{"id":27545,"date":"2018-07-17T06:00:19","date_gmt":"2018-07-17T03:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=27545"},"modified":"2018-11-18T14:12:12","modified_gmt":"2018-11-18T11:12:12","slug":"aydinlanmanin-baslica-dusunurleri-kimlerdir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/07\/17\/aydinlanmanin-baslica-dusunurleri-kimlerdir","title":{"rendered":"Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri kimlerdir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilimin \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin sorular\u0131 s\u0131ralamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda tarihte geriye do\u011fru gidip insanl\u0131k ne zaman hangi sorular\u0131 sorup yan\u0131tlayarak b\u00fcy\u00fck at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekiyor. Bu da yolumuzu bilimsel devrime ve ayd\u0131nlanmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131nlanma denince akl\u0131m\u0131za orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine karabasan gibi \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f olan m\u00fcesses nizam\u0131n\u0131 cesur \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriyle delen ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri (yoksa kahramanlar\u0131 m\u0131 demeliyiz?) geliyor.<\/p>\n

Peki, kim bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler? Af\u015far ve Ali Timu\u00e7in, 50 Soruda Ayd\u0131nlanma<\/em><\/a> (1) kitab\u0131nda bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin kimler oldu\u011funu \u015fu sat\u0131rlarla aktar\u0131yorlar:<\/p>\n

\"\"
Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen filozoflar\u0131ndan, Ansiklopedi\u2019nin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden Denis Diderot (1713-1784)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cAyd\u0131nlanma\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri kimlerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c(\u2026) Ayd\u0131nlanma denince akl\u0131m\u0131za \u00f6ncelikle Denis Diderot\u2019nun y\u00f6netiminde yay\u0131mlanan Ansiklopedi<\/em>\u2019nin yazarlar\u0131 gelir. Ansiklopedi<\/em> ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n yay\u0131n organ\u0131 gibidir. Le Breton yay\u0131nevi, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan Cyclopaedia<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evrilmesi i\u015fini Diderot\u2019ya vermi\u015fti (1746). Ansiklopedi<\/em>\u2019nin as\u0131l ad\u0131 Dictionnaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des m\u00e9tiers<\/em>\u2019dir (Bilimler, sanatlar ve mesleklerle ilgili a\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fck). Diderot, on yedi b\u00fcy\u00fck ciltten olu\u015fan bu dev ansiklopedinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle d\u2019Alambert\u2019le i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131. Ansiklopedi<\/em> o zamana kadar yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f benzeri yap\u0131tlar\u0131n en geni\u015fiydi. Diderot\u2019nun amac\u0131 Cyclopaedia<\/em>\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7evirmekten \u00e7ok onu bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcyle yeniden yazmakt\u0131. Ama\u00e7 bir ansiklopedi olu\u015fturman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde insanlar\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmakt\u0131. Bu \u00e7abaya kat\u0131lan yazarlar b\u00f6ylece maddeleri yeniden ele ald\u0131lar, bir\u00e7ok maddeyi yeniden yazd\u0131lar. Ama\u00e7 insanlar\u0131 her bak\u0131mdan ayd\u0131nlatmakt\u0131, onlara bilimsel kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131n temel ilkelerini kazand\u0131rmakt\u0131. Ancak y\u00fck\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve sorumlulu\u011fun t\u00fcm\u00fc Diderot\u2019nun omuzlar\u0131ndayd\u0131, \u00f6b\u00fcr yazarlar\u0131n yava\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Diderot insan\u00fcst\u00fc bir \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermek zorundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnsiklopedi<\/em> daha \u00e7ok teknik konulara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi. Fabrika \u00fcretimi, sanayide ve tar\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemler, meslek bilgileri, makineler \u00fczerine a\u00e7\u0131klamalar, at\u00f6lyelerdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015fat konulard\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu konular tam anlam\u0131nda yetkiyle ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak i\u015flenmekteydi. Ancak i\u015fin \u00f6z\u00fc y\u00fckselen burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden Ansiklopedi<\/em>\u2019nin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sorun oldu: kurulu d\u00fczen onu ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131. Yaln\u0131z Diderot de\u011fil yap\u0131t\u0131 yay\u0131mlayan ki\u015filer de tehdit alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ancak her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131n bu b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131t yay\u0131mland\u0131 ve onun yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 oldu. Bu \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t\u0131 yay\u0131mlayanlar ve yazanlar yaln\u0131z ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n de\u011fil gelecek ku\u015faklar\u0131n da ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine inanarak bu g\u00fc\u00e7 i\u015fin i\u00e7ine girmi\u015flerdi. Ansiklopedi<\/em>\u2019ciler k\u00f6leli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorlar, feodal kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n toplumdan t\u00fcm\u00fcyle silinmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bu arada temelsiz metafizik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerle sava\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Descartes felsefesini bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden kendilerine yak\u0131n bulsalar da onun do\u011fu\u015ftan fikirler kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftiriyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u201cSiyasal bask\u0131lar art\u0131nca ba\u015fta d\u2019Alembert olmak \u00fczere kimi yazarlar\u0131n i\u015fi kaytarmaya kalkt\u0131klar\u0131 bilinir. Diderot\u2019nun bu konuda yaman bir direni\u015fi vard\u0131r. Onun K\u00f6rler \u00fczerine mektup<\/em> y\u00fcz\u00fcnden hapisaneye girmesi (1749) bile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 aksatmad\u0131. 1751\u2019de ilk cildi \u00e7\u0131kan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ancak 1772\u2019de tamamlanabildi. Kitab\u0131n yay\u0131m\u0131 zaman zaman siyasal engellerle kesildi. Birinci cilt \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7\u0131kmaz din \u00e7evrelerinin, \u00f6zellikle Cizvitlerin ve Jansenius\u2019\u00e7ular\u0131n tepkisini \u00e7ekmi\u015f, bunun \u00fczerine devlet ilk iki cildin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1759\u2019da da Ansiklopedi<\/em> tepkilerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi, bundan sonra yasaklamalarla, tehditlerle, para cezalar\u0131yla ge\u00e7en s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7ler ya\u015fand\u0131. Us\u00e7ulu\u011fun, devrimci kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131n, ele\u015ftirici ve tart\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n kitab\u0131 diye nitelendirebilece\u011fimiz Ansiklopedi<\/em> o d\u00f6nemde k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131 da derinden etkiledi. Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Baron d\u2019Holbach, La Mettrie, Helvetius, d\u2019Alembert, Condorcet, Cabanis Ansiklopedi<\/em>\u2019nin ba\u015fl\u0131ca yazarlar\u0131 olurken ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n da ba\u015fl\u0131ca ki\u015fileri oldular. Bu ki\u015filer maddeyle devinimin birbirinden ayr\u0131lmaz \u015feyler oldu\u011funu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tanr\u0131sal bir ilk devindiricisi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ya\u015fam\u0131n devingen maddenin etkinli\u011finden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdiler. Onlara g\u00f6re duyu verilerinden gelmeyen herhangi bir bilgi s\u00f6zkonusu olamazd\u0131. \u0130nsan\u0131n mutlu olmak i\u00e7in do\u011fay\u0131 izlemesi yeterliydi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong>
\n1) Timu\u00e7in, Af\u015far, Timu\u00e7in, Ali, 50 Soruda Ayd\u0131nlanma<\/em>, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2013.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilimin \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin sorular\u0131 s\u0131ralamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda tarihte geriye do\u011fru gidip insanl\u0131k ne zaman hangi sorular\u0131 sorup yan\u0131tlayarak b\u00fcy\u00fck at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekiyor. Bu da yolumuzu bilimsel devrime ve ayd\u0131nlanmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ayd\u0131nlanma denince akl\u0131m\u0131za orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine karabasan gibi \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f olan m\u00fcesses nizam\u0131n\u0131 cesur \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriyle delen ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri (yoksa kahramanlar\u0131 m\u0131 demeliyiz?) geliyor. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":453,"featured_media":27546,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624,222],"tags":[1807,2821,227,206,2791],"class_list":["post-27545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","category-tarih","tag-ansiklopedi","tag-ansiklopedistler","tag-aydinlanma","tag-bilim-tarihi","tag-diderot"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t