131 reformlarla, \u00f6rne\u011fin toprak m\u00fclkiyetine ve k\u00f6le say\u0131s\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlar koyarak durumu kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde, MS 9 y\u0131l\u0131nda imparator naibi ve ordu ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 Wang Mang bir saray darbesiyle ba\u015fa ge\u00e7ti ve \u201cyeni\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen Xin hanedan\u0131n\u0131 kurdu. Wang Mang\u2019\u0131n ilk i\u015fi k\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlara giri\u015fmek oldu. B\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131 devletle\u015ftirdi. \u00d6zel k\u00f6le sahipli\u011fini yasaklad\u0131, k\u00f6lelerin feodal bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Topra\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcler aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131tacak bir buyruk yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Wang Mang\u2019\u0131n reformlar\u0131 ba\u015fta eski soylular ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan ho\u015fnutlukla kar\u015f\u0131lansa da, asl\u0131nda k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve k\u00f6leleri korumak de\u011fil t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n etkinli\u011fini s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131p devletin vergi taban\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczeltmek amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Reformlar t\u00fcccar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n da direnciyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131p uygulanamaz hale geldi. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 derinle\u015ftirmekten ba\u015fka bir i\u015fe yaramam\u0131\u015f oldu. \u00dcst\u00fcne bir de a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Sar\u0131 Nehir ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ve nehir yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesinin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik sars\u0131nt\u0131lar eklenince, Wang Mang\u2019\u0131n iktidar\u0131 sallanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ferman imparatorunsa da\u011flar bizimdir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k MS 17 ve 18 y\u0131llar\u0131nda birbiri ard\u0131na patlayan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmalar\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Ayaklanmalar\u0131n iki b\u00fcy\u00fck merkezi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Birincisi, imparatorluk g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle giri\u015ftikleri sava\u015fta hem kendilerini d\u00fc\u015fmandan ay\u0131rmak, hem de korkun\u00e7 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm elde etmek i\u00e7in al\u0131nlar\u0131na k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir boya s\u00fcren isyanc\u0131lardan hareketle K\u0131z\u0131l Ka\u015fl\u0131lar (Chimei) isyan\u0131 olarak an\u0131ld\u0131. Di\u011feri ise ad\u0131n\u0131 isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n kalesi durumuna gelen L\u00fclin (Ye\u015fil Orman) da\u011flar\u0131ndan ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

L\u00fclin ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n liderleri, halk aras\u0131nda yoksulluk ve a\u00e7l\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden do\u011fan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda hakemlik rol\u00fc \u00fcstlenen iki do\u011fal halk \u00f6nderi, Wang Kuang ve Wang Feng\u2019di. Bir vergi m\u00fcnaka\u015fas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ayaklan\u0131p L\u00fclin da\u011flar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar, e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7erisinde etraflar\u0131nda 7-8 bin ki\u015fi topland\u0131. Bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca b\u00f6lgede yerel h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00fc\u00e7lerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ettiler, k\u00f6ylere bask\u0131nlar yap\u0131p zengin toprak sahiplerini ya\u011fmalad\u0131lar. Say\u0131lar\u0131 on binleri buldu.<\/p>\n

\u0130mparator Wang Mang bu isyan\u0131 sonland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 defa af ilan etti, el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderdi. Sonunda dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n da etkisiyle isyanc\u0131larla pazarl\u0131ktan vazge\u00e7ip kuvvet kullanma yoluna gitti. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131, isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 imparatorluk ordusuyla cepheden m\u00fccadele etmek mecburiyetinde b\u0131rakt\u0131. Birka\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck cephe sava\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131 kazand\u0131lar ve iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme gibi bir politik tutkular\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yeniden da\u011flara \u00e7ekildiler. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir veba salg\u0131n\u0131nda \u00e7ok fazla isyanc\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc ve ge\u00e7ici bir da\u011f\u0131lma ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda, \u00c7in\u2019in farkl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgesinde, o\u011flunu haks\u0131z yere idam eden yerel y\u00f6neticiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp da\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan L\u00fc anan\u0131n e\u015fk\u0131ya \u00e7etesi gibi, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle patlayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131 geli\u015fmekte ve birle\u015fme e\u011filimi g\u00f6stermekteydi. Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek ise, beraberindeki on binden fazla k\u00f6yl\u00fcyle Tai da\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcslenmi\u015f olan, hareketin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan liderlerinden Fan Chong\u2019du. Bu isyanlar kolektif bir \u00f6nderli\u011fin y\u00f6netiminde birle\u015fecek, sonras\u0131nda k\u0131z\u0131l ka\u015fl\u0131lar diye an\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck harekete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecekti. \u0130syanc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck hiyerar\u015filer ve r\u00fctbeler yoktu. Aralar\u0131ndaki d\u00fczen basit kurallara dayan\u0131yordu: Ele ge\u00e7irdikleri ganimeti e\u015fit olarak payla\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. Bir ba\u015fka isyanc\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren \u00f6l\u00fcmle cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, yaralayan ise iyile\u015finceye kadar onun bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenirdi. \u0130syanc\u0131lar askeri kabiliyetlerine ve ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, siyasi bir hedeften yoksun, esas amac\u0131 karn\u0131n\u0131 doyurmak olan karman \u00e7orman bir ordu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndeydiler.<\/p>\n

Han hanedan\u0131n\u0131n restorasyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130mparator Wang Mang bu harekete de tavizsiz yakla\u015ft\u0131. Vergileri art\u0131r\u0131p isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fczerine h\u00fck\u00fcmet birliklerini g\u00f6nderdi. Ancak ordunun disiplinsiz hareketleri ve zulm\u00fc ters tepti ve hen\u00fcz ayaklanmaya kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olan binlerce yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc de isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n saf\u0131na itti. 22 y\u0131l\u0131nda imparatorun dev ordusuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131p bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131lar. Wang Mang ordusunu geride b\u0131rak\u0131p ka\u00e7mak durumunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131rada Han hanedan\u0131yla uzaktan akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan eski soylu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir \u00fcyesi olan Liu Yan, da\u011f\u0131lmakta olan L\u00fclin isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 toparlam\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015fkentin \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Liu Yan isyanc\u0131larla birlikte pek \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgeyi ele ge\u00e7irip yerel y\u00f6netimler kurdu ve sonunda 23 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015fkenti ele ge\u00e7irip Wang Mang\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130syanc\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fc liderlerini general r\u00fctbesine y\u00fckseltti. Bu defa iki isyanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7, yeni imparator etraf\u0131ndaki L\u00fclin isyanc\u0131lar\u0131yla K\u0131z\u0131l Ka\u015fl\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldiler. \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda 25 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu kez K\u0131z\u0131l Ka\u015fl\u0131lar ba\u015fkenti ele ge\u00e7irdi ve b\u00f6lgenin soylular\u0131ndan birinin \u00e7ok uzaktan akrabas\u0131 olan, isyanc\u0131 birliklerinde hayvanlar\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sorumlu bir genci kukla bir imparator olarak ba\u015fa getirdiler. Ancak devlet y\u00f6netmek gibi bir siyasi haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ufku olmayan bu hareket, hakim oldu\u011fu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ba\u015fkentin zenginliklerini ya\u011fmalad\u0131 ve yava\u015f yava\u015f da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Sonunda 27 y\u0131l\u0131nda Liu Yan\u2019\u0131n karde\u015fi Liu Xiu imparatorlu\u011funu ilan etti ve do\u011fu Han hanedan\u0131 diye bilinen d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayaklanma bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, yeni egemenler yoksul halka \u00f6d\u00fcnler vermek zorunda kald\u0131. K\u00f6le olarak sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ocuklar azat edildiler ve baz\u0131 asiler i\u00e7in af \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerine ait olan ekilebilir topraklar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin eline ge\u00e7ti. K\u00f6lelik biraz yumu\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc y\u00f6ntemleri \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, ekonomide yeni bir geli\u015fme ba\u015flad\u0131. Sar\u0131 Nehir etraf\u0131ndaki sulama sistemi onar\u0131ld\u0131 ve geni\u015fletildi, bu da ekilebilir topraklar\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Demir madeni \u00e7\u0131karma ve maden d\u00f6k\u00fcmc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. Ticaretin boyutlar\u0131 geni\u015fledi. MS 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130pek Yolu’nu tekrar ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n

Yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00fczerlerindeki dayan\u0131lmaz s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131rmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan L\u00fclin ve K\u0131z\u0131l Ka\u015fl\u0131lar isyanlar\u0131, yeni bir d\u00fczen kuracak siyasi bir ufuktan yoksun olsalar da, Han hanedan\u0131n\u0131n restorasyonunda kilit bir rol oynayarak \u00c7in tarihinde yeni bir d\u00f6nemi a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldular.<\/p>\n

Han Hanedan\u0131 bundan yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz elli y\u0131l sonra Sar\u0131 Sar\u0131kl\u0131klar ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyan\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Halk\u0131n i\u00e7indeki Taocu rahiplerin \u00f6nderli\u011finde geli\u015fen bu ayaklanma da ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmad\u0131, kanla bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak hanedan\u0131n\u0131n sonunu getiren de bu oldu.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Wolfgan Eberhard, \u00c7in Tarihi, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995, s.83.<\/p>\n

2) Han Kitab\u0131<\/em> ya da \u0130lk Han Hanedan\u0131 Tarihi<\/em>; \u00c7in\u2019in M\u00d6 206 y\u0131l\u0131ndan MS 25\u2019e kadar Bat\u0131 Han hanedan\u0131 idaresinde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemi anlatan, MS 111 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015f tarih kitab\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Barbara Bennett Peterson, Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century<\/em>, 2000, An East Gate Book, s. 93.<\/p>\n

2) Ferenc Tokey, \u00c7in\u2019de \u201cAsyagil \u00dcretim Tarz\u0131\u201d, \u0130lk S\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 Toplumlar -Asyagil \u00dcretim Tarz\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Despotizmi i\u00e7inde, Birey ve Toplum Yay, 1985, s. 118, 121,<\/p>\n

3) L. S. Perelomov, Red eyebrow maddesi, The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979).<\/p>\n

4) V. Diakov-S. Kovalev, \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f Tarihi, -Ortado\u011fu, Uzakdo\u011fu, Eski Yunan, C.1,\u00a0 \u00c7ev: \u00d6zdemir \u0130nce, Yordam Kitap, Haziran 2008, s. 252-253<\/p>\n

5) Wolfgan Eberhard, \u00c7in Tarihi, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995<\/p>\n

6) http:\/\/earlyworldhistory.blogspot.com.tr\/2012\/02\/red-eyebrow-rebellion.html<\/p>\n

7) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimei<\/p>\n

8) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%C3%BClin<\/p>\n

9) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daze_Village_Uprising<\/p>\n

10) \u00c7in Uluslararas\u0131 radyosu CRI \u00c7in Ansiklopedisi, \u201c\u00c7in tarihindeki ilk feodal hanedan Qin\u201d maddesi, internet sitesi, http:\/\/turkish.cri.cn\/chinaabc\/chapter14\/chapter140104.htm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7in tarihi her zaman, do\u011fan, y\u00fckselen ve \u00e7\u00f6ken hanedanlar\u0131n birbirini izledi\u011fi, \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerde egemen olan derebeyleri ve sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelesi olarak anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Burada, \u00c7in tarihinin sat\u0131r aralar\u0131nda an\u0131lan halk hareketlerine dikkat \u00e7ekecek, \u00f6nemli birka\u00e7 tanesini \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan derleyerek bilginize sunaca\u011f\u0131z T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u00c7in tarihi \u00fczerine en \u00f6nemli kaynaklardan biri olan d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc sinolog Wolfgan Eberhard\u2019\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":227,"featured_media":26851,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[158,1464,222],"tags":[609,3484,3471,3485,1496],"class_list":["post-26850","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-121-sayi","category-dosya","category-tarih","tag-cin","tag-cin-imparatorlugu","tag-halk-isyanlari","tag-koylu-isyanlari","tag-sinif-mucadelesi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t