{"id":27845,"date":"2007-05-01T17:02:53","date_gmt":"2007-05-01T14:02:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=27845"},"modified":"2018-07-23T17:06:00","modified_gmt":"2018-07-23T14:06:00","slug":"27845","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2007\/05\/01\/27845","title":{"rendered":"Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar nereden nereye… “ABD’de olmad\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye’de yapal\u0131m”"},"content":{"rendered":"

ABD Eyalet Mahkemeleri 1925’lerden bug\u00fcne H\u0131ristiyan k\u00f6kten dincilerin evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 davalar\u0131na sahne oluyor. E\u011fitim sistemine g\u00f6z diken dinci kesimin a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 hemen her dava yarg\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fcsranla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f. Son y\u0131llarda da bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m ad\u0131yla bilim kisvesine b\u00fcr\u00fcnerek milyon dolarl\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7elerle t\u00fcrl\u00fc yollar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmaya devam ediyorlar. T\u00fcrkiye’ye konferans vermeleri i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan, ABD orijinli Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc yetkililerinin \u015fu s\u00f6zleri durumun vehametini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla ortaya koyuyor: (…) T\u00fcm okul \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin ve \u00fcniversite akademisyenlerinin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n, bir konferans\u0131n zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015fti. Dr. Gish ve Dr. J. Morris, masraflar T\u00fcrkler’e ait olmak \u00fczere konferans vermek i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar. \u0130ki dinin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f doktrinleri aras\u0131nda fazla bir fark olmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, dinler aras\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli farklar g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemezdi… Halk konferans\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ncil’e ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa herhangi bir at\u0131fta bulunulmamas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle istenmi\u015fti.<\/em><\/p>\n

Evrime e\u011fitimde yer verilip verilmemesi, \u00f6zellikle baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde her zaman tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmu\u015ftur. Evrim bir taraftan biyolojinin temel kuram\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki evrim olmadan biyoloji \u00f6\u011fretmenin hi\u00e7bir anlam\u0131 yoktur. Di\u011fer taraftan Evrim Kuram\u0131’n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n, ortak bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, kutsal kitaplar\u0131n dinciler taraf\u0131ndan kat\u0131 yorumuna uymamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle canl\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 yarat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar de\u011fi\u015fmeden geldiklerini savunan dinciler, Evrim Kuram\u0131’n\u0131 toplumun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek, \u00f6\u011fretimini engellemek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yola ba\u015fvurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, evrim konusunda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan, Evrim Kuram\u0131’na destekleyici kan\u0131tlar bularak bilime katk\u0131da bulunan pek \u00e7ok dindar bilim insan\u0131 da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dinci kesimin evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 davalar\u0131\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 dedi\u011fimiz dinci kesim, 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD’nin, Tennesee Eyaleti’nde evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir yasa ge\u00e7irmede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu. Bu yasaya g\u00f6re okullarda biyoloji derslerinde evrimden ve Darwin’den s\u00f6z etmek yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ve benzeri yasalar, 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD Anayasa Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan iptal edilene kadar bir\u00e7ok eyalette y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kald\u0131. \u0130ptal karar\u0131na yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, “biyoloji derslerinde yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f ve evrime e\u015fit zaman ayr\u0131lmas\u0131” \u015feklindeki yasalar\u0131 anayasadan ge\u00e7irterek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi. Ancak bir\u00e7ok eyalette y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan bu yasalar, 1980’li y\u0131llarda Anayasa Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 gerek\u00e7elerle y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131: “Evrim bir bilimdir. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ise dinsel bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Okullarda evrim \u00f6\u011fretmeyerek \u00f6\u011frencileri bilimin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rakmak ne denli yanl\u0131\u015fsa, \u00f6\u011frencilere bir fen dersinde dinsel bir \u00f6\u011freti olan yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir fen dersi ile birlikte \u00f6\u011fretmek de o denli yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dinsel bir dogma ile bilimsel bir kuram birlikte \u00f6\u011fretilemez.”<\/p>\n

Daha sonra taktik de\u011fi\u015ftiren yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Alabama Eyalet’inde okullarda biyoloji kitaplar\u0131na evrimi yalanlama etiketlerinin yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131flarda evrim konusu i\u015flenmeden \u00f6nce bu yalanlama etiketinin okunmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan bir yasa ge\u00e7irdiler.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka eyaletlerde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini gizleyen yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, kendilerini okullar\u0131n y\u00f6netim\u00a0 kurullar\u0131na ve eyalet e\u011fitim y\u00f6netim kurullar\u0131na se\u00e7tirdiler. Sonra da m\u00fcfredat\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 biyoloji derslerine koymaya ve evrimi m\u00fcfredattan kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bu konular s\u00fcrekli dava konusu edildi ve her seferinde yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar yarg\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde mahk\u00fbm oldu.<\/p>\n

Bu davalardan en \u00f6nemlileri, ABD Anayasa Mahkeme’sinde1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen Arkansas’a kar\u015f\u0131 Epperson davas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu davada Anayasa Mahkemesi, anayasan\u0131n bir eyalete, \u00f6\u011fretme ya da \u00f6\u011frenmedeki isteklerini, herhangi bir dinsel tarikata ya da dinsel bir \u00f6\u011fretinin ilkelerine ya da yasaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re belirleyemeyece\u011fine karar vererek evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yasalara ilk darbesini vurdu. Bunu izleyen davalarda ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde kararlar al\u0131nd\u0131. 1981’de bir veli, evrim derslerinin \u00e7ocu\u011funun ve kendisinin dinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ya\u015famalar\u0131na engel oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle\u00a0\u00a0 Kaliforniya Eyaletini dava etti. Sacremento Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi evrim \u00f6\u011fretiminin dinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere engel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde karar verdi.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin laiklik ilkesi gerek\u00e7esi ile d\u0131\u015flanmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, onlara g\u00f6re yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k dinsel de\u011fil bilimsel bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bunun \u00fczerine\u00a0 Arkansas Eyalet Meclisi de, evrim bilimi ile yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f bilimine biyoloji derslerinde e\u015fit zaman ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir yasay\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi. Federal B\u00f6lge Mahkemesi, bu yasay\u0131 1982’de yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f biliminin bilim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi ile iptal etti. 1987’de Aquillard’a kar\u015f\u0131 Edwards davas\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesi, Lousiana’da evrimin \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fi her yerde yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da \u00f6\u011fretilmesini zorunlu k\u0131lan yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yasas\u0131n\u0131 iptal ederken ayn\u0131 gerek\u00e7eyi kulland\u0131. Karara g\u00f6re, insan\u0131n do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc bir varl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren bir yasa, dinsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin \u00f6\u011fretilmesini zorunlu k\u0131lmakta ve yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f biliminin \u00f6\u011fretilmedi\u011fi yerlerde, evrim \u00f6\u011fretilmesini de yasaklayarak yasa kapsaml\u0131 bir bilim e\u011fitimine de zarar vermektedir.<\/p>\n

1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yarg\u0131 Capistrano Okul B\u00f6lgesi’ne kar\u015f\u0131 Pelazo davas\u0131nda da, okul b\u00f6lgesinin biyoloji derslerinde evrim \u00f6\u011fretilmesi talebine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan ve evrimi bir din olarak nitelendiren yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc reddetti ve bir \u00f6\u011fretmenin dinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ihlal etmedi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde karar verdi.<\/p>\n

1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise yarg\u0131, Tangipahoa Kilisesi E\u011fitim Y\u00f6netim Kurulu’na kar\u015f\u0131 Frailer davas\u0131nda, yarg\u0131 her evrim dersinden \u00f6nce, \u00f6\u011fretmenin evrimi yalanlayan bir a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 okumas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011funu kald\u0131rd\u0131 ve “bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m” y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki m\u00fcfredat de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00f6nerilerinin, daha \u00f6nceki yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 \u00f6nerilerden farkl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verdi.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, yarg\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 bu yenilgilere kar\u015f\u0131n hi\u00e7bir zaman m\u00fccadeleden vazge\u00e7mediler. Her zaman yeni taktikler denediler. Bu arada, ABD’li k\u00f6kten dinci H\u0131ristiyan yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kazand\u0131klar\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131 yerli i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ileri ile birlikte T\u00fcrkiye’de biyoloji derslerine yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc koymak olmu\u015ftu. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn temellerini T\u00fcrkiye’de sa\u011flamca atabilmek i\u00e7in defalarca T\u00fcrkiye’ye gelerek halk konferanslar\u0131 verdiler. Bu konferanslar\u0131n biri Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc yay\u0131n organ\u0131 olan Acts and Facts dergisinin Aral\u0131k 1992’de \u00e7\u0131kan 21. cildinin 12. say\u0131s\u0131nda “T\u00fcrkiye’de Tarihsel Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yaz\u0131da \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131l\u0131yor: “Ge\u00e7en ekimin sonunda ICR (Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc) bilim adamlar\u0131 Dr. Duane Gish ve Dr. John Morris b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclke olan T\u00fcrkiye’de Bilimsel Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k konusunda bir konferansa kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. K\u0131smen T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen bu benzersiz konferansta… H\u0131ristiyan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bilim adamlar\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n bilimsel kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 sundular.<\/p>\n

“1980’li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda bir g\u00fcn Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (ICR) T\u00fcrk Milli E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 Say\u0131n Vehbi Din\u00e7erler’den, davetsiz bir telefon ald\u0131. Dini b\u00fct\u00fcn bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak Mr. Din\u00e7erler yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fa inan\u0131yordu (yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n Kuran’daki anlat\u0131m\u0131 \u0130ncil’deki ile hemen hemen ayn\u0131yd\u0131). T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin bir \u00fcyesi olarak, t\u00fcm e\u011fitim sistemine vak\u0131f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in okullar\u0131nda bask\u0131n olan laik temelli salt evrim \u00f6\u011fretimine son verip, bunun yerine yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f ve evrime e\u015fit zaman ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki modelli bir sistemi getirmek istiyordu. Bunun sonucu olarak yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n bilimsel (\u0130ncil’deki de\u011fil) kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren ICR’\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kitaplar\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evrildi ve T\u00fcrkiye’de t\u00fcm okul \u00f6\u011fretmenlerine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131”.<\/p>\n

Vehbi Din\u00e7erler’in yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan yan\u0131t\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vehbi Din\u00e7erler’in bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’nca \u0130ngilizce’den T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye\u00a0 \u00e7evrilip \u00fccretsiz olarak \u00f6\u011fretmenlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan kitaplardan biri Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Modeli ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. As\u0131l ad\u0131 Scientific Creationism (Bilimsel Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k) olan bu kitap Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn (ICR) o d\u00f6nemdeki ba\u015fkan\u0131 Henry M. Morris taraf\u0131ndan Evrim Kuram\u0131’n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek ve kutsal kitaplardaki yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunmak amac\u0131 ile kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir \u00f6nceki c\u00fcmlede ge\u00e7en “bilimsel” ve “ara\u015ft\u0131rma” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri\u00a0 \u0130ncil’deki yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc okul kitaplar\u0131na sokabilmek i\u00e7in ona bilimsel bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f verme amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir kand\u0131rmacadan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. ABD’de yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik maskeler alt\u0131nda okullara sokma m\u00fccadelesi defalarca dava konusu olmu\u015f ve her seferinde yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u00a0 yarg\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde kaybetmi\u015flerdir. Bir kuram\u0131n do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na tabii ki yarg\u0131 karar veremez. ABD’de de yarg\u0131 bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011fil, fakat bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn dinsel mi, yoksa bilimsel mi oldu\u011fu ve bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn okullarda okutulmas\u0131n\u0131n laikli\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda karar vermi\u015ftir. Laikli\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu defalarca mahkeme kararlar\u0131 ile belirlenmi\u015f olan bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn \u00fclkemizde biyoloji \u00f6\u011fretim program\u0131na sokulmas\u0131ndan sorumlu olan Bakan Vehbi Din\u00e7erler bana g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi e-postada: “Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f teorisini m\u00fcfredata ekleyenler sizin gibi akademisyenlerdir. Bakan\u0131n takdiri sadece tekelcili\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n daha h\u00fcr, daha bilimsel, daha tart\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 bireylerin yeti\u015fmesindeki ‘tekilci ve tekelci’ engelleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak olmu\u015ftur… Yoksa siz Darwin kuram\u0131n\u0131n veya herhangi bir kuram\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyenlerden misiniz?”<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131zda bir\u00e7ok bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n ve propagandistin yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 -ya da bilin\u00e7li olarak yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131- yap\u0131p son derece objektif olarak bir ‘ger\u00e7e\u011fi’ tespit etmi\u015fsiniz, te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim: Din\u00e7erler’in Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda <…evrime se\u00e7enek olarak yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc eklenmi\u015ftir..> diyorsunuz. \u0130\u015fte bu tesbitiniz ‘teori’ de\u011fil ger\u00e7e\u011fin ta kendisidir” demektedir. Bu s\u00f6zler \u00fczerine yorum yapma gere\u011fini duymuyorum.<\/p>\n

ABD’li yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar T\u00fcrkiye’ye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi gen\u00e7lerimize benimsetmekten en ba\u015fta sorumlu olmas\u0131 beklenen laik T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin bir Milli E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 ABD’deki k\u00f6ktendinci bir kurulu\u015fa ba\u015fvurarak yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc biyoloji \u00f6\u011fretim program\u0131na sokma konusunda onlardan yard\u0131m isteyebilmi\u015ftir. Bu kurulu\u015fun yard\u0131mlar\u0131 ve Say\u0131n Bakan\u0131n takdirleri ile kolayl\u0131kla okullar\u0131m\u0131za giren yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015fi hen\u00fcz bitmemi\u015ftir. Darwin’i \u00e7\u0131karmak gerekmektedir biyoloji kitaplar\u0131ndan. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc y\u00f6neticileri 1992’de \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 olarak T\u00fcrkiye’ye gelirler. Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen makalede bu olay \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131l\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

“… T\u00fcm okul \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin ve \u00fcniversite akademisyenlerinin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n, bir konferans\u0131n zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015fti. Dr. Gish ve Dr. J. Morris, masraflar T\u00fcrkler’e ait olmak \u00fczere konferans vermek i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bu s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 talep, kabul edilmeden \u00f6nce dikkatlice tart\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ki dinin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f doktrinleri aras\u0131nda fazla bir fark olmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, dinler (H\u0131ristiyan ve \u0130slam dinleri kastediliyor) aras\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli farklar g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilemezdi… Halk konferans\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ncil’e ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa herhangi bir at\u0131fta bulunulmamas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle istenmi\u015fti”.<\/p>\n

Acts and Facts dergisinin Eyl\u00fcl 1998, 27. Cilt, 9. say\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan “ICR T\u00fcrkiye’deki yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f hareketine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyor” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 haberde ise T\u00fcrkiye’de \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir hareketin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenerek \u015f\u00f6yle devam ediliyor: “Y\u0131llard\u0131r topluma egemen olan laiklik ve e\u011fitimde evrimsel darbeye art\u0131k tahamm\u00fcl edilmeyecek. T\u00fcrkiye’den Bilim Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Vakf\u0131 buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve \u015fimdi T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015fa olan inan\u00e7lar\u0131na sar\u0131larak ahlaki temellerine d\u00f6nmeleri i\u00e7in te\u015fvik ediyor. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nden bu konuda yard\u0131m istediler ve biz de bu iste\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131k”<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece ABD’li k\u00f6ktendinciler ve yerli i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ileri, 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’de ABD’de ba\u015faramad\u0131klar\u0131 toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projesini y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydular. Bunda da bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilirim. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc milli e\u011fitimimiz, Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn “ya\u015famda en ger\u00e7ek yol g\u00f6sterici bilimdir” yolundan sapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye, evrimi ve bilimi benimseyen \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda en sonuncu s\u0131raya yerle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yeni stratejisi: Kama<\/strong><\/p>\n

Son zamanlarda yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanan bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m ise yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n en yeni taktiklerindendir. Bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m \u00f6nermesinde, canl\u0131lar\u0131n bilin\u00e7li bir do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc varl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m, k\u00f6ktendinci H\u0131ristiyan yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc okullarara sokma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n, ABD Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131n laiklik ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131mda, laiklik ilkesine ters d\u00fc\u015fmemek i\u00e7in herhangi bir dine ya da Tanr\u0131’ya at\u0131fta bulunulmamaktad\u0131r. Bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m\u0131n toplumda yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanmak ve evrimi, do\u011fal bilimleri y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in izledi\u011fi \u00f6zel bir strateji vard\u0131r. Bu stratejiye “wedge” (kama) denilmektedir. Bir k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00fczerinde bulunan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7atla\u011fa yerle\u015ftiren kama, s\u00fcrekli darbelerle k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn i\u00e7ine n\u00fcfuz eder ve k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en sonunda nas\u0131l ikiye b\u00f6lerse, kama stratejisi de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Darwincili\u011fe, evrime ve bilimsel materyalizme yava\u015f yava\u015f n\u00fcfuz edecek ve sonunda onu par\u00e7alayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Seattle’de bulunan ve ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m, askeri reform, ekonomi ve \u00e7evre konular\u0131nda fikir \u00fcreten bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fu olan Discovery Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, kama stratejisinin de sponsorlu\u011funu \u00fczerine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kama, bilimdeki ve fen e\u011fitimindeki din kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tutumu engellemek i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f olan K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Bilimin Yenilenmesi Merkezi’nin (KBYM) bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Discovery Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn Kurucu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Bruce Chapman’a g\u00f6re bu Discovery Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn bir numaral\u0131 projesidir.<\/p>\n

Milyon dolarl\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rma b\u00fct\u00e7eleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do\u011fal olarak b\u00f6yle bir hareketin mali deste\u011fe gereksinimi vard\u0131r. KBYM de bir\u00e7ok “yard\u0131msever” taraf\u0131ndan deste\u011fe lay\u0131k bulunmu\u015ftur. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en \u00f6nde geleni, Howard Ahmanson’dur. Howard Ahmanson’un en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi ise, ABD’deki sa\u011fc\u0131 k\u00f6kten dinci\u00a0 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en a\u015f\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 olan Chalcederon Vakf\u0131 adl\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan bir kurulu\u015fun y\u00f6netim kurulunda uzun s\u00fcre hizmet etmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Discovery Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatmak amac\u0131yla, Ahmanson taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131lda 300 bin dolar destek sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, di\u011fer kurulu\u015flar\u0131nkiler ile birlikte bu deste\u011fin 1999’da y\u0131lda 1,9 milyon ABD dolar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1992 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana etkin olan ve Philip Johnson’un \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi bu kama hareketi \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r: 1) Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma, yazma ve yay\u0131nlama, 2) Tan\u0131t\u0131m ve fikir olu\u015fturma, 3) K\u00fclt\u00fcrel kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma ve yenilenme.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma, yazma ve yay\u0131nlama denilen birici k\u0131s\u0131mda: a) Bireysel ara\u015ft\u0131rma burs program\u0131, b) Paleontoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rma program\u0131, c) Molek\u00fcler biyoloji burs program\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk a\u015fama olan bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ile bilgi \u00fcreterek, bu bilgileri yazma ve kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, kama stratejisinin temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. KBYM, son derece c\u00f6mert bir burs program\u0131 \u00f6nermektedir. Bir y\u0131ll\u0131k, tam zamanl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma burslar\u0131, y\u0131lda 40 bin ile 50 bin dolar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. K\u0131sa d\u00f6nem burs programlar\u0131 ise 2.500 ile 15 bin dolar aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen burslar vermektedir. Burs program\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131l\u0131nda 270 bin dolar burs da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu burslar\u0131n, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmesi ve bunun sonucu olarak bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m\u0131 destekleyen veriler \u00fcretilmesi beklenir. Fakat sonu\u00e7, s\u0131f\u0131r elde var s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. Bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m, bilimsel hipotezler \u00fcretebilecek bir yap\u0131da olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma projesi geli\u015ftirilememi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte KBYM bursiyerleri yay\u0131n ve kamuoyu olu\u015fturma konular\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lar elde etmi\u015flerdir. Ne var ki bilimsel indekslerce taranan dergilerde hemen hemen hi\u00e7 yay\u0131nlar\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

KBYM’nin 1997 y\u0131l sonu g\u00fcncellemesinde, bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m \u00fczerindeki dan\u0131\u015fma toplant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki KBYM burslular\u0131n\u0131 ve dostlar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirdi\u011finden s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Bu arada “kama”n\u0131n iki bilim insan\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r: Sanfrancisco \u00dcniversitesi’nden biyoloji profes\u00f6r\u00fc Paul K. Chien ve Leigh \u00dcniversitesi’nden biyokimya profes\u00f6r\u00fc \u00fcnl\u00fc Michael Behe. Bu kama \u00fcyelerinin bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m \u00fczerindeki bilimsel \u00fcretimleri, pek parlak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Chien’e 1999 Haziran’\u0131nda \u00c7in’de uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015ftay d\u00fczenlemesi i\u00e7in yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan Discovery Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, daha sonra Chien’i fizyoloji alan\u0131nda uzman olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00c7in’de ke\u015ffedilen Chengjiang fosilleriyle ilgili bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015ftay d\u00fczenlemi\u015f olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00c7inli paleontologlarla ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle paleontolojide uzmanm\u0131\u015f gibi tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, \u00c7in as\u0131ll\u0131 olmas\u0131 sonucunda \u00c7in’deki Chengjiang fosillerine bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Chien’in bu ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanan Discovery Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, okullarda bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in fosil kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131tarak yay\u0131nlar yapabilmektedir. Behe’nin de, Chien gibi, bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m \u00fczerinde hakemli bilimsel dergilerde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f bir yay\u0131n\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kama stratejisinin ilk a\u015famas\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan yeni yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, tan\u0131t\u0131m ve kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma ve yenilenme olan ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc a\u015famalarda olduk\u00e7a etkin olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Tan\u0131t\u0131m ve kamuoyu olu\u015fturma konusundaki etkinlikleri, kitap yay\u0131nlama, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma konferanslar\u0131, ilahiyat seminerleri, \u00f6\u011fretmen e\u011fitim programlar\u0131, \u00f6nemli gazetelerde ba\u015fyaz\u0131lar \u00e7\u0131karma, televizyon programlar\u0131, internette tan\u0131t\u0131m gibi etkinliklerdir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrel kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma ve yenilenme konusundaki etkinlikleri ise, evrimcilerle, bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelece\u011fi paneller d\u00fczenleme, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131nda bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6\u011freten \u00f6\u011fretmenlere hukuk dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi alanlar\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusunda hi\u00e7bir s\u0131nanabilir hipotez \u00fcretemeyen bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m hareketi, Tanr\u0131dan ya da herhangi bir dinden s\u00f6z edilmemesine kar\u015f\u0131n Evangelizm’de derin k\u00f6klere sahiptir ve k\u00f6kten dinci H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck parasal deste\u011fine dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitzmiller ad\u0131nda bir veli \u00e7ocu\u011funa okulda bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m \u00f6\u011fretilmesi nedeniyle Dover Okul B\u00f6lgesi Y\u00f6netimi’ne kar\u015f\u0131 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda dava a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu davay\u0131 karara ba\u011flayan yarg\u0131\u00e7 Jones, karar\u0131nda bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m\u0131n bilim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 1) Do\u011fa olaylar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada, bilimin y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k kurallar\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc nedenler arayarak ve bunlar\u0131 do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc nedenlere ba\u011flayarak ihlal etti\u011fini, 2) Bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m\u0131n temel tezi olan indirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 1980’lerde mahk\u00fbm edilen yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f bilimiyle ayn\u0131 kusurlu mant\u0131\u011fa sahip oldu\u011funu, 3) Bilimin, bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m\u0131n evrime olumsuz sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131ma son darbeyi vurmu\u015ftur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar, okullara girmek i\u00e7in kamuoyu olu\u015fturma ve yeni taktikler geli\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131ndan asla vazge\u00e7memektedirler.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) H. Morris, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Modeli, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara, 1985.<\/p>\n

2) D. T. Gish, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f, Evrim ve Halk E\u011fitimi, T.C. Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00c7\u0131rakl\u0131k ve Yayg\u0131n E\u011fitim M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 1985.<\/p>\n

3) “Historic Creation Conference in Turkey”, Acts and Facts, 1992, 21:12.<\/p>\n

4) “ICR Assists Turkish Creation Movement”, Acts and Facts, 1998, 27:12.<\/p>\n

5) A. Kence, “E\u011fitimde k\u00f6kten dinci i\u015fbirli\u011fi” \u00dcniversite-Toplum, Eyl\u00fcl 2002:4.<\/p>\n

6) B. Forrest, The wedge at work: how intelligent design creationism is wedging its way into the cultural and academic mainstream. Intelligent design creationism and its critics’de (Pennock, R. T. Editor). 5-53.s, MIT Press, Cambridge, England, 2002.<\/p>\n

7) R. T. Pennock, Why creationism should not be taught in the public schools. Intelligent design creationism\u00a0 and its critics’de (Pennock, R. T. Editor) 755-777.s, MIT Press, Cambridge, England, 2002.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ABD Eyalet Mahkemeleri 1925’lerden bug\u00fcne H\u0131ristiyan k\u00f6kten dincilerin evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 davalar\u0131na sahne oluyor. E\u011fitim sistemine g\u00f6z diken dinci kesimin a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 hemen her dava yarg\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fcsranla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f. Son y\u0131llarda da bilin\u00e7li tasar\u0131m ad\u0131yla bilim kisvesine b\u00fcr\u00fcnerek milyon dolarl\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7elerle t\u00fcrl\u00fc yollar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmaya devam ediyorlar. T\u00fcrkiye’ye konferans vermeleri i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan, ABD orijinli Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc yetkililerinin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":59,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77,21,38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-39-sayi","category-biyoloji","category-dergi-sayilari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t