{"id":26869,"date":"2014-03-01T16:03:54","date_gmt":"2014-03-01T14:03:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=26869"},"modified":"2018-06-12T16:34:37","modified_gmt":"2018-06-12T13:34:37","slug":"ingiliz-tuccarlarin-savas-tazminatlari-meselesi-levanten-sermayenin-lozan-drami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/03\/01\/ingiliz-tuccarlarin-savas-tazminatlari-meselesi-levanten-sermayenin-lozan-drami","title":{"rendered":"\u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n sava\u015f tazminatlar\u0131 meselesi:\u00a0Levanten sermayenin Lozan dram\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda biri, kapit\u00fclasyon hukuku alt\u0131nda geli\u015fen Do\u011fu\u2019daki yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccar sermayesinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geriletilmesidir. Bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meden bu s\u00fcreci durdurman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan da tespit edilmi\u015fti. \u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden tazminat talebi olarak ba\u015flayan yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, Lozan s\u00fcrecinde \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden taleplere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/em><\/p>\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve m\u00fctareke d\u00f6neminde \u0130ngiliz ordusunda terc\u00fcman ve istihbarat subay\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapan Hugh Mckinley Whittall: \u201cBir sava\u015f\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Ama s\u00fcratle sulhu kaybediyorduk.\u201d<\/em> (1)<\/p>\n

Hazine Mali Sekreteri William Joynson Hick Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra, sava\u015f zararlar\u0131n\u0131n tazmini talepleri hakk\u0131nda Whittall\u2019den (2) bir mektup al\u0131r. (3) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki (\u0130ngiliz) talep sahiplerinin durumu Bel\u00e7ika veya ba\u015fka herhangi bir yerdekilerden \u00e7ok daha zorludur\u201d denilen mektupta bu durumun \u201csadece \u00f6denmemi\u015f sava\u015f (tazminat) taleplerinden ileri gelen finansal zorluklardan\u201d kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015fti. Mektubun yazar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan haklar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den geri almaktan insafs\u0131zca mahrum edilmi\u015flerdi. Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n korumas\u0131ndan mahrum kalm\u0131\u015f, hasmane T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn insaf\u0131na terk edilmi\u015flerdi.Yabanc\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve H\u0131ristiyan kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir politika takip eden T\u00fcrk milli h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin (Turkish National Goverment) hara\u00e7 ve engellemelerine maruz kal\u0131yorlard\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet hem ithalat hem de ihracat\u0131n kendi dinda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n elinde toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Mektup \u015f\u00f6yle devam ediyor: \u201cYaln\u0131z sermaye a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, onlar\u0131n planlar\u0131n\u0131n tamimiyle amac\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlayabilir ve ancak bu durumda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de t\u00fcccar pozisyonumuzu muhafaza etme \u015fans\u0131m\u0131z olabilir.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2018Siz onlar\u0131n gemilerine el koydunuz, onlar da bizim m\u00fclklerimize\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Levanten sermayesi Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu ve \u00e7areyi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7almakta bulmu\u015ftur. Londra a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise, Do\u011fu\u2019da i\u015f yapan t\u00fcccar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc rahats\u0131zl\u0131k vericiydi. Nitekim William Joynson Hick bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131 Maliye Bakan\u0131 Neville Chamberlain\u2019e g\u00f6nderirken Whittall\u2019un mektubunu \u201cawkward letter\u201d olarak nitelendirdi. (4) Afred C. Silley\u2019in ayn\u0131 konudaki dilek\u00e7esi de Londra\u2019da \u201cdayan\u0131lmaz can s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131\u201d bulunacakt\u0131r. (5)<\/p>\n

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Frederick Edwin Whittall<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Whittall\u2019e g\u00f6re \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlara zararlar\u0131n\u0131n tazmin edilece\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fc verilmi\u015fti. Bu s\u00f6zlere dayanarak, 1918\u2019den sonra pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 konsolide etmi\u015flerdi. Sonu\u00e7tan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti sorumlu tutuyordu. \u201cMajesteleri H\u00fck\u00fcmeti T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u0130ngilizlerin berbat durumunun, T\u00fcrkiye ile ilgili m\u00fcttefik politikalar\u0131n\u0131n hatalar\u0131ndan, tatmin edici olmayan bar\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130zmir\u2019deki Yunan i\u015fgalinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na varmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diye yazd\u0131 16 Ekim 1923 tarihli mektubunda. \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar Amerikal\u0131, \u0130talyan hatta Alman rakiplerinin gerisine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130ngiliz sermayesi milliyet\u00e7i r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n hedefi olurken, Frans\u0131z ve \u0130talyan t\u00fcccarlar kendilerini bu sald\u0131r\u0131lardan korumay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu r\u00fczgarlarla m\u00fccadele edebilmek i\u00e7in \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi gerekti\u011fini savundu.<\/p>\n

Whittall, Hicks\u2019e mektubunda \u015funlar\u0131 yazar: Almanya\u2019yla sava\u015f\u0131n patlak vermesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n en yo\u011fun ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin tamamlad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6neme denk gelmi\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ad\u0131na \u0130ngiltere\u2019de in\u015fa edilen iki sava\u015f gemisine el konulmas\u0131, (Sultan Osman ve Re\u015fadiye) Do\u011fu\u2019da \u0130ngiliz kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n esmesine neden olmu\u015f, \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n y\u00fcklenmi\u015f gemileri bile geri tahliye edilmi\u015fti. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti el konulan gemilere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u0130ngilizlerin mallar\u0131na el koymu\u015f ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6dememi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz sermayesi, h\u00fck\u00fcmetine k\u0131rg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en y\u00fcksek sesle dile getirmi\u015ftir. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan bir memorandumda (6) zafere olan inan\u00e7la sava\u015f boyunca ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zorluklara serzeni\u015fsiz katland\u0131klar\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u0131n zaferle sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Memorandumda \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z olan, sava\u015f boyunca servet yapan, \u0130ngiliz ticaret ve \u00fclkelerindeki faaliyetinden kalanlar\u0131 yok etmek i\u00e7in elinden geleni yapan, etkin \u015fekilde organize olan T\u00fcrklerin her zamanki gibi i\u015flerine devam etmesine ve ate\u015fkesten sonraki ticaret patlamas\u0131ndan faydalanmas\u0131na izin verildi\u201d deniyordu. Memoranduma g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkler \u201corganize olamam\u0131\u015f, personeli da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sermayesi olmayan, h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden mali destek veya te\u015fvik g\u00f6rmeyen \u0130ngiliz firmalar\u0131yla\u201d rekabet halindeydiler. Memorandum \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki vatanda\u015flar\u0131na mali destek vermesini talep etmek \u00fczere kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu Sorunlar\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Lozan Konferans\u0131\u2019nda T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n\u0131 levanten sermayenin el konulan m\u00fclklerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k istenecek tazminatlar\u0131 \u00f6demeye zorlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Witthall\u2019\u00fcn mektubuna cevaben kaleme al\u0131nan memorandumda bu ger\u00e7ek \u015f\u00f6yle dile getirilir: \u201cT\u00fcrk otoritelerinden \u00e7ok\u00e7a ve hakl\u0131 \u015fikayetleri olan \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz cemaatinin, 58. Madde kapsam\u0131nda taleplerden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a feragat g\u00f6stermeye deh\u015fetle yakla\u015fmalar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir durumdur. Fakat alternatif neydi? Haftalarca s\u00fcren m\u00fczakerelerden sonra, T\u00fcrk delegasyonunun taleplerden fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k i\u00e7ermeyen bir anla\u015fmay\u0131 asla imzalamayaca\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle a\u00e7\u0131k hale gelmi\u015fti; bu y\u00fczden alternatif m\u00fczakerelerin kesilmesi, ne bar\u0131\u015f ne de sava\u015f olan duruma geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmesiydi\u2026 e\u011fer yukar\u0131daki alternatif benimsenseydi, ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan kesinlikle \u00e7ok daha k\u00f6t\u00fc olurdu\u2026\u201d (7)<\/p>\n

Benzer bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f 1924\u2019de konu hakk\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan bir raporda da tekrar edilmi\u015ftir: \u201cSevr anla\u015fmas\u0131nda konuyu (tazminat taleplerini) kapatmak i\u00e7in yeterli h\u00fck\u00fcmler konulmu\u015f ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kapit\u00fclasyonlar korunmu\u015ftu\u2026 T\u00fcrkiye Lozan\u2019a ma\u011flup edilmi\u015f devlet yerine yenen devlet olarak geldi. \u0130ngiltere, T\u00fcrkiye ile yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na yeni bir sava\u015fa giri\u015fme ve uzla\u015farak bar\u0131\u015f yapma alternatifiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131.\u201d (8) Whittall\u2019e verilen resmi yan\u0131tta T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin finansal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bu taleplerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n vermedi\u011fi de tespit edilir.<\/p>\n

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Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ad\u0131na \u0130ngiltere\u2019de in\u015fa edilen ve sonra el konulan iki sava\u015f gemisinden \u201cSultan Osman\u201d adl\u0131 olan\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ger\u00e7eklerin Whittall de fark\u0131ndad\u0131r ve William Joynson Hick\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektubunda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir: \u0130ngiltere\u2019de in\u015fa edilen ve 1914\u2019de \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan el konulan Sultan Osman ve Re\u015fadiye adl\u0131 gemilerin in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in Bab\u0131\u00e2li\u2019den tahsil edilmi\u015f paralar. Gemilerin \u201csava\u015f ganimeti\u201d olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen Whittall tezlerini \u015f\u00f6yle gerek\u00e7elendirdi: \u201cBireysel \u0130ngiliz taleplerinin toplam miktar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye ile sava\u015f patlak vermesinden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce el konulan ve hala geri \u00f6denmeyen mallar\u0131n de\u011ferini temsil ediyor.\u201d Gemilerin de\u011feri 5.000.000 sterlin, faizleriyle birlikte 7.000.000 sterlindi.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti levanten sermayenin bu talebini iki gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek geri \u00e7evirecektir: E\u011fer ilgili devletler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilmeyen tazminatlar\u0131 \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u00fcstlenmeye kalkarsa bu alt\u0131ndan kalk\u0131lamayacak bir y\u00fcke yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r; T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin iki geminin \u00f6demelerinden vazge\u00e7mesi, kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lacak hak talebinden vazge\u00e7ilmesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak yorumlanamaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti m\u00fczakerelerde gemilerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeyi hi\u00e7bir zaman kabul etmemi\u015ftir. Gemiler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sava\u015fa girmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak usul\u00fcne uygun, prosed\u00fcrler tamamlanarak kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hak talebi iddialar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den tazminat talebinden majesteleri h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden tazminat talebine<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerle\u015fik 69 \u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015f\u0131 11 May\u0131s 1921\u2019de bir araya gelerek bir memorandum kaleme ald\u0131lar ve kay\u0131tl\u0131 tazminat taleplerinin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan avans olarak kendilerine \u00f6denmesini istediler. (9) Turkish Reparation Commitee<\/em> ad\u0131na Afred C. Silley taraf\u0131ndan imzalanan 13 Haziran 1922 tarihli dilek\u00e7e de, bu kapsamda yap\u0131lan giri\u015fimlerden biridir. (10) Komitenin avans talebi yine Silley imzas\u0131yla bu sefer D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6nderilen 17 \u015eubat 1923 tarihli dilek\u00e7ede de tekrarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (11) \u00d6demenin \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin elinde tuttu\u011fu iki fonla yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorlard\u0131: El konulan iki geminin paras\u0131 ve el konulan Osmanl\u0131 alt\u0131nlar\u0131. (12)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen tazminat taleplerini savunmak \u00fczere talep sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan h\u00fck\u00fcmetin deste\u011fi olmadan kurulan T<\/em>urkish Reparation Commitee<\/em> 1921 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131ndan beri toplant\u0131lar\u0131na devam ediyordu. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetine y\u00f6nelik taleplerin yerini, \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden talepler alacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

9 Mart 1923\u2019de Whittall ve Silley\u2019in de aralar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rt imza ile \u0130ngiliz Y\u00fcksek Komiseri Horace Rumbold\u2019a g\u00f6nderilen dilek\u00e7ede, gemiler i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denmi\u015f 5.000.000 sterlinin, \u201cT\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan (gemilere el konulmas\u0131na misilleme olarak) hanelerine tecav\u00fcz edilen ve evleri ya\u011fmalanan\u201d \u0130ngiliz talep sahiplerine tahsis edilmesini istiyorlard\u0131. (13) Dilek\u00e7e 25 Temmuz 1922\u2019de verilen ama yan\u0131t al\u0131namayan bir ba\u015fka dilek\u00e7enin tekrar\u0131 olarak kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\u0130ngiltere Hazine Mali Sekreteri William Joynson Hick.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dilek\u00e7ede Majesteleri h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin gemilerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 5.000.000 sterlini, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ait ayn\u0131 de\u011ferdeki alt\u0131nlarla beraber alt\u0131 m\u00fcttefik devlet vatanda\u015flar\u0131na yap\u0131lacak \u00f6demelere ait havuza dahil etmeyi \u00f6nerdi\u011fi s\u00f6yleniyordu. \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar \u0130ngiliz paras\u0131 olarak nitelendirdikleri 5.000.000 sterlinin (gemilerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan paran\u0131n) sadece \u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015f\u0131 talep sahiplerine, geri kalan 5.000.000 sterlinin (m\u00fcttefiklerce el konulmu\u015f alt\u0131nlar) ise alt\u0131 m\u00fcttefik \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131na tahsis edilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdi. (14)<\/p>\n

27 Mart 1923\u2019de m\u00fcttefik devletler temsilcileri Londra\u2019da bir araya gelerek tazminat konusunu ele ald\u0131lar. Geli\u015fmeler levanten t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n beklentilerinden uzakt\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, gemilerin paralar\u0131n\u0131n onar\u0131m masraflar\u0131na tahsisini parlamentoya \u00f6nermeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyordu. \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bir yaz\u0131da bu bilginin \u0130stanbul\u2019daki dilek\u00e7e sahiplerine iletilmesi isteniyordu. (15) Art\u0131k Avrupa h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri \u00f6dene\u011fin hak sahipleri aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu ve bu \u00f6dene\u011fe iki geminin paras\u0131 dahil de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Londra\u2019dan gelen bu bilgi levanten sermayenin taleplerini dile getirmesini engellemedi. Whittall bu sefer 26 Aral\u0131k 1923\u2019de Neville Chamberlain\u2019a ba\u015fvurarak tezlerini \u00f6zetledi: (16) \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bor\u00e7 tahvilleri sahiplerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den tazminat talebi olan t\u00fcccara g\u00f6stermemi\u015fti. Do\u011fu\u2019da yerle\u015fik \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin yetkilerini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, hatta T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denmeyen tazminatlar\u0131n Majestelerinin H\u00fck\u00fcmetince \u00fcstlenilece\u011fi intibah\u0131na kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201cBenim firmam da bu konuyla alakadard\u0131r ve buradaki (\u0130ngiliz) cemaatin \u00f6nde gelen mensuplar\u0131ndan biri olarak, \u0131st\u0131rap \u00e7eken \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015fiye g\u00fcc\u00fcm oran\u0131nda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmay\u0131 g\u00f6rev kabul ediyorum\u201d diyen Whittall, bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 u\u011fruna levanten sermayenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n feda edildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz mallar\u0131na el konulmas\u0131n\u0131n, gemilerin teslim edilmemesine misilleme oldu\u011funu \u0131srarla vurgulad\u0131. Levanten t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n hak taleplerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirdi: \u201cBu paran\u0131n (iki sava\u015f gemisi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6demelerin) zarara u\u011frayan \u0130ngilizlerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den taleplerinden vazge\u00e7ilmesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya talep sahiplerinin onun \u00fczerinde hakk\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilebilir mi? Bu imkans\u0131zd\u0131r\u2026 Majestelerinin H\u00fck\u00fcmeti vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 korumak zorundad\u0131r E\u011fer sava\u015f gemilerine ulusun iyili\u011fi i\u00e7in el konulmu\u015f ise, veya bir bar\u0131\u015f \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n ku\u015fku g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez haklar\u0131 feda edilerek imzalanm\u0131\u015f ise, zarar \u015fah\u0131slar taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil b\u00fct\u00fcn bir ulus taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilmelidir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Whittall\u2019un bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan da desteklenecektir.<\/p>\n

Milli H\u00fck\u00fcmet: Tazminatlar\u0131 \u0130ngiltere \u00f6desin <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, \u0130talya ve Japonya 23 Kas\u0131m 1923\u2019de imzalad\u0131klar\u0131 ve Lozan Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile e\u015fzamanl\u0131 onaylanacak bir konvansiyon ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de zarara u\u011frayan uyruklar\u0131n\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere anla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. (17) Konvansiyona g\u00f6re tazminatlar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak Lozan Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 58. Maddesinde belirtilen alt\u0131nlar ile \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin zararlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na tahsis etti\u011fi, sahiplerinden 1914\u2019de sat\u0131n al\u0131nan 846.100 Sterlin nominal de\u011ferindeki y\u00fczde be\u015f faizli T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 1911 hazine bonolar\u0131 kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131. (18) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz sermayedarlar ise bu kayna\u011fa gemilerin paralar\u0131n\u0131n da dahil edilmesini istiyorlard\u0131. Hak talepleri m\u00fcttefikler aras\u0131nda kurulacak komisyon (\u0130nter-Allied – Assessment Commission<\/em>) taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilecek ve konvansiyonda tespit edilen \u00f6denek bu talepler aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Whittall ailesi; en sa\u011fda F. E. Whittall, oturan b\u00fcy\u00fckanne Lady Whittall.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Whitall, Swoden\u2019a 23 \u015eubat 1924\u2019de g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yaz\u0131da gemiler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan 5.000.000 sterlinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den hak taleplerine tahsis edilmesi i\u00e7in talebini yineledi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki milli h\u00fck\u00fcmetin etkin bir \u00fcyesinin \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin gemilerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan paralar\u0131 elinde tuttu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frendi\u011finde \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Hatta ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi talep sahiplerince Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmetine yaz\u0131l\u0131 resmi bir deklarasyon i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuru yap\u0131l\u0131rsa, kendisini destekleyece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. (19) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki hak talebi sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan bu y\u00f6nde resmi bir dilek\u00e7e haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015fvuru \u00f6ncesinde h\u00fck\u00fcmetin de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc alma ihtiyac\u0131 duyuldu\u011funda dilek\u00e7enin i\u015fleme konulmas\u0131 ertelenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u0130stanbul\u2019daki komiseri Lindsay\u2019in verdi\u011fi bilgiye g\u00f6re Whittall\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc etkin kabine \u00fcyesi Rauf Bey\u2019dir. (20) Hatta T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu konuda resmi bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Fakat \u00f6ncesinde b\u00f6yle bir ad\u0131m\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lardan emin olmak istiyordu. \u0130smet Pa\u015fa\u2019ya, Whithall\u2019\u00fcn belirtti\u011fi y\u00f6nde bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapt\u0131rabileceklerinden Lindsay\u2019in \u015f\u00fcphesi yoktu. (21)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin tavr\u0131, Whittall\u2019\u00fcn tezlerinin dayanaklar\u0131ndan biridir. 23 \u015eubat 1924 tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Snowden\u2019a, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin sadece 5.000.000 sterlin tutar\u0131ndaki alt\u0131nlar\u0131 ve bonolar\u0131 de\u011fil, gemilerin paras\u0131n\u0131 da m\u00fcttefik devlet vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131plar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazacakt\u0131r. Yaz\u0131da \u0130smet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Lozan Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 28 May\u0131s tarihli oturumundaki s\u00f6zleri hat\u0131rlat\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Whittall 3 Nisan 1924\u2019de taleplerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden resmi cevap yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. (22) \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti sava\u015f gemileri hakk\u0131ndaki taleplerinden vazge\u00e7mesinin, m\u00fcttefik \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131na \u00f6denecek tazminatlara denk oldu\u011fu tezinin, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetince s\u0131k s\u0131k dile getirildi\u011finin fark\u0131ndayd\u0131. Fakat sava\u015f\u0131n patlak vermesiyle birlikte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 hukuk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu para \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcm haklar\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle, \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu tezi ret ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda biri, kapit\u00fclasyon hukuku alt\u0131nda geli\u015fen Do\u011fu\u2019daki yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccar sermayesinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geriletilmesidir. Bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meden bu s\u00fcreci durdurman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan da tespit edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu Sorunlar\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Lozan Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 31 Ocak 1923 tarihli oturumunda m\u00fcttefikler T\u00fcrk temsil heyetine bir anla\u015fma tasla\u011f\u0131 sunmu\u015flard\u0131. Bu tasla\u011f\u0131n mali h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ili\u015fkin Frans\u0131z temsil heyetinden M. Bompard m\u00fcttefiklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klar yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn bu tavizlere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak, M\u00fcttefik H\u00fck\u00fcmetler kendileri i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u015fey istememektedirler; yaln\u0131z, uyruklar\u0131na, sava\u015fta T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu zararlar\u0131n onar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedirler\u201d dedi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin toplam borcunun 102 milyon T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131na indirildi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi: Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen 87 milyon lira ve m\u00fcttefik devletler vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f tazminatlar\u0131 olarak 15 milyon lira. (23) Bu tasla\u011f\u0131n nihai metne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nihai metnin 58. Maddesiyle m\u00fcttefikler tazminat taleplerinden vazge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n

Majestelerinin h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u201cne bar\u0131\u015f ne de sava\u015f olan duruma geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmesini\u201d g\u00f6ze almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lozan\u2019daki T\u00fcrk heyeti i\u00e7in kapit\u00fclasyon hukukunun ve onun do\u011fal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kesin olarak ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n temel ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan biriydi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Whittall ailesinin kad\u0131nlar\u0131 Moda k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 zararlar hakk\u0131nda T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden tazminat talebi olarak ba\u015flayan yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, Lozan s\u00fcrecinde \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden taleplere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Londra Ticaret Odas\u0131 bile \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Lord Curzon\u2019a ba\u015fvurarak \u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan talep sahiplerini desteklediklerini bildirmi\u015fti. Oda ad\u0131na 28 Nisan 1922 tarihli yaz\u0131da T\u00fcrkiye ile yap\u0131lacak bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131nda bu y\u00f6nde h\u00fck\u00fcmler yer almas\u0131 isteniyordu. (24) Board of Trade<\/em> ad\u0131na Turkish Reparation Commettee<\/em> sekreterine g\u00f6nderilen 21 Haziran 1922 tarihli yaz\u0131da da, bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131nda istenen h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin yer almas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalar\u0131n g\u00f6sterilece\u011fi yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (25) Bu \u00e7abalar sonu\u00e7 vermeyecektir.<\/p>\n

Gerek Whittall gerekse Silley en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde temaslarla haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. \u00d6rne\u011fin William Joynson Hick 6 \u015eubat 1924\u2019de yeni Maliye Bakan\u0131 Phillip Snowden\u2019a ba\u015fvurarak arkada\u015f\u0131m dedi\u011fi Whittall ile birlikte kendisini kabul etmesini rica etti. (26) Snowden 5 \u015eubat\u2019ta verdi\u011fi yan\u0131tta selefiyle hemfikir oldu\u011funu, yine de bir randevu ayarlayabilece\u011fini fakat sonucun de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fini yazd\u0131. (27) Whittall daha \u00f6nce bir\u00e7ok h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyesi ve b\u00fcrokratla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Silley\u2019in ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu Turkish Reparation Commettee <\/em>hakk\u0131ndaki bir belgede de, komitenin daha \u00f6nce de h\u00fck\u00fcmetin bir\u00e7ok \u00fcyesine ula\u015fmay\u0131 hatta parlamentoda defalarca konunun g\u00fcndeme getirilmesini sa\u011flamay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131, fakat sonu\u00e7 alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Belgede mevcut h\u00fck\u00fcmetin seleflerinin kararlar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmak i\u00e7in bir neden g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi, hi\u00e7bir yeni g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmenin farkl\u0131 bir sonuca hizmet etmeyece\u011fi yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (28)<\/p>\n

Whittall\u2019\u0131n belirtti\u011fi gibi \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti mali sermayenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 levanten sermaye i\u00e7in g\u00f6stermedi. Konu 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ba\u015flayan Do\u011fu\u2019ya sermaye transferiyle ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sermayenin finansla\u015fmas\u0131yla ilgiliydi. \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti i\u00e7in mali \u00e7\u0131karlar, ilki 1838\u2019de imzalanan serbest ticaret anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u0131mlar\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nemliydi.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti levanten sermayeyi koruyamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, desteklemek de istememi\u015ftir. B\u00f6yle bir deste\u011fin verili ko\u015fullarda \u201calt\u0131ndan kalk\u0131lamayacak bir y\u00fck\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131 Memorandum in reply to the letter Messrs. Whitthall, of 16th Octobrer<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 belgede yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hem de ayn\u0131 belgede Whittall\u2019\u0131n temel tezi \u015fu c\u00fcmlelerle tasdik edildi\u011fi halde: \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n pozisyonunun, mevcut T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin karakter ve politikas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6zel zorluklar sergiledi\u011fi do\u011frudur.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu ifadeler, sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda emperyalizmin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6steriyor. Levanten sermayenin gemilerin paralar\u0131n\u0131 kendisine tahsis edilmesi talebi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden destek aramas\u0131, mevcut dengelerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7tu.<\/p>\n

Olay\u0131n bir di\u011fer ilgin\u00e7 y\u00f6n\u00fc, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin levanten sermayenin Londra\u2019dan talebine verdi\u011fi destek s\u00f6zleridir. Bu deste\u011fin T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem Londra\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 siyasi manevra, hem de iktisadi \u00e7\u0131karlarla ilgili oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullarda gemilerin paralar\u0131n\u0131n levanten sermaye \u00fczerinden de olsa T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye getirilmesinin, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan arzu edilecek bir geli\u015fme olmas\u0131 do\u011fald\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar ad\u0131na kaleme al\u0131nan 1921 tarihli memorandumda \u015fu sat\u0131rlara yer verilmi\u015fti: \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f\u0131n \u00f6zel t\u00fcccarlar \u00fczerindeki illet tesirleri muhtemelen ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir yerde, evleri, i\u015fleri, m\u00fclkleri ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de olan \u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015flar\u0131ndan daha keskin hissedilmemi\u015ftir.\u201d (29) Bir ba\u015fka memorandumdaki c\u00fcmleler de, \u0130ngiliz sermayesinin sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki \u201czorluklar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 betimler: \u201cT\u00fcrk firmalar\u0131na tam bir faaliyet \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc verildi. Anadolu t\u00fcm\u00fcyle onlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti\u2026 \u0130ngiliz firmalar\u0131n\u0131n ticaretini y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalar g\u00f6sterildi. Baz\u0131 firmalar T\u00fcrk milliyetini kabul etmeye zorland\u0131. Kabul etmeyenler h\u0131zla kapat\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d (30) Gerek Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 gerekse sonras\u0131ndaki milli m\u00fccadelenin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerle\u015fik \u0130ngiliz sermayesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli kay\u0131plarla sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Yukar\u0131da ge\u00e7en \u201cetkin \u015fekilde organize olan T\u00fcrkler\u201d ifadesiyle asl\u0131nda bu kay\u0131plar\u0131n temel nedenine i\u015faret edildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Anla\u015fman\u0131n 58. maddesi, cumhuriyet devriminin sa\u011fc\u0131 muhaliflerince Lozan Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Maddenin Londra h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve Do\u011fu\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz sermayesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 verici sonu\u00e7lar yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek, yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti gemilere daha T\u00fcrkiye sava\u015fa girmeden el koymu\u015ftu. \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar kendi m\u00fclklerine y\u00f6nelik kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yo\u011funlukla sava\u015f patlak vermeden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlara g\u00f6re \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin el koydu\u011fu gemiler i\u00e7in \u00f6denmi\u015f paralar, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ngilizlere ait mal ve m\u00fclklerin kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla geri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Akt. Osman \u00d6nde\u015f, Modal\u0131 Vitol Ailesi<\/em>, Tarih\u00e7i Kitapevi, 2012, s.211.<\/p>\n

2) Whittall ailesi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u0130zmir\u2019e yerle\u015fmi\u015f \u0130ngiliz ailelerdendi. Ailenin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 daha sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. En kalabal\u0131k ve en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc levanten ailelerden biriydi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz cemaatinin y\u00f6netiminde \u00f6nc\u00fc bir role sahipti. \u0130ngiliz sermayesinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6rlerindendi. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda \u0130ngiliz sermayesi \u00fclkesinin egemen durumundan yararlanmak i\u00e7in British Trade Corporation giri\u015fimiyle Levant Limited\u2019i olu\u015fturdu\u011funda, bu \u015firket yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Natonal Bank of Turkey ile Whittall \u015firketine yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ailenin do\u011frudan \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetine de \u00f6nemli yard\u0131mlar\u0131 oldu. Sina Ak\u015fin m\u00fctareke d\u00f6neminde Whittall ailesinin Vahdettin ile \u0130ngiliz Y\u00fcksek Komiserli\u011fi aras\u0131nda arac\u0131l\u0131k yapma ihtimalinden s\u00f6z eder. (Sina Ak\u015fin, \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ve Milli M\u00fccadele-1, Mutlak\u0131yete D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f<\/em>, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2010, s.123.) \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda bile Londra\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki bilgi kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri hala Whittall ailesiydi. Ayr\u0131ca aile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sosyal hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli roller oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Moda Yat Kul\u00fcb\u00fc Whittall ailesi taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

3) 16 Ekim 1923, Whittall\u2019den William Joynson Hick\u2019e, The National Archives T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

4) 25 Ekim 1923, William Joynson Hick\u2019den Neville Chamberlain\u2019e, NA T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

5) 09 Nisan 1925, D Waley\u2019den A Flint\u2019e, NA T 162\/20\/5 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

6) Further Memorandum in respect to Claims of British Subjects Arising out of the War. NA BT 11\/24.<\/p>\n

7) Memorandum in reply to the Letter Messrs. Whitthall, of 16th Octobrer, 1923; NA T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

8) A Memorandum on the Claims of British Subjects for Turkish Reparation, by J. C. Thomson, London, 1924, NA T 160\/776 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

9) Memorandum of the Views of the Meeting of British Subjects Having Claims Against the Turkish Government Arising out of the War. NA BT 11\/24 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

10) 13 Haziran 1922 tarihli dilek\u00e7e Alfred Silley imzal\u0131d\u0131r ve Board of Trade<\/em> muhatap al\u0131narak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

11) 17 \u015eubat 1923, Alfred C. Silley\u2019den D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131na, NA BT 11\/24 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

12) Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Berlin\u2019deki Deutche Bank\u2019a 3.552.000 sterlin, Viyana\u2019daki Austro-Hungarian Bank\u2019a 2.109.000 sterlin depozito olarak g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sava\u015ftan sonra m\u00fcttefiklerin Almanya ile imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Versailles ve Avusturya ile imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Saint-Germain anla\u015fmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re Berlin\u2019deki alt\u0131nlar\u0131n Frans\u0131z Bankas\u0131na (Banque de France) Viyana\u2019daki alt\u0131nlar\u0131n ise \u0130ngiliz Bankas\u0131na (Bank of England) m\u00fcttefiklerin ortak hesab\u0131na teslim edilmesi gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n

13) 9 Mart 1923 tarihli dilek\u00e7e Committee Representing British Subject in Constantinople ad\u0131na \u015fu isimler taraf\u0131ndan imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: James La Fontaine, Douglas T. Binns, F. E. Whittall, Alfred C. Silley. (NA BT 11\/24 i\u00e7inde)<\/p>\n

14) 1924\u2019de haz\u0131rlanan bir raporda \u0130ngiliz hak sahipleri lehine \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclecektir: \u0130ki gemiye el konulmas\u0131 hala tarafs\u0131z olan T\u00fcrk \u201cchauvinistic\u201d h\u00fck\u00fcmetini deliye d\u00f6nd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, bir tepki olarak sadece \u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015flara ait mal ve m\u00fclklere el konulmu\u015ftu. T\u00fcrkiye sava\u015fa girdikten sonra ise \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve \u0130talyan vatanda\u015flar\u0131 el koyma i\u015flemlerinden e\u015fit \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenmi\u015flerdi. (A Memorandum on the Claims of British Subjects for Turkish Reparation, by J. C. Thomson, London, 1924, NA T 160\/776.)<\/p>\n

15) 24 Nisan 1923, Lancelot Oliphant\u2019tan N Henderson\u2019a, NA BT 11\/24 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

16) 26 Aral\u0131k 1923, Whittall\u2019den Neville Chamberlain\u2019e, NA T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

17) (Convention Between the United Kingdom, France, \u0130taly and Japon Relative to The Assessment and Reparation of Domage Suffered in Turkey by the National of the Contracting Powers, signed at Paris, November 23, 1923, NA T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde) T\u00fcrkiye ile bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonraki bir ay i\u00e7inde imzac\u0131 devletler taraf\u0131ndan bir de\u011ferlendirme komisyonu kurulacakt\u0131. Talep sahiplerinin ayn\u0131 tarihten itibaren bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ba\u015fvuru yapm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 gerekiyordu. Konvansiyon \u00f6demeleri \u015fu ko\u015fullar ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: a- 01 A\u011fustos 1914\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 olan b\u00f6lgelerde, 1 A\u011fustos 1914 ile bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girme tarihi aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ihmal, al\u0131koyma ve el koyma i\u015flemlerinden kaynaklanabilece\u011fi gibi sava\u015f nedeninden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f do\u011frudan zararlar; b- Mal ve m\u00fclkleri \u0130zmir yang\u0131n\u0131ndan zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f imzac\u0131 devlet vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan zararlar\u0131, (komisyon daha \u00f6nceden alm\u0131\u015f tazminatlar\u0131 kendi yapabilece\u011fi \u00f6demelerden d\u00fc\u015febilece\u011fi gibi talep sahibinin ba\u015fka kaynaklardan tazminat elde etmek i\u00e7in gerekli giri\u015fimleri yapmamas\u0131 sebebiyle talebi geri \u00e7evirme hakk\u0131na da sahipti) c- (a) ve (b) maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplerden zarara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olan ve imzac\u0131 devletlerin korumas\u0131 alt\u0131nda bulunan \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n zararlar\u0131 (bu \u015fah\u0131slar \u00fczerindeki koruman\u0131n 01 A\u011fustos 1914 tarihinde ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu); d- Lozan anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihte T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyetinde kalan topraklar \u00fczerinde faaliyet g\u00f6steren ve imzac\u0131 devlet vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n 1 A\u011fustos 1914\u2019de a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 menfaatlerinin oldu\u011fu \u015firketlerinin (a) ve (b) maddelerinde tarif edilen zararlar\u0131 (bu \u015firketlere \u00f6denen toplam tazminatlar 1911 devlet bonolar\u0131 toplam\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7emeyecekti.) \u015eu zararlar ise kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: a- Kazan\u00e7 kay\u0131plar\u0131 dahil dolayl\u0131 zararlar; b- Helen otoritelerinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki eylemlerinden kaynaklana bor\u00e7lar\u0131n rambursman\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihli konvansiyon gere\u011fince Yunan h\u00fck\u00fcmetince yap\u0131lacak \u00f6demeler tutar\u0131na ili\u015fkin talepler; c- \u0130mtiyazl\u0131 \u015firketlerin T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fclk veya servislerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015fvurular.<\/p>\n

18) \u0130ki geminin sipari\u015fi Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan 1911\u2019de verilmi\u015fti. Sultan Osman\u2019\u0131n taksitlerini \u00f6demeyi, Frans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in kurulan National Turkish Bank \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bankaya y\u00fczde be\u015f faizli hazine bonosu vermi\u015f, banka da bonolar\u0131 sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1914\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6demeleri durdurunca bonolar\u0131 ellerinde tutanlar \u0130ngiliz Hazinesi ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ba\u015flad\u0131lar ve bonolar Hazine taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

19) 23 \u015eubat 1924, Whittall\u2019den Philip Snowden\u2019a, NA T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

20) 1914\u2019de Sultan Osman\u2019\u0131 teslim almak \u00fczere Rauf Bey g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015fti. Geminin Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetine 2 A\u011fustos 1914\u2019de teslim edilmesi gerekiyordu. Rauf Bey gemisinin s\u00fcvarisi olarak Londra\u2019ya kadar gitti\u011fi halde gemiyi teslim alamadan geri d\u00f6nmek zorunda kald\u0131. Gemilere \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan el konuldu\u011fu sancak \u00e7ekme t\u00f6reninden yar\u0131m saat \u00f6nce Rauf Bey\u2019e bildirilmi\u015fti. Rauf Orbay\u2019\u0131n siyasi hat\u0131rat\u0131 bu olay anlat\u0131larak ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

21) 26 \u015eubat 1924, R. N. Lindsay\u2019dan Ramsey MacDonald\u2019a, NA T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

22) 03 Nisan 1924, O. E. Niemeyer\u2019den Whittall\u2019a, NA T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

23) Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131 Tutanaklar Belgeler<\/em>, \u00c7eviren Seha L. Meray, A.\u00dc.S.B.F. Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1970, Tak\u0131m I, Cilt I, Kitap 2, s.43.<\/p>\n

24) (28 Nisan 1922, Londra Ticaret Odas\u0131 Sekreterinden, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Marquess Curzon of Kedleston\u2019a, NA BT 11\/24 i\u00e7inde.) Lord Curzon Lozan Konferans\u0131n\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nem oturumlar\u0131na \u0130ngiliz Temsil Heyeti Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131. Hem konferans genel oturumlar\u0131n\u0131n hem de 1 no\u2019lu Komisyon ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

25) 21 Haziran 1922, H. Pontain\u2019den T\u00fcrkish Reparation Commettee<\/em> Sekreterli\u011fine, NA BT 11\/24 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

26) 04 \u015eubat 1924, William Joynson Hick\u2019den Phillip Snowden\u2019a, NA T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

27) 05 \u015eubat 1924, Phillip Snowden\u2019dan Wiliam Joynson Hick\u2019se, NA T 162\/20\/2 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n

28) Belgede komite, en yorulmak bilmez grup olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. (NA T 160\/776 i\u00e7inde.)<\/p>\n

29) Memorandum of the Wiews of the Meeting of British Subjects Having Claims Against the Turkish Government Arising out of the War.<\/p>\n

30) Further Memorandum in respect to Claims of British Subjects Arising out of the War.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda biri, kapit\u00fclasyon hukuku alt\u0131nda geli\u015fen Do\u011fu\u2019daki yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccar sermayesinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geriletilmesidir. Bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meden bu s\u00fcreci durdurman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan da tespit edilmi\u015fti. \u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden tazminat talebi olarak ba\u015flayan yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, Lozan s\u00fcrecinde \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden taleplere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve m\u00fctareke d\u00f6neminde \u0130ngiliz ordusunda terc\u00fcman […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":403,"featured_media":26874,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[158,222],"tags":[3491,3490,3488,3489],"class_list":["post-26869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-121-sayi","category-tarih","tag-kapitulasyonlar","tag-levanten-sermaye","tag-lozan","tag-savas-tazminatlari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t