{"id":27155,"date":"2014-05-03T12:21:00","date_gmt":"2014-05-03T09:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=27155"},"modified":"2018-06-26T12:31:58","modified_gmt":"2018-06-26T09:31:58","slug":"konrad-zuse-ve-makineleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2014\/05\/03\/konrad-zuse-ve-makineleri","title":{"rendered":"Konrad Zuse ve makineleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zuse 1934 civar\u0131nda kendisine, bir hesap makinesinin hangi matematiksel sorular\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmesi gerekti\u011fini sorar. 30 Ocak 1936 tarihli notunda, ideal bir hesap makinesinin mimarisi ve fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. 1936\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ailesinin oturma odas\u0131n\u0131 at\u00f6lye olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n meyvesi, 1938\u2019de tamamlanan Z1 isimli hesap makinesidir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n program kontroll\u00fc ilk bilgisayar\u0131d\u0131r bu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Berlin\u2019in Kreuzberg isimli b\u00f6lgesini 2011 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda gezerken, buran\u0131n bilgisayar tarihindeki en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerden birine tan\u0131kl\u0131k etti\u011fini bilmiyordum. Lisans derslerimden dolay\u0131 Aiken, Eckert, Babbage ama \u00f6zellikle von Neumann ve Turing isimlerine al\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131m. Hen\u00fcz Konrad Zuse\u2019yi duymam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fumdan, \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u0130stanbul\u201d denilen Kreuzberg\u2019te onun izini s\u00fcrmem d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemezdi.<\/p>\n

Zuse ve di\u011ferleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dijital bilgisayar\u0131n Howard H. Aiken, John P. Eckert ve John Mauchly taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u015feklinde genel bir kabul vard\u0131r. Uzun bir s\u00fcre, Zuse\u2019nin \u00fclkesi Almanya\u2019da bile bilgisayarlara ABD\u2019nin icad\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Der Vater des Computers (Bilgisayar\u0131n Atas\u0131) olarak tan\u0131nan Zuse, \u00f6zellikle Amerika\u2019da reddedilmi\u015ftir. Bilgisayar kavram\u0131 John von Neumann\u2019a atfedilirken, bu durum sadece Zuse\u2019ye de\u011fil di\u011fer \u00f6nc\u00fc Alman bilgisayarc\u0131lara da ac\u0131 vermi\u015f olsa gerek. Konunun derinlemesine tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonrad\u0131r ki, Almanlar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ABD\u2019de dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u011fustos 1998\u2019de Berlin\u2019de toplanan D\u00fcnya Matematik Kongresi\u2019nin bir yan ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak, Paderborn\u2019da Bilgisayar Tarihi konferans\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 bu ba\u011flamda fazlas\u0131yla \u00f6nemlidir. Avrupa, ABD, Kanada ve Japonya\u2019dan \u00fcnl\u00fc bilgisayar tarih\u00e7ilerinin de kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu etkinli\u011fin kapan\u0131\u015f oturumu, bilgisayar\u0131n geli\u015fiminde kilit ad\u0131m\u0131 kimin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusuna yan\u0131t bulmay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Bilgisayar bilimcilerin yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 neticesinde ezici \u00e7o\u011funluk, can al\u0131c\u0131 katk\u0131y\u0131 Zuse\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na kanaat getirmi\u015f, onun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na hayranl\u0131k duyuldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 1999\u2019da Silikon Vadisi b\u00fcnyesinde verilen bir \u00f6d\u00fclle, bu ba\u015far\u0131 tescillenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Konrad Zuse yeniden in\u015fa edilmi\u015f Z1 ile (1988).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Zuse\u2019nin makinelerine ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, ismini anmam\u0131z gereken pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi var elbette. Matematik\u00e7i ve filozof Blaise Pascal 1641\u2019de, vergi tahsildar\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan babas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015ften tasarruf etmesini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla, mekanik olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek, toplama ve \u00e7\u0131karma yapabilen bir hesap makinesi tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Pascal\u2019dan \u00f6nce Schickard sonra ise Leibniz\u2019in de\u011ferli katk\u0131lar\u0131 reddedilemez. Charles Babbage, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda program kontroll\u00fc bir hesap makinesinin temel i\u015fleyi\u015f metotlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmi\u015f ancak zaman\u0131n\u0131n teknik olanaklar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r bir model in\u015fa etmesine izin vermemi\u015fti. Is\u0131 iletimi ile ilgili tez \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Aiken, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 diferansiyel e\u015fitlikler ve hesaplamalar\u0131n zorlu\u011fu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda y\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, 1944\u2019te sundu\u011fu hesap makinesiyle s\u00f6z konusu problemlerin \u00fcstesinden gelmi\u015fti. Kurt G\u00f6del\u2019in teorik katk\u0131lar\u0131, Alan Turing\u2019in makinesi, Atanasoff ve Berry\u2019nin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bilgisayar, ENIAC, Colossus, Mark I ve di\u011ferleri de g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemez ancak Zuse ve makinelerinin yeri t\u00fcm bunlardan ayr\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

V\u2019den Z\u2019ye bir seri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zuse, 22 Haziran 1910, Berlin-Wilmersdorf do\u011fumludur. Makine m\u00fchendisli\u011fi okumaya ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra mimarl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f yapar, ard\u0131ndan in\u015faat m\u00fchendisli\u011fine kaydolarak buradan mezun olur. 1935\u2019te e\u011fitimini tamamlay\u0131nca Henschel u\u00e7ak at\u00f6lyesinde istatistik\u00e7i pozisyonunda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Zuse\u2019nin, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilgisayar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine yol a\u00e7acak mant\u0131ksal ve teknik \u00e7abalar\u0131, 1934\u2019e kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. Babbage\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz haberdar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda, bilimsel ve teknik hesaplamalar pek \u00e7ok erkek ve kad\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmakta, yorucu bir kontrol s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7irilmektedir. Zuse 1934 civar\u0131nda kendisine, bir hesap makinesinin hangi matematiksel sorular\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmesi gerekti\u011fini sorar. 30 Ocak 1936 tarihli notunda, ideal bir hesap makinesinin mimarisi ve fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. M\u00fcthi\u015f disiplinli bir baban\u0131n o\u011flu olarak, haftada 80 saate varan yo\u011fun bir tempo yakalayan Zuse, bir bulu\u015fun sadece y\u00fczde birinin dahice fikir ve ilhamdan olu\u015ftu\u011funu, geri kalan\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan ibaret oldu\u011funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1936\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ailesinin oturma odas\u0131n\u0131 at\u00f6lye olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00fcrecin meyvesi, 1938\u2019de tamamlanan Z1 isimli hesap makinesidir. (1) D\u00fcnyan\u0131n program kontroll\u00fc bu ilk bilgisayar\u0131, neredeyse t\u00fcm oday\u0131 kaplamakta ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin onluk sisteminden farkl\u0131 olarak ikili sistemi kullanan makinenin kontrol ve bellek birimleri ayr\u0131d\u0131r. Zuse o y\u0131llarda bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015f\u0131na, makinesinin g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde d\u00fcnya satran\u00e7 \u015fampiyonunu yenece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Z1, 1945\u2019te von Neumann taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilecek olan mimari yap\u0131ya uymaktad\u0131r. Modern bilgisayar\u0131n mant\u0131ksal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk Amerikan bilgisayar\u0131 olarak bilinen ve Aiken taraf\u0131ndan 1944\u2019te geli\u015ftirilen Mark I programlanabilirdir ancak kontrol ve bellek birimleri ayr\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Z1, at\u00f6lye olarak kullan\u0131lan oturma odas\u0131nda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Askere al\u0131nan Zuse, Z2\u2019yi geli\u015ftirmeye ara vermek zorunda kalsa da 1940\u2019ta makine haz\u0131rd\u0131r. Vakum t\u00fcpleri kullanmas\u0131 tavsiye edilmi\u015f olsa da, ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu kadar\u0131n\u0131 bulmas\u0131 olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kreuzberg\u2019te, 12 May\u0131s 1941\u2019de, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk serbest\u00e7e programlanabilir hesap makinesini tamamlar. \u0130lk tam fonksiyonel, programlanabilir bilgisayar olarak da tan\u0131nan Z3, toplama, \u00e7\u0131karma, \u00e7arpma, b\u00f6lme ve k\u00f6k alma i\u015flemlerini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar. IBM\u2019in 1401 modelinin, 60\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda, \u00e7arpma ve b\u00f6lme \u00f6zelliklerini ek olarak sunabildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Zuse\u2019nin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 daha net ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir toplama i\u015flemi 0,7 saniye, \u00e7arpma i\u015flemi 3 saniye s\u00fcrmektedir. Saniyede 3-4 toplama ve \u00e7\u0131karma yapabildi\u011fi, \u00e7arpma i\u015fleminin 4 saniyeyi buldu\u011fu \u00f6rnekler de vard\u0131r. Atanasoff ve Berry\u2019nin 1939 tarihli bilgisayar\u0131 saniyede 1 toplama i\u015flemi yapabilmektedir. Z3, ikili kayan noktal\u0131 (binary floating point) sistemi kullanmaktad\u0131r. Z3\u2019\u00fc bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilgisayarlardan ay\u0131ran temel fark, program de\u011fi\u015fikliklerine izin veren bir dahili programa sahip olmamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1942\u2019de, daha h\u0131zl\u0131 i\u015flem yapabilen Z4 tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Zuse sava\u015f sebebiyle, ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu malzemeleri bulmakta zorlan\u0131nca, makineyi Berlin\u2019den G\u00f6ttingen\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131maya karar verir, ancak g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca zorlu yeni yolculuklar yapar. Z4 son olarak, Avusturya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n bir yerdeki Hinterstein\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcttefik kuvvetler, sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda aralar\u0131nda Zuse\u2019nin de bulundu\u011fu Alman m\u00fchendislerle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ancak Zuse\u2019nin makinelerinin bilimsel anlamda bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na ikna olmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Zuse, 1945-6\u2019daki teorik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda Plankalk\u00fcl isimli, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk \u00fcst d\u00fczey programlama dilini geli\u015ftirir fakat teknik olanaklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olu\u015fu, bir derleyici yazmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Me\u015fhur FORTRAN programlama dilinin kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k bir 10 y\u0131l\u0131 bulacakt\u0131r. Zuse, Plankalk\u00fcl\u2019\u00fc kullanarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk satran\u00e7 program\u0131n\u0131 tasarlar, 1958\u2019de Z22\u2019ye son h\u00e2lini verir. 1961\u2019de ise, daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ve daha az yer kaplamaya olanak veren transistorlar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Z23\u2019\u00fc bitirir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Yeniden in\u015fa edilmi\u015f Z1 Berlin\u2019de sergileniyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130\u015f hayat\u0131 ve sava\u015f sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sava\u015f pek \u00e7ok bilimsel-teknik geli\u015fmeye yol a\u00e7\u0131p onlar\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fsa da, Almanya\u2019daki bilgisayar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. Z1 ve Z2\u2019nin yap\u0131m\u0131nda 3. Reich\u2019\u0131n bir deste\u011fi olmam\u0131\u015f, projeler ki\u015fisel \u00e7abalarla finanse edilmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk bilgisayar firmas\u0131 yine Zuse\u2019ye aittir. Zuse Apparatebau ve m\u00fchendislik b\u00fcrosunun ard\u0131ndan, 1949\u2019da Zuse KG v\u00fccut bulur. Firman\u0131n, yeni \u00f6zellikler ekleyerek 1950\u2019de ETH Z\u00fcrih\u2019e teslim etti\u011fi Z4, ilk ticari bilgisayar unvan\u0131yla 1955\u2019e kadar hizmette kal\u0131r. Zuse KG, 1964\u2019te Brown Boveri & Co taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra Siemens\u2019in bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olur, Zuse ise dan\u0131\u015fman m\u00fchendis rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenir.<\/p>\n

Emeklili\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Zuse ikinci a\u015fk\u0131 resimle me\u015fguld\u00fcr, ancak bilgisayar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 kalmaz. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki bombal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larda tahrip olan Z3\u2019\u00fc 1961\u2019de, Z1\u2019i ise 1985-1989 aras\u0131nda yeniden in\u015fa eder. (2)<\/p>\n

Zuse\u2019nin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok \u00f6d\u00fcl aras\u0131nda bir tanesi olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Hitler rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden ve yakaland\u0131ktan sonra idam edilen sosyal demokrat Wilhelm Leuschner ni\u015fan\u0131, 1987\u2019de kendisine takdim edilmi\u015ftir. 6 Eyl\u00fcl 1988\u2019de H\u00fcnfeld\u2019te Konrad Zuse ad\u0131na bir dernek kurulur.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc informatik\u00e7i, bili\u015fimci F. L. Bauer taraf\u0131ndan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lan Zuse, 1993\u2019te \u201cBilgisayar – Hayat\u0131m\u201d ismiyle otobiyografisini yay\u0131mlar. 18 Aral\u0131k 1995\u2019te H\u00fcnfeld\u2019te (Almanya) ya\u015fam\u0131 son bulur. Berlin ve M\u00fcnih d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, birka\u00e7 y\u0131l ya\u015fay\u0131p okula gitti\u011fi Hoyerswerda\u2019da (Almanya) an\u0131s\u0131na hem bir an\u0131t dikilmi\u015f hem de Konrad Zuse M\u00fczesi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zuse\u2019nin ilk firmas\u0131 ise, Berlin\u2019deki Methfesselstrasse 7 numaradad\u0131r. Merakl\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fimdiden iyi yolculuklar dilerim.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Konrad Zuse Z3 ile.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Zuse\u2019nin bu ilk makinesinin ismi asl\u0131nda V-1\u2019dir, yani Versuchsmodell-1 & Deneme modeli 1<\/em>. Sonraki makineler ise V-2 ve V-3 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak arkada\u015f\u0131 Wernher von Braun taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bombalarla isim kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 Z1, Z2, vb. kullan\u0131mlar tercih edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

2) Z1 Berlin Alman Teknik M\u00fczesi\u2019nde, Z3 M\u00fcnih Alman M\u00fczesi\u2019nde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

J\u00fcrgen, A., Flessner, H., Mons, W., Pauli, K., Zuse, H., Konrad Zuse: Der Vater des Computers<\/em>, Verlag Parzeller, 2000.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zuse 1934 civar\u0131nda kendisine, bir hesap makinesinin hangi matematiksel sorular\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmesi gerekti\u011fini sorar. 30 Ocak 1936 tarihli notunda, ideal bir hesap makinesinin mimarisi ve fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. 1936\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ailesinin oturma odas\u0131n\u0131 at\u00f6lye olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n meyvesi, 1938\u2019de tamamlanan Z1 isimli hesap makinesidir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n program kontroll\u00fc ilk bilgisayar\u0131d\u0131r bu. Berlin\u2019in Kreuzberg isimli b\u00f6lgesini 2011 Kas\u0131m […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":441,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160,38,510,2023],"tags":[3561,3559,3560,331],"class_list":["post-27155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-123-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yorungemiz-bilim","tag-fortran","tag-konrad-zuse","tag-makine","tag-makine-muhendisligi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27155","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/441"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27155"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27155\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27155"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}