{"id":27854,"date":"2012-06-01T17:20:01","date_gmt":"2012-06-01T14:20:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=27854"},"modified":"2018-07-23T17:33:04","modified_gmt":"2018-07-23T14:33:04","slug":"yaratilisciligin-curutulmesine-taksonomi-katkisi-harun-yahyanin-cakma-fosilleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2012\/06\/01\/yaratilisciligin-curutulmesine-taksonomi-katkisi-harun-yahyanin-cakma-fosilleri","title":{"rendered":"Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine taksonomi katk\u0131s\u0131 Harun Yahya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7akma fosilleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131, evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 savlar\u0131n ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmesine taksonominin \u00f6nemli katk\u0131 yapabilece\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermek. Makalenin y\u00f6ntemini, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Harun Yahya mahlas\u0131yla faaliyet g\u00f6steren yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f yanl\u0131s\u0131 cephenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca eseri \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n taksonomi temelini dikkatle g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek olu\u015fturuyor. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temel hedefi, fosillerin ve ya\u015fayan organizmalar\u0131n \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011funu, yani canl\u0131lar\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan beri de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fini sergilemek suretiyle evrimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini kan\u0131tlamak. Fakat bu sav\u0131n \u00fczerine in\u015fa edildi\u011fi taksonomi temeli, g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7l\u00fck derecesine varacak kadar ba\u015ftan sona hatal\u0131. \u00d6yle ki, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131n\u0131n, evrim kuram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ciddi bir meydan okuma te\u015fkil etmeyi bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131n, zerre biyolojik ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi dahi yok. <\/em><\/p>\n

Biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi betimleyi\u015fin ve s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131n hem kuram\u0131 hem uygulamas\u0131 olan taksonomi (Bromham, 2008; Schuh & Brower, 2009; Hawksworth, 2010), \u00e7o\u011funlukla, tehdit alt\u0131nda bulunan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma disiplini olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131r; bilimsel ilgi alan\u0131n\u0131n ve ge\u00e7erlili\u011finin dar kapsaml\u0131 oldu\u011fu, hatta daha k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, bilimsel zemininin k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr (Vernon, 1993; Agnarsson & Kunter, 2007). Pek \u00e7ok ele\u015ftiriden biri olan bu sonuncu sav\u0131n nedeni, biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde temel bir birimin olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r, yani canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn anlam\u0131 (tan\u0131m\u0131) konusunda genel bir fikir birli\u011finin olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r (Baum, 2009; Brooks & Helgen, 2011). Do\u011frusu, farkl\u0131 ve bazen birbirleriyle tutars\u0131z 25 adet t\u00fcr kavram\u0131n\u0131n var oldu\u011fu (Mayden, 1997; Richards, 2010) ve taksonomicilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun, \u00fczerinden kendi t\u00fcr tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yorumland\u0131\u011f\u0131 canl\u0131 t\u00fcr kavram\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a form\u00fcle etmeksizin t\u00fcrleri tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, taksonomi hakk\u0131nda, hipotez olarak do\u011frulu\u011funun s\u0131nanmas\u0131na varana dek \u015f\u00fcphelerin uyanmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil. Fakat tekrar tekrar i\u015faret edildi\u011fi gibi, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcr kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u015fekillenmi\u015f t\u00fcr betimlemeleri, s\u0131nanmaya a\u00e7\u0131k hipotezler ve savlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir zenginlik sunar; \u00f6yle ki taksonomi, nitelikli ve sa\u011flam bilimsel uygulama olma \u015fart\u0131na m\u00fckemmelen uymaktad\u0131r (Wheeler ve Valdecasas, 2007; Bininda-Emonds, 2011; Haszprunar, 2011).<\/p>\n

Taksonominin sa\u011flam bilimsel temeli olsa bile, bu \u00e7abaya ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fdi\u011fi elbette d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Bu ba\u011flamda, taksonominin \u00e7o\u011funlukla yeterince takdir edilmeyen \u00f6zel bir de\u011ferine odaklanmak; yani yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar ve ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131m yanl\u0131lar\u0131 gibi evrim kuram\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcya bilimsel, yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 savlarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmaktaki temel \u00f6nemine de\u011finmek istiyoruz. Asl\u0131nda, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n temellerini anlamak i\u00e7in makul taksonomi bilgisinin \u00f6nemini bizzat Charles Darwin de fark etmi\u015fti! Nihayetinde, geni\u015f kesimlerin benimsedi\u011fi romantik efsanelerin aksine Darwin, Galapagos Adalar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyaret s\u0131ras\u0131nda aniden evrimci i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fclerle ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Aksine, t\u00fcrlerin de\u011fi\u015fmez do\u011fas\u0131na ili\u015fkin inanc\u0131n\u0131, bu simgesel tak\u0131madalardan ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ancak bir bu\u00e7uk sene sonra terk etti (Sulloway, 1982b, 1984). Darwin, \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye, yuvas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fcp baz\u0131 taksonomistlerle yak\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131ktan sonra evrim kuram\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir; ba\u015fka bilimciler gibi taksonomistler de, Darwin\u2019in kimi yanl\u0131\u015f tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131n\u0131 ve karman \u00e7orman s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmi\u015fti (Sulloway, 1982a, b). Darwin\u2019in, makul taksonomi \u00f6nerilerine duydu\u011fu gereksinim (her ne kadar bu \u00f6neriler, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 inan\u00e7lara ba\u011fl\u0131 taksonomistlerden gelmi\u015f olsa da), Galapagos\u2019un hem ku\u015flar\u0131yla hem de dev kaplumba\u011falar\u0131yla ilgili, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki hatal\u0131 ve kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yorumlar\u0131ndan bellidir (Sulloway, 1982a, b, 1983; Steinheimer, 2004; Sulloway, 2009) [Not: yayg\u0131n s\u00f6ylencenin aksine Darwin, evrime dair d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini \u015fekillendirirken, kendi ad\u0131 verilen ispinozlar\u0131 de\u011fil (Darwin ispinozlar\u0131), alayc\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131 temel alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Sulloway, 1982a, 1983; Steinheimer, 2004)].<\/p>\n

Taksonominin evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemi, bizzat Darwin\u2019in sonradan taksonomici olup kaya midyeleri \u00fczerinde uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011finden de bellidir. 62 adet yeni kaya midyesi t\u00fcr\u00fc betimlemi\u015ftir (Castilla, 2009). Her ne kadar Darwin\u2019in kaya midyelerine duydu\u011fu taksonomi temelli ilgi, bilimsel itibar kazanma meselesi miydi (Yoon, 2009: 62) yoksa bu hayvanlar i\u00e7in duydu\u011fu uzun soluklu, hakiki merak\u0131n (Love, 2002; Van Wyhe, 2007) yans\u0131mas\u0131 m\u0131yd\u0131, tamamen a\u00e7\u0131k olmasa da, kaya midyeleri konulu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, evrimle ilgili fikirlerini geli\u015ftirmesinde ona \u00f6nemli ek cephane sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez (Love, 2002; Van Wyhe, 2007).<\/p>\n

Taksonominin, evrim kuram\u0131na dayanak sa\u011flayan vazge\u00e7ilmez bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma disiplini oldu\u011fu belli; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu makalenin amac\u0131, taksonominin ayn\u0131 zamanda, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ve ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131m hareketlerinin savundu\u011fu evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine de yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermek. Bilhassa, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den \u0130slamc\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Harun Yahya\u2019n\u0131n (HY) kimi son yay\u0131nlar\u0131nda evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 reddedi\u015finin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131, hatta sa\u00e7ma taksonomi ve biyoloji temelini sergileyece\u011fiz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00f6zellikle k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015f\u00f6hretli \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131\u201dna (YA) (Resim 1) ve ilintili kitaplara odaklanaca\u011f\u0131z, ayr\u0131ca HY\u2019nin, YA\u2019y\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in kurdu\u011fu sanal fosil m\u00fczesine de (http:\/\/www.fossil-museum.com) de\u011finece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Bizden \u00f6nce YA\u2019ya ciddi olarak kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nday\u0131z (Decleir, 2008; Musaji, 2009), yine de bundan \u00f6nce verilen ele\u015ftirel yan\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, nispeten farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde sunuldu (gazetelerde, dergilerde, radyo ya da TV sohbetlerinde, internet sitelerinde…) ve\/veya YA\u2019da bol bol bulunan bariz hatalar\u0131n, yanl\u0131\u015f yorumlar\u0131n ve yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin pek az\u0131 ele al\u0131nd\u0131 (Anthis, 2007b; Glaubrecht, 2007; Myers, 2008; Dawkins, 2008; Hameed, 2009). Bu da anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir durum, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc YA\u2019n\u0131n bilimsel itibar\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n (daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya bak\u0131n\u0131z). Bu y\u00fczden \u00e7o\u011fu biyolog, HY yay\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki bariz kusurlar\u0131 ilan etmekten ba\u015fka bir i\u015fe yaramayacak \u00e7abaya zaman ve enerji harcamay\u0131 gereksiz bulabilir. Ancak, YA\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019da, bilhassa M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r ilgi g\u00f6rmesi ve bu ilgi sayesinde kitab\u0131n, baz\u0131 ulusal E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131klar\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Avrupa Konseyi (2007) d\u00fczeyinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, \u00f6\u011fretmenlere ve e\u011fitimcilere YA\u2019yla ilgili daha kapsaml\u0131 bilgi sa\u011flaman\u0131n faydal\u0131 olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz, b\u00f6ylece YA\u2019y\u0131 ciddiye alabilecek \u00f6\u011frencilerden gelen sorular\u0131 yan\u0131tlamaya kendilerini haz\u0131rlayabilirler. Nihayetinde, Avrupa okullar\u0131n\u0131n bilim m\u00fcfredat\u0131nda yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yasaklanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenciler, YA\u2019da ifade edilenler gibi yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 fikirlerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelebilir. Daha k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, hem ABD\u2019de hem de Avrupa\u2019da yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 hareketler, \u201ckullan\u0131ma haz\u0131r\u201d sorular haz\u0131rl\u0131yor ki \u00f6\u011frenciler bu sorularla biyoloji \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin \u201cmaskesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcp\u201d utand\u0131rs\u0131nlar ve \u00f6\u011fretmenlerden ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u201cs\u00f6ke s\u00f6ke als\u0131nlar\u201d (Wells, 2001; Dembski, 2004-2011, 2006; Colson, 2011). HY\u2019nin de \u00f6nceden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir soru listesini \u015fu tavsiyeyle vermesi hi\u00e7 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil: \u201c\u00d6\u011frenciler, \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinize bu sorular\u0131 sorun ve Darvincili\u011fin \u00e7aresizli\u011fine kendi g\u00f6zlerinizle \u015fahit olun\u201d (Harun Yahya, 2011a; daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z Harun Yahya, 2003).<\/p>\n

Elbette soru sormak su\u00e7 de\u011fil, aksine, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve e\u011fip b\u00fckt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sorular, ki\u015fi haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011filse, bunalt\u0131c\u0131 olabilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu makalenin amac\u0131, HY\u2019nin ve kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 YA\u2019n\u0131n dayanaks\u0131z metnini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek amac\u0131yla \u00f6\u011fretmenlere ve e\u011fitimcilere sade bir ara\u00e7 ve belge vermektir. Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz \u201ckullan\u0131ma haz\u0131r\u201d sorulara verilecek \u00f6zg\u00fcl yan\u0131tlar i\u00e7in \u015fu kaynaklara at\u0131fta bulunuyoruz: Pigliucci (2002: 252-259), Isaak (2007) ve NCSE (2008).<\/p>\n

Makalemizde \u201cyarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u201d terimini (ve t\u00fcrevlerini) geni\u015f anlamda kullan\u0131yoruz, yani evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 reddeden t\u00fcm ak\u0131ll\u0131 tasar\u0131m inan\u00e7lar\u0131 y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 kapsama al\u0131yoruz (yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\/evrim devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir derleme i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z: Scott, 2009).<\/p>\n

Bu makalenin kimi yerlerinde, yorumlar, g\u00fcnceler, y\u00fcklenecek dosyalar, \u00f6zg\u00fcl foto\u011fraflar i\u00e7eren internet sitelerine at\u0131fta bulunuyoruz. Foto\u011fraflar\u0131n telif korumas\u0131 olabiliyor, ger\u00e7i bu durum HY\u2019y\u0131 rahats\u0131z etmiyor gibi; pek \u00e7ok foto\u011fraf\u0131, telif hakk\u0131 sahibinin izni olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ve\/ya da isim zikretmeksizin kullanm\u0131\u015f. Daha k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, HY, sanal fosil m\u00fczesinde bu foto\u011fraflar\u0131n telif hakk\u0131n\u0131n kendisinde oldu\u011funu iddia ediyor! \u0130lgili internet sitelerinin adresleri, kaynak\u00e7a b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuna eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Harun Yahya (HY)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Harun Yahya ad\u0131, iki peygamber isminin birle\u015fimidir: Musa\u2019n\u0131n karde\u015fi Harun (Kuran<\/em> Suresi 20:30) ve Zekeriyya\u2019n\u0131n (Zeyd bin Ali) o\u011flu Yahya (Kuran<\/em> Suresi 3:38-41 ve Sure 19: 2-15); ikisi de halklar\u0131n\u0131n imans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f. Ayn\u0131 gelene\u011fi takip eden HY, Kuran<\/em>\u2019\u0131n mesaj\u0131n\u0131 halka nakletmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yor ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u015funu istiyor: \u201cDin d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ideolojilerin tek tek her temel ilkesini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek ve \u201cson s\u00f6z\u00fc\u201d s\u00f6ylemek, b\u00f6ylece dine y\u00f6neltilen itirazlar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle susturmak\u201d (YA\u2019n\u0131n \u201cYazar Hakk\u0131nda\u201d k\u0131sm\u0131ndan).<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda Harun Yahya\u2019n\u0131n, Adnan Hoca ya da Adnan A\u011fabey diye de bilinen Adnan Oktar\u2019\u0131n mahlas\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyor (Arda, 2009). Adnan Hoca, birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131 d\u00f6rt konu etraf\u0131nda bir dizi kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131d\u0131r: 1) \u0130slam\u00ee inan\u00e7, Kuran<\/em>, Mehdi\u2019nin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, 2) din kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 komplo kuramlar\u0131 (HY, Yahudi d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ve mason kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r; 2002 y\u0131l\u0131na dek Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da yads\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bak\u0131n\u0131z: Hopkins (2003), Bartholomew (2009) ve 32 numaral\u0131 internet sitesi), 3) yeni Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k (T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi), 4) evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 (Darvincili\u011fi) reddetmek (Riexinger, 2008). Bu d\u00f6rt kategori i\u00e7inde, YA \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u201c\u015faheserdir,\u201d \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bizzat HY\u2019ye g\u00f6re sadece 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 8.000.000 n\u00fcsha, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 2.000.000 n\u00fcsha sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 2008\u2019de ise sat\u0131\u015flar ikiye katlanm\u0131\u015f (Steinvorth, 2008; ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z Schneider, 2011)! Etkileyici ve inanmas\u0131 zor rakamlar do\u011frusu.<\/p>\n

HY\u2019nin toplam \u00fcretimi muazzam: yetmi\u015ften fazla dilde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczden fazla kitap (baz\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n kaset kayd\u0131 da var), DVD, VCD, VHS format\u0131nda y\u00fczden fazla belgesel film, bir ayl\u0131k dergi (\u201c\u0130lm\u00ee Mercek\u201d) ve s\u00fcrekli g\u00fcncellenen say\u0131s\u0131z internet sitesi (34 numaral\u0131 internet sitesine bak\u0131n\u0131z). Belli ki bu, tek ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 de\u011fil ve t\u00fcm HY eserlerini Adnan Oktar\u2019\u0131n bizzat yazmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda pek \u015f\u00fcphe yok (Boagerts, 2005; Edis, 2007: 129; Schneider, 2011). Bunun yerine, Oktar\u2019\u0131n \u00fcretimi \u201csay\u0131s\u0131z hayalet yazar\u201d (Lumbard ve Nayed, 2010: 87) taraf\u0131ndan destekleniyor; bunlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla toplumsal konumu y\u00fcksek, varl\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flardan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, mesela avukatlar ve t\u0131p doktorlar\u0131 gibi (Boagerts, 2005; Schneider, 2011); ayr\u0131ca bunlar, 1990\u2019da Adnan Oktar etraf\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyesi olabiliyor da olmayabiliyor da (Numbers, 2006: 422). Bu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn ad\u0131, \u201cBilim Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Vakf\u0131\u201dd\u0131r (BAV) (internet sitesi 35) ve bilimsel etkinliklerinin amac\u0131: \u201cBilhassa evrenin k\u00f6kenine, canl\u0131 varl\u0131klara ve insano\u011fluna odaklanmakt\u0131r. BAV, din\u00ee inan\u00e7lar\u0131 reddeden ve bilimi ateizme dayand\u0131ran on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l pozitivizminin kusurlu oldu\u011funu vurgular ve bunun yerine, canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n ve insano\u011flunun k\u00f6kenine dair \u2018zeki tasar\u0131m\u2019 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunur; bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn k\u00f6kleri, g\u00fcncel bilimsel bulgulara uzan\u0131yor.\u201d Yani k\u0131sacas\u0131: gayrimadd\u00ee bir evrenbilim yaratmak ve evrime kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak (Numbers, 2006: 422). Somut olarak konu\u015fmak gerekirse, BAV d\u00fcped\u00fcz HY yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n reklam\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131yor ve HY\u2019nin evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 fikirlerini yaymak i\u00e7in halka y\u00f6nelik (toplu) \u201cbilimsel\u201d etkinlikler tertipliyor.<\/p>\n

Adnan Oktar\u2019\u0131n pek \u00e7ok yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve hayalet yazar\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, t\u00fcm yay\u0131nlar\u0131 sadece \u201cHarun Yahya\u201d mahlas\u0131yla bas\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu tutum, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n geleneksel tarikat \u00f6nderi imgesiyle tutarl\u0131d\u0131r: \u00f6nderin g\u00fcya \u00fcst\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel becerileri ve etkileyici \u00f6\u011fretmen duru\u015fu, m\u00fcthi\u015f yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan yans\u0131r (Edis, 2007). Bu y\u00fczden, \u201cHarun Yahya\u201d ismi tek yazara de\u011fil, bir yazarlar ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ait oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, makalemizin \u201ckaynak\u00e7a\u201d k\u0131sm\u0131nda bu isme marka muamelesi yapt\u0131k (\u201cY\u201d harfiyle ba\u015flayan kaynaklar aras\u0131na de\u011fil de \u201cH\u201d harfiyle ba\u015flayan kaynaklar aras\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmesinin de nedeni bu).<\/p>\n

HY kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yazanlar\u0131n kim oldu\u011funa bakmaks\u0131z\u0131n, bizzat Adnan Oktar\u2019\u0131n hi\u00e7 bilim altyap\u0131s\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez. \u0130stanbul\u2019da g\u00fczel sanatlar (i\u00e7 tasar\u0131m) ve felsefe e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f (Numbers, 2006:422). Ancak, 1) HY\u2019nin evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yay\u0131nlar\u0131 cafcafl\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ve \u201cbilimsel\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc sergiledi\u011fi i\u00e7in, 2) kitaplar\u0131 pek \u00e7ok dilde bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, 3) bas\u0131n yay\u0131ndan, bilhassa internetten sonuna kadar faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in (Edis, 2007; Riexinger, 2002, 2008), ve 4) Kuran<\/em> temelli bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc sundu\u011fu i\u00e7in, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e2leminde en ra\u011fbet g\u00f6ren ve en g\u00fcr evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ses haline gelmesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131lmamal\u0131 (Edis, 2007; Hameed, 2007, 2008, 2010; Wiles, 2011). \u00d6yle ki, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 tan\u0131tan g\u00f6zde bir kitapta HY, \u015f\u00f6yle betimleniyor: \u201cG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e2leminin en \u00fcst\u00fcn iki bilim ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131ndan biri; evrime ya da insano\u011flunun ani yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na muhalif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri savunuyor…\u201d ve \u201cHem do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn sunulan hem de mant\u0131\u011fa dayanan savlar ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor, ayr\u0131ca M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda seyreden mevcut tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n zenginli\u011fine epey katk\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.\u201d (Emerick, 2002:81)<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda HY, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en etkin 500 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131 listelerine de d\u00e2hil ediliyor (Esposito ve Kalin, 2009; Lumbard ve Nayed, 2010; Schleifer, 2011); bunun sebebi, bilimsel etkisi ve: \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve \u0130slam konusunda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen uzman\u0131 olmas\u0131, 1,6 milyondan fazla hayran\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131\u201d (Lumbard ve Nayed, 2010).<\/p>\n

Dahas\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman akademisyenler zaman zaman HY\u2019yi ciddi bilimsel kaynak olarak g\u00f6steriyor (Majid, 2002; Nasr, 2006: 342), kimi \u00fclkelerde ise \u00f6\u011fretmenler ve e\u011fitimciler (mesela Endonezya, Nijerya), HY\u2019nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan bilim s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131nda yararlan\u0131yor (Butt, 2009; \u0130slam\u00ee E\u011fitim Vakf\u0131, 2009; Lemu, 2009). Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta bile, Britanya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Konseyi, HY\u2019nin internet sitesini okullara \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6neriyor: \u201c\u00d6rne\u011fin evrim kuramlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, bilimle ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel merakla ilgili \u0130slam\u00ee bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 bir internet sitesi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yine de HY\u2019nin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman akademisyenler \u00fczerindeki etkisinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir (Ghaly, 2010; Wiles, 2011). Bununla birlikte, genelde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00f6\u011frenciler HY\u2019nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131na pek\u00e2l\u00e2 a\u015finad\u0131r ve evrim sorular\u0131yla muhatap olurken bu yaz\u0131lara at\u0131fta bulunurlar (Boagerts, 2005; Koning, 2006; Jacobsen, 2011: 287-287). Elbette bu, HY\u2019nin YA gibi \u201cbilimsel\u201d katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 ve sa\u00e7ma sapan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 if\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in sa\u011flam bir neden daha say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131 (YA)<\/strong><\/p>\n

YA tek kitap de\u011fil; \u015fimdilik (Aral\u0131k 2011) \u0130ngilizcede \u00fc\u00e7 cildi bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fakat daha fazla cildinin bas\u0131lmas\u0131 beklenen bir kitap dizisidir. Ciltler devasad\u0131r, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri 38 x 28 x 5 santimetredir, her biri be\u015f kilodan a\u011f\u0131r gelir; cilde ve bask\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak her cilt yakla\u015f\u0131k 750 il\u00e2 950 sayfad\u0131r. Albenilidirler, yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6zenlidir, sert kapakl\u0131d\u0131rlar, renkli foto\u011fraflarla bezeli g\u00f6rsellikleri zengindir, y\u00fcksek kaliteli ku\u015fe k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130zini s\u00fcrebildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla, birinci cildin ilk \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mazisi 2006 Ekimine dek uzan\u0131yor, fakat aradan ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede \u015fimdiden on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bask\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kas\u0131m 2008). \u0130kinci cildin ilk \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131s\u0131 2007 \u015eubat\u0131nda piyasaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve halihaz\u0131rda be\u015finci bask\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ekim 2008), \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc cildin ise sadece birinci \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131s\u0131 mevcut (A\u011fustos 2007). Belli ki kitaplar\u0131n amac\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir okuyucu kitlesine ula\u015fmak, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcn T\u00fcrk\u00e7e versiyonlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, pek \u00e7ok ba\u015fka dilde \u00e7evirileri var. Bu bak\u0131mdan birinci cilt \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, zira \u0130ngilizceye, Frans\u0131zcaya, Almancaya, \u0130spanyolcaya, \u0130talyancaya, \u00c7ek\u00e7eye, \u00c7inceye, Japoncaya, Rus\u00e7aya, Arap\u00e7aya, Endonezyacaya, Hint\u00e7eye, Urducaya \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir, \u00fcstelik ba\u015fka dillere \u00e7evrilmesini de bekleyebiliriz!<\/p>\n

YA ciltlerinin muhtemelen en \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131, her ne kadar yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlama masraf\u0131 kuvvetle muhtemel \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olsa da (Anthis, 2007a; Dawkins, 2008 tarihli video) ve kitap\u00e7\u0131larda normal fiyat\u0131 cilt ba\u015f\u0131na 99 dolar olsa da, 39 dolarl\u0131k \u00f6zel fiyata sat\u0131n al\u0131nabiliyor (Resmi Harun Yahya D\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131, 2011) ya da internetten bedava indirilebiliyor olmalar\u0131d\u0131r (Harun Yahya, 2010). Ancak, bu giri\u015fimin masraflar\u0131n\u0131 Harun Yahya\u2019n\u0131n nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fmu\u015f de\u011fil. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk YA cildinin, talep olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ortaokul ve \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011fretmenlerine, profes\u00f6rlerine bedava da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 (Enserink, 2007) Avrupa e\u011fitim sisteminde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yaratarak, bu durumu iyice dikkate de\u011fer k\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6yle ki, bu makalenin yazarlar\u0131ndan birine de (TB) YA\u2019n\u0131n birinci cildinin (ikinci bask\u0131) n\u00fcshas\u0131 geldi. Bu kitaplar\u0131n binlerce n\u00fcshas\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermenin posta masraflar\u0131 herhalde kayda de\u011ferdir, fakat bir kez daha, HY i\u00e7in paran\u0131n mesele olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ayn\u0131 \u015fevkle, YA\u2019n\u0131n bedava n\u00fcshalar\u0131n\u0131 ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6ndererek faaliyetinin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir (Dean, 2007; Hameed, 2007). S\u00f6z a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken, kendisine ara bi\u00e7im fosili g\u00f6sterecek ki\u015fiye 8.010.890.000.000 Amerikan dolar\u0131 vadeden HY i\u00e7in para hi\u00e7 sorun de\u011filmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor (Butt, 2008; Dawkins, 2008 video; Musaji, 2009). Bu nevi sa\u00e7ma belagat, YA\u2019da kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kacaklar i\u00e7in uygun bir giri\u015f te\u015fkil ediyor.<\/p>\n

YA\u2019n\u0131n her cildi, \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fur: 1) ba\u015fl\u0131ca jeolojik d\u00f6nemler boyunca ya\u015fam tarih\u00e7esinin k\u0131sa tasla\u011f\u0131yla birlikte fosiller hakk\u0131nda nispeten k\u0131sa bir tan\u0131t\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131 ve fosillerin evrimi reddedip yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011frulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen genel bir ifade, 2) HY\u2019nin, ya\u015fam\u0131n evrimle\u015fmedi\u011fini, tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131l\u0131p o zamandan beri de\u011fi\u015fmeden kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla fosil \u201cbulgular\u0131n\u0131\u201d sundu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131s\u0131m, 3) kl\u00e2sik evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 savlar\u0131 ele alan bir dizi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn meydana getirdi\u011fi uzun bir ek ya da sonu\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin termodinami\u011fin ikinci yasas\u0131, ge\u00e7i\u015f fosillerinin s\u00f6z\u00fcm ona yoklu\u011fu, Darvincilerin sahtecilikleri ve hileleri (mesela insan evrimiyle ilgili sahtecilikler, Haeckel\u2019in \u00e7izimleri…), radyometrik tarihlemenin g\u00fcvenilmezli\u011fi, tasar\u0131m sav\u0131 (mesela biyolojik yap\u0131larda, evren bilimde…), indirgenemez karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, i\u015flevsel proteinlerin ya da DNA dizisinin tesad\u00fcfen olu\u015fma ihtimalinin bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, Miller-Urey deneyinin yetersizli\u011fi, t\u00fcr i\u00e7i \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin evrim manas\u0131na gelmedi\u011fi iddias\u0131, ku\u015flar\u0131n ve memelilerin hayal\u00ee evrimi, evrimsel t\u00fcrde\u015flik (homoloji) \u201cefsanesi\u201d vesaire. Her ne kadar bu fikirlerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu H\u0131ristiyan yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 belagatten al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olsa da, HY\u2019nin evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 belagatine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6zellik var: 1) H\u0131ristiyan dini \u00e7er\u00e7evesine g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fcyor, bunun yerine Kuran<\/em>\u2019a dayal\u0131 \u0130slam\u00ee bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yor, 2) HY yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck Patlamaya varana kadar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ve evrenin eski \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyor, ve 3) HY\u2019ye g\u00f6re, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, nazicilik, kom\u00fcnizm, marksizm vesaire gibi d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin kayna\u011f\u0131 evrim kuram\u0131ym\u0131\u015f (Darvincilik). Hatta bu meseleye ili\u015fkin olarak HY, New York D\u00fcnya Ticaret Merkezine yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n (11 Eyl\u00fcl 2001) foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 YA\u2019ya koymu\u015ftur ve o ter\u00f6ristlerin asl\u0131nda Darvinci oldu\u011funu iddia ediyor (YA birinci cilt, on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bask\u0131, sayfa 725; d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc bask\u0131, sayfa 621; ikinci bask\u0131da sayfa 589) (ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z Steinvorth, 2008)!<\/p>\n

Bu makalede, YA\u2019n\u0131n sadece ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131yoruz, yani HY\u2019nin, g\u00fcya evrimi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcten fosil kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131. Botanik uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, hayvanlar\u0131 incelemekle yetiniyoruz. Geri kalan\u0131na gelince, YA\u2019n\u0131n birinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda HY\u2019nin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 iddialara, bu konuya dair geni\u015f yaz\u0131nda yeterince kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz (Pigliucci, 2002; Shanks, 2004; Young ve Edis, 2004; Isaak, 2007; Sarkar, 2007; Coyne, 2009; Schneiderman ve Allmon, 2009; Scott, 2009). Dahas\u0131, yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 savlara kar\u015f\u0131 ciddi belgelerle verilen yan\u0131tlar \u015fu internet sitelerinde bulunabilir: \u201cThe Talk Origins Archive\u201d (http:\/\/www.talkorigins.org\/) ve \u201cThe Panda\u2019s Thumb\u201d (http:\/\/www.pandasthumb.org\/).<\/p>\n

YA\u2019dan s\u00f6z ederken alt\u0131 kitaba odaklan\u0131yoruz: (parantezlerde belirtildi\u011fi gibi k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r): Birinci cilt, ikinci bask\u0131 (C1-2) (Harun Yahya, 2007b); birinci cilt, on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bask\u0131 (C1-13) (Harun Yahya, 2008a); ikinci cilt, birinci bask\u0131 (C2-1) (Harun Yahya, 2007c); ikinci cilt, be\u015finci bask\u0131 (C2-5) (Harun Yahya, 2008b); \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc cilt, birinci bask\u0131 (C3) (Harun Yahya, 2007d); C1 ya da C2, ilgili cildin t\u00fcm bask\u0131lar\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, HY\u2019nin internet tabanl\u0131 \u201cFosil M\u00fczesi\u201dndeki foto\u011fraflara, \u201cFM-kod\u201d k\u0131saltmas\u0131yla at\u0131fta bulunaca\u011f\u0131z ki burada \u201ckod,\u201d FM\u2019deki kayd\u0131n referans numaras\u0131d\u0131r. Bu farkl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 k\u0131yaslaman\u0131n nedeni basit: HY, de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin nedeninin belirtildi\u011fi bir \u201cd\u00fczeltme notu\u201d eklemeksizin, kitaplar\u0131ndaki maddeleri d\u00fczenli olarak de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor, ikame ediyor ya da at\u0131yor (Musaji, 2009). Asl\u0131nda, nitelikli bilim uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n aksine HY, (\u00e7ok say\u0131daki) hatalar\u0131n\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul edemiyormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

YARATILI\u015e ATLASI VE \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDEK\u0130 TAKSONOM\u0130 HATALARI<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Daha \u00f6nce belirtildi\u011fi gibi, YA\u2019n\u0131n ana k\u0131sm\u0131 (ikinci k\u0131s\u0131m), HY\u2019nin \u201cezici\u201d fosil kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 sunup, t\u00fcm t\u00fcrlerin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki haliyle yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla evrimin asla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermeyi hedefliyor. Ciddi bilimsel yay\u0131nlarda b\u00f6ylesi bir yarg\u0131, ilgili verilerin nas\u0131l topland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, tahlil edildi\u011finin ve yorumland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etrafl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131yla desteklenmek zorundad\u0131r. Dahas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu bilgi \u00f6yle bir \u015fekilde sunulmal\u0131 ki okuyucu, o \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 tekrarlay\u0131p do\u011frulayabilsin, b\u00f6ylece yazar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve yorumlar\u0131 sa\u011flam m\u0131 de\u011fil mi kendi ba\u015f\u0131na karar verebilsin. Fakat YA\u2019daki \u201ckan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u201d bu \u015fekilde sunulmakla ve ele al\u0131nmakla uzaktan yak\u0131ndan ilgisi yok. Bunun aksine HY\u2019nin izledi\u011fi yol, (bazen \u00e7ok ho\u015f) y\u00fczlerce fosil foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u201ct\u00fcr\u00fcn\u201d canl\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle birlikte ayn\u0131 sayfada g\u00f6stermekten ibaret. Dahas\u0131 bu \u201ckar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131\u201d foto\u011fraflara, \u015fu bilgileri veren resim alt\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015flik ediyor: 1) \u201ct\u00fcr\u00fcn\u201d yerel \u0130ngilizce ad\u0131, 2) fosilin k\u00f6keni, ya\u015f\u0131 ve son olarak boyutu, 3) farkl\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle ayn\u0131 genel mesaj\u0131n tekrarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa bir metin; bu mesaj, fosiller ve yeni \u00f6rnekler \u00f6zde\u015ftir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla evrim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015ftir, diyor.<\/p>\n

Deniz zambaklar\u0131n\u0131 bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc tutturamad\u0131!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Burada temel sorun, sundu\u011fu \u00f6rneklerin taksonomi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011fru olmas\u0131n\u0131 HY\u2019nin dert etmeyi\u015fidir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tamamen yanl\u0131\u015f, hatta sa\u00e7ma \u201cbenzerlikler\u201d ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bizden \u00f6nce pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, HY\u2019nin sundu\u011fu fosil deniz zambaklar\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunarak bu meseleyi zaten a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131; HY\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu fosiller, mevcut deniz zambaklar\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015f. Ancak, HY\u2019nin C1-2\u2019de (sayfa 55, 368, 415 ve 574) g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi g\u00fcncel \u201cdeniz zambaklar\u0131\u201d asl\u0131nda sabella cinsine mensup fan kurt\u00e7uklar\u0131d\u0131r (Resim 2), yani farkl\u0131 bir \u015fubeye ait olmakla kalmazlar (derisi dikenlilere kar\u015f\u0131 halkal\u0131 solucanlar) ayr\u0131ca farkl\u0131 bir \u201c\u00fcst-\u015fubeye\u201d girerler (\u0130kincil a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 birincil a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131lar ya da lophotrochozoa) (Dawkins, 2008)! 2008 bask\u0131s\u0131nda HY, C1\u2019den t\u00fcm deniz zamba\u011f\u0131 fosillerini \u00e7\u0131kararak bu hatay\u0131 d\u00fczeltti, ama C2\u2019de (sayfa 167) bir \u00f6rne\u011fi b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve \u015fu notu yazm\u0131\u015f: \u201cResimde, \u00e7ok iyi korunmu\u015f 345 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k deniz zamba\u011f\u0131 fosili g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcm ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor ki bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 ya\u015fayan deniz zambaklar\u0131yla aralar\u0131nda hi\u00e7 fark yok\u201d (Ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z FM-SY0708).<\/p>\n

Maalesef, HY yine yan\u0131l\u0131yor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcncel \u201cdeniz zamba\u011f\u0131\u201d diye s\u00f6z etti\u011fi \u015fey, s\u0131rtiplikliler \u015fubesine mensup, sert y\u00fczeylere tutunan bir tulumlu (ascidiacea) olan deniz lalesi Pyura spinifera<\/em>\u2019d\u0131r (Resim 3)! Burada tuhaf olan \u015fey, ayn\u0131 foto\u011fraf\u0131n do\u011fru t\u00fcr adland\u0131rmas\u0131yla birinci internet sitesinde bulunabilmesidir (ger\u00e7i, deniz bitkisi olarak yanl\u0131\u015f adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor). Fakat ne \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r ki HY, deniz zamba\u011f\u0131-sabella kurt\u00e7u\u011fu hik\u00e2yesinden bile ders almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc FM\u2019sinde deniz zamba\u011f\u0131 fosilleri FM-SY0858\u2019i ve FM-SY0835\u2019i h\u00e2l\u00e2 sabella fan kurt\u00e7uklar\u0131yla birlikte g\u00f6steriyor (Resim 4) (ger\u00e7i \u00f6teki foto\u011fraflar asl\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek deniz zambaklar\u0131d\u0131r, internet siteleri 15-16)!<\/p>\n

Ha deniz y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 ha y\u0131lan y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131, fark etmez!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda HY, derisi dikenliler \u00e2leminde Asteroidea (deniz y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131) ve Ophiuroidea (y\u0131lan y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131) s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yaparken de sorun ya\u015f\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Dawkins bunu zaten belirtmi\u015f (2008 video); C1-2\u2019de ve C1-4\u2019de 403. sayfada HY\u2019nin, fosil y\u0131lan y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u201cbu hayvanlar, bug\u00fcn ya\u015fayan hayvanlardan farkl\u0131 de\u011fil, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir kez daha evrimin ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyorlar\u201d diye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 deniz y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015f. Her ne kadar bu hata, C1-13\u2019te deniz y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 foto\u011fraf\u0131 iki ger\u00e7ek y\u0131lan y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 foto\u011fraf\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f olsa da, C3\u2019te bu kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam ediyor; bu cildin 120. ve 130. sayfalar\u0131nda HY, hem fosil hem de g\u00fcncel y\u0131lan y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cdeniz y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda g\u00f6steriyor. Tamamen ayn\u0131 fosiller (FM-SY0794 ve FM-SY0795) g\u00fcncel deniz y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131yla birlikte g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015f olsayd\u0131, elbette bu yaz\u0131m hatas\u0131 olabilirdi; \u015funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor: \u201cAradan ge\u00e7en 490 milyon y\u0131l i\u00e7inde zerre de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f olan deniz y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131, evrime b\u00fcy\u00fck darbe indiriyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Y\u0131lan m\u0131 bal\u0131k m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

HY\u2019nin \u00fcnl\u00fc ba\u015fka bir taksonomi gaf\u0131 da, C1-4\u2019te ve C1-2 sayfa 468-469\u2019da y\u0131lanbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 fosilini deniz y\u0131lan\u0131yla, muhtemelen bir Laticauda <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fcyle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r (Dawkins, 2008) (Resim 5; internet sitesi 2). Bunlar a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a iki ayr\u0131 taksondur (kemikli bal\u0131klar ve y\u0131lanlar)! Ayn\u0131 fosilin yan\u0131na, deniz y\u0131lan\u0131 foto\u011fraf\u0131 yerine g\u00fcncel fakat \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u201cy\u0131lanbal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131n koyulmas\u0131yla birlikte bu hata C1-13\u2019te d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f (Hameed, 2009); ayn\u0131 fosil C1\u2019in 469. sayfas\u0131nda birtak\u0131m k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck y\u0131lanbal\u0131klar\u0131yla (y\u0131lanbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yavrusu) ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Ancak, deniz y\u0131lan\u0131 konusundaki hatay\u0131 Dawkins (2008) a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurmu\u015f olsa da, FM-SF0134 ve FM-SF0135 maddelerinde deniz y\u0131lan\u0131 foto\u011fraf\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 g\u00fcncel y\u0131lanbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak sunuluyor. Son olarak HY, y\u0131lanbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 fosilini C3\u2019te ve FM-SC0909\u2019da (Resim 7) g\u00fcncel ta\u015femen (lamprey) t\u00fcr\u00fcyle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rarak kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tavana vurduruyor ve \u015funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor: \u201cBilimsel veriler ve buluntular g\u00f6steriyor ki y\u0131lanbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 daima y\u0131lanbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak var olmu\u015ftur\u201d!<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, y\u0131lanbal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n (omurgal\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Actinopterygii) daima y\u0131lanbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak var oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcncel ta\u015femenden faydalanmak (omurgal\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Petromyzontida), y\u0131lanbal\u0131klar\u0131 ile deniz y\u0131lanlar\u0131n\u0131n (omurgal\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler) \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011funu iddia etmek kadar aptalca! \u00dcstelik HY, ayn\u0131 ta\u015femen foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131, olas\u0131 ta\u015femen fosilleriyle birlikte kullan\u0131p \u015funu iddia ediyor: \u201cta\u015femenler hep ayn\u0131yd\u0131. Milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ta\u015femen ile bug\u00fcn ya\u015fayan aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 fark yok.\u201d Buras\u0131, i\u015fin iyice sarpa sard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya HY, y\u0131lanbal\u0131klar\u0131 ile ta\u015femenlerin \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyip okuyucunun akl\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor ya da ta\u015femenlerin ve y\u0131lanbal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda ne oldu\u011fu konusunda hi\u00e7 fikri yok.<\/p>\n

Her g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u2018\u00e7iftkabuklu\u2019yu \u2018istiridye\u2019 sanma!<\/strong><\/p>\n

HY\u2019nin bariz hatalar\u0131na dair eski \u00f6rnekler bizden \u00f6nce k\u0131smen a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olsa da, en az bunlar kadar \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 pek \u00e7ok hata daha var, fakat bas\u0131nda ayn\u0131 ilgiyi \u00e7ekmemi\u015fler. Bunlar\u0131n hepsini sunmaya kalk\u0131\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131z (s\u0131ralad\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z zaten fazla, yine de yerimiz hepsine yetmiyor), fakat baz\u0131lar\u0131na k\u0131saca de\u011finece\u011fiz, s\u0131rf \u00f6nceki ele\u015ftirilerin istisna\u00ee vakalar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, YA\u2019n\u0131n genel do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

YA\u2019da yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle tek kabuklular\u0131n ve \u00e7ift kabuklular\u0131n son derece k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 sunulmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131. Nihayetinde, 1) kapsaml\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla iyi korunmu\u015f fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131, 2) y\u00fcksek t\u00fcr say\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilikleri, 3) ve kabuk \u00f6zelliklerine dayanarak kabaca te\u015fhis edilmelerinin kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, YA\u2019da \u015fimdikine k\u0131yasla daha fazla tek kabuklu ve \u00e7ift kabuklu \u00f6rne\u011fi g\u00f6rmeyi beklerdik. Asl\u0131nda HY, C1\u2019in 376-377. sayfalar\u0131nda sadece iki tek kabuklu fosili g\u00f6steriyor, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u00f6rne\u011fi ise C1-13 sayfa 618\u2019de sergiliyor. \u201cTek kabuklu\u201d ve \u201cSalyangoz kabu\u011fu\u201d diye etiketlenmi\u015fler. Mevcut y\u00fcz binden fazla t\u00fcr\u00fc ve isim konmu\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131k 13.000 cinsi (g\u00fcnceller ve fosiller birlikte) (Lindberg ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2004) olan bir organizma k\u00fcmesine g\u00f6re, HY\u2019nin k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015f \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k, hem t\u00fcr zengini bu toplulu\u011fun temsili a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem de anlams\u0131z tan\u0131mlamalar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan. Bu konuda daha fazlas\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n

C1 sayfa 178-179\u2019da HY\u2019nin sundu\u011fu \u00e7ift kabuklu \u00f6rnekleri daha da ilgin\u00e7 (Resim 8). Burada, mevcut bir Pectinidae t\u00fcr\u00fc (deniz tara\u011f\u0131) ile g\u00fcya 410 il\u00e2 360 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden kalma bir \u00e7iftkabuklu g\u00f6steriyor; bu \u00e7iftkabuklunun \u00fcst taraf\u0131nda tipik pektin halkalar\u0131 eksik ve her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda Pectinidae olamayacak kadar eski. Asl\u0131nda en eski Pectinidae fosili Triyasik d\u00f6nemine uzan\u0131r, yani 250 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine (Hertlein, 1969). C1-2\u2019de HY bu malzemeyi \u201ckabuk ve istiridye\u201d olarak te\u015fhis ediyor ve \u015funu yaz\u0131yor: \u201cEn az 360 milyon y\u0131l boyunca de\u011fi\u015fmeden kalan istiridyeler, t\u00fcrlerin birbirlerinden tedricen evrimle\u015fti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen evrimcilere meydan okuyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131, burada sunulan \u00f6rneklerin istiridyeyle hi\u00e7 alakas\u0131 yok, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla HY, tan\u0131m\u0131 \u201c\u00e7iftkabuklu\u201d diye de\u011fi\u015ftirerek ve metinde \u201cistiridyeler\u201d yerine \u201c\u00e7iftkabuklular\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koyarak bu hatay\u0131 C1-4\u2019te ve C1-13\u2019te \u201cd\u00fczeltmi\u015ftir\u201d… sanki burada hangi takson ad\u0131n\u0131n belirtildi\u011finin \u00f6nemi yokmu\u015f gibi. Ancak, bu d\u00fczeltmeye ra\u011fmen HY, C3\u2019te g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u201cdeniz tara\u011f\u0131\u201d (s. 222-223) i\u00e7in istiridye tan\u0131m\u0131na geri d\u00f6n\u00fcyor (Resim 9), \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc orada yine \u015funu yaz\u0131yor: \u201c\u0130stiridyelerin nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f 15.000 t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor… g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise 11.000 t\u00fcr h\u00e2l\u00e2 hayatta. Burada resmi sunulan fosil, Pectinidae ailesinin mensubudur ve s\u00f6z konusu yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar\u0131n y\u00fcz milyonlarca y\u0131l boyunca de\u011fi\u015fmeden kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Belli ki HY i\u00e7in \u201cistiridye\u201d ile \u201c\u00e7ift kabuklu\u201d e\u015f anlaml\u0131 kelimeler, b\u00f6ylece Pectinidae\u2019yi \u201cistiridye\u201d ailesi say\u0131yor. Fosil \u00f6rne\u011fi FM-SC0204, \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bu tutumu onayl\u0131yor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc burada HY, ger\u00e7ek bir istiridye fosilini g\u00fcncel Pectinidae (internet sitesi 8\u2019den al\u0131nan foto\u011fraf) ile Tridacnidae foto\u011fraflar\u0131yla birlikte sergiliyor. Bu niteliksiz taksonomi ve isimlendirme yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, insan, acaba HY, C3\u2019\u00fcn 222-223. sayfalar\u0131ndaki \u201cdeniz taraklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f m\u00fcd\u00fcr diye merak ediyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc fosil ile g\u00fcncel \u00f6rne\u011fin de\u011fi\u015fmeden kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek d\u00fcped\u00fcz hatal\u0131d\u0131r, zira bu fosil \u00f6zg\u00fcn pektinli halkalardan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a mahrum, oysa g\u00fcncel \u00f6rnekte halkalar bariz bir \u015fekilde var (Resim 9)! Dahas\u0131, C3\u2019\u00fcn 222-223. sayfalar\u0131ndaki fosil, Pectinidae olamayacak kadar ya\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r (300 milyon y\u0131l ya\u015f\u0131nda) (yukar\u0131ya bak\u0131n\u0131z). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, 8. ve 9. resimlerde g\u00f6sterilen g\u00fcncel Pectinidae ile fosiller kesinlikle \u00f6zde\u015f de\u011fil!<\/p>\n

\u0130stiridye \u00e7orbas\u0131!<\/strong><\/p>\n

C2\u2019nin 104-105. sayfas\u0131na bakarsak (Resim 10), i\u015fler daha da kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir hal al\u0131yor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc HY, C1\u2019in 179. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u00f6rne\u011fi g\u00f6sterip (Resim 8, ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evrilmi\u015f) bunu tekrar \u201cistiridye\u201d olarak belirtiyor: \u201c\u0130stiridye, okyanuslarda ya\u015fayan bir grup kabuklu yumu\u015fak\u00e7aya verilen cins ismidir,… 490 milyon y\u0131l ya da 150 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan o istiridyeler, bug\u00fcn hayatta olan istiridyelerden hi\u00e7 farkl\u0131 de\u011fil. Bu olgu, yarat\u0131klar\u0131n a\u015fama a\u015fama, minik de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle evrimle\u015fti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen evrim kuram\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Fosiller, bu yarat\u0131klar\u0131n evrim s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7medi\u011fini ve onlar\u0131 Y\u00fcce Allah\u2019\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCins ismi\u201d derken HY\u2019nin ne kastetti\u011finden emin de\u011filiz, fakat \u201cistiridye\u201d elbette, taksonomi ba\u011flam\u0131nda cins ismi kesinlikle de\u011fil, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu alanda cins ismi, cins (genus) gruplar\u0131na verilen isim anlam\u0131na gelir. Asl\u0131nda \u201cistiridye,\u201d Ostereidae (hakiki istiridye), Pteriidae (mesela inci istiridyesi), Anomiidae (eyer istiridyesi) gibi olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 \u00e7iftkabuklu tak\u0131mlar\u0131na konu\u015fma dilinde verilen add\u0131r. Ancak buradaki as\u0131l \u015faka \u015fu: 105. sayfada sunulan fosilin kimli\u011finden emin olmasak da (C1 sayfa 179\u2019daki numune), 104. sayfada g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6teki fosillerin \u00e7o\u011fu hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz ne istiridyedir ne Pectinidae\u2019dir ne de \u00e7iftkabukludur, yumu\u015fak\u00e7a bile de\u011fillerdir, ama b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle farkl\u0131 bir hayvan \u015fubesi olan brakyopodlard\u0131r (dall\u0131 bacakl\u0131lar) (Resim 10)! Bununla birlikte, HY\u2019ye g\u00f6re fosillerden farkl\u0131 olmayan mevcut \u201cistiridye\u201d \u00f6rnekleri asl\u0131nda iki farkl\u0131 yumu\u015fak\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na (kar\u0131ndan bacakl\u0131lar ve \u00e7iftkabuklular) ait bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fc yumu\u015fak\u00e7a kabu\u011fudur (Resim 11)! Dahas\u0131, bu yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar\u0131n foto\u011fraf\u0131, ayna g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olarak bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcm kar\u0131ndan bacakl\u0131lar sanki sol-yanal gibiymi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, oysa ger\u00e7ekte hepsi sa\u011f-yanal t\u00fcrlerdir. Ancak, gaflar bu kadarla da kalm\u0131yor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Resim 10\u2019da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimiz fosil \u00f6rnekleri ayn\u0131 zamanda FM\u2019de yine hatal\u0131 \u015fekilde \u201cistiridye\u201d maddesi alt\u0131nda sergilenmi\u015f ve yine hatal\u0131 \u015fekilde Pectinidae\u2019yle ve\/ya da Resim 11\u2019de g\u00f6sterilen yumu\u015fak\u00e7a kabuklar\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, fakat FM-SY0392 ve FM-SY0387 fosillerinin g\u00fcncel Tridacna<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fcyle (Resim 12) \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131 da eklenmi\u015f… yoksa birka\u00e7 santimetrelik brakyopodlar 120 santimetreye varan bir \u00e7iftkabukluyla nas\u0131l \u00f6zde\u015f olabilir ki!<\/p>\n

Binlerce \u00e7iftkabuklu t\u00fcr\u00fc ayn\u0131 torbaya!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Belli ki \u00e7iftkabuklular, HY\u2019nin uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131na girmiyor. Mesela, C1\u2019de 406-407. sayfadaki \u00e7iftkabukluya bakal\u0131m (Resim 13). Glaubrecht\u2019in (2007) zaten bildirdi\u011fi gibi, bu fosil \u00f6rne\u011fi, tas benzeri iri, e\u011fri sol kapak\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131yla (\u201cayak t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131\u201d) ve tas\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 kapatan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, d\u00fcz sa\u011f kapak\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte tipik bir Gryphaea<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. HY\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu fosil, ho\u015f simetrik kapak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 olan bildi\u011fimiz midyeyle (Mytilus sp.<\/em>) \u00f6zde\u015f. Bu iki takson, farkl\u0131 ailelere mensup olmakla kalm\u0131yor, farkl\u0131 tak\u0131mlara da mensup (Ostreida ve Mytilidia) (Carter ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2011). HY, FM-SC0274\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7iftkabuklu fosiliyle (= Resim 13\u2019te Gryphaea<\/em>) bir ad\u0131m ileri gidiyor; bunu midyeyle \u00f6zde\u015f saymakla yetinmiyor, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir deniz tara\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcne (Veneridae) ve bir okyanus deniz tara\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcne de (Arctica islandica<\/em>) \u00f6zde\u015f say\u0131yor; bu ikisi, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir tak\u0131ma mensuptur (Cardiida) (Carter ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2011) (internet siteleri 4-5).<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 minvalde hatalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren HY, C1\u2019in 494-495. sayfas\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir \u00e7iftkabuklu fosili g\u00f6sterip bunun hakk\u0131nda \u015funu yaz\u0131yor: \u201c208 il\u00e2 146 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan resimdeki \u00e7iftkabuklu (bivalve) fosili ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde canl\u0131 olan \u00e7iftkabuklular aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 fark yok.\u201d Bu neticeye, fosili, \u00e7e\u015fitli ailelere (ve tak\u0131mlara) mensup \u00e7iftkabuklu kabuklar\u0131yla k\u0131yaslayarak var\u0131yor ki bu aileler aras\u0131nda Mytilidae\u2019yi, Spondylidae\u2019yi, Tridacnidae\u2019yi, Veneridae\u2019yi ve Psammobiidae\u2019yi sayabiliriz (Resim 14). Ayn\u0131 fosil, FM-SY0362 maddesinde de beliriyor; burada ise iki ba\u015fka aileyle daha \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011fu iddia ediliyor, adlar\u0131n\u0131 vermek gerekirse Arcticidae (\u0130nternet sitesi 4) ve Limidae. C1 sayfa 502-503\u2019te benzer bir \u00e7iftkabuklu fosili (ayn\u0131 yerde ve ya\u015fta) i\u00e7in Veneridaeye benzedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131ca FM-SC0351 maddesine g\u00f6re bu fosil, Arcticidaeyle ve Astartidaeyle de \u00f6zde\u015fmi\u015f (internet sitesi 7). Fakat en ba\u015fta s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi, \u00e7iftkabuklular, nihayetinde HY\u2019nin k\u0131v\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu de\u011fil, zira 502-503. sayfadaki \u00e7iftkabuklu fosili hakk\u0131nda \u015funu yazm\u0131\u015f: \u201cDeniz kabuklular\u0131, fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda ayn\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri y\u00fcz milyonlarca y\u0131l boyunca s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130ki kabuklu bu \u00e7iftkabuklu buna \u00f6rnek. Burada g\u00f6sterilen, 208 il\u00e2 146 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f; evrim kuram\u0131na meydan okuyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fayan \u00e7iftkabuklularla ayn\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, HY\u2019ye g\u00f6re t\u00fcm \u00e7iftkabuklular ayn\u0131 (binlerce \u00e7iftkabuklu t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn mevcut olmas\u0131 ne anlama geliyor \u00f6yleyse?) ve \u00e7iftkabuklular, kabuklu hayvan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na giriyor…<\/p>\n

B\u0131rakal\u0131m s\u00fcr\u00fcyle k\u0131nkanatl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, k\u0131nkanatl\u0131 bile de\u011fil!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kabuklu hayvanlardan s\u00f6z edince, eklem bacakl\u0131lara gelmi\u015f olduk; eklem bacakl\u0131lar, en \u00e7ok t\u00fcr bar\u0131nd\u0131ran hayvan \u015fubesidir, bir milyondan fazla tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc bulunur, muhtemelen tan\u0131mlanmay\u0131 bekleyen milyonlarca t\u00fcr daha mevcuttur, \u00f6zellikle de b\u00f6cekler i\u00e7inde (Foottit & Adler, 2009). Elbette HY\u2019nin senaryosu burada da ayn\u0131: g\u00fcncel hayvan\u0131n yan\u0131nda fosil \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6ster, bunlar\u0131n \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011funu ilan et, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, evrimle\u015fmediklerini s\u00f6yle.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, C1 sayfa 237\u2019de HY, kehribar i\u00e7inde sakl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu k\u0131nkanatl\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6sterip \u015funu diyor: \u201c25 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinin a\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu k\u0131nkanatl\u0131lar\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fclerle ayn\u0131… bu da bize canl\u0131lar\u0131n evrimle\u015fmedi\u011fini, yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ancak, C1\u2019in 237. sayfas\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen g\u00fcncel \u201ca\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu k\u0131nkanatl\u0131s\u0131\u201d, asl\u0131nda k\u0131nkanatl\u0131 bile de\u011fil, pentatomit s\u00fcnedir (Notius cosputus<\/em>) (Resim 15; internet sitesi 9). Bu s\u00fcne, Yar\u0131m Kanatl\u0131lar ya da Heteroptera tak\u0131m\u0131na mensuptur (taksonomi s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiyor), oysa k\u0131nkanatl\u0131lar Coleoptera tak\u0131m\u0131na mensuptur. E\u011fer bu iki tak\u0131m\u0131n k\u00f6kten farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphe duyuyorsan\u0131z, Yar\u0131m Kanatl\u0131lar\u0131n yar\u0131 metabolizma geli\u015fimi sergiledi\u011fini (yumurta, nimfa ve yeti\u015fkin hal olmak \u00fczere eksik ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m), oysa Colepteralar\u0131n tam metabolizma geli\u015fimi sergiledi\u011fini (yumurta, larva, pupa, yeti\u015fkin hal olmak \u00fczere tam ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m) unutmay\u0131n. Ancak, FM-AI0048\u2019deki ayn\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu k\u0131nkanatl\u0131s\u0131 fosilinin, herhangi bir b\u00f6cekle de\u011fil \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcncel a\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu k\u0131nkanatl\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyoruz (Scolytidae [kabuk b\u00f6cekleri]; art\u0131k Curculionidae\u2019nin altailesi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor). Bunun aksine FM-AI0302 \u201ca\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu k\u0131nkanatl\u0131s\u0131\u201d fosili, g\u00fcncel bir kabuk b\u00f6ce\u011fi (Pityogenes chalcographus<\/em>; internet sitesi 11) ve g\u00fcncel d\u00fcz a\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu k\u0131nkanatl\u0131s\u0131 Dendrophagus crenatus<\/em>\u2019un (Cucujidae; internet sitesi 10) foto\u011fraflar\u0131yla birlikte sunuluyor, yani farkl\u0131 k\u0131nkanatl\u0131 aileleriyle birlikte g\u00f6steriliyor.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ceklere ili\u015fkin taksonomi hatalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

YA\u2019da b\u00f6ceklere ili\u015fkin bol bol taksonomi hatas\u0131n\u0131n ve yanl\u0131\u015f adland\u0131rman\u0131n mevcut olmas\u0131, beklenmedik \u015fey de\u011fil. Bununla ilgili birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek vermekle yetiniyoruz:<\/p>\n

1) C2-5\u2019in 427. sayfas\u0131ndaki mevcut \u201cLauxaniid sinekleri\u201d \u00f6rne\u011fi, asl\u0131nda Syrphidae t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr (muhtemelen Episyrphus balteatus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

2) C2-5\u2019in 433. sayfas\u0131ndaki g\u00fcncel \u201ca\u011f \u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d (tak\u0131m\u0131 Embioptera; internet sitesi 18) do\u011fru, ama HY buna \u201ck\u0131nkanatl\u0131\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

3) C3\u2019\u00fcn 379. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u201chakiki b\u00f6cek\u201d g\u00fcya Enicocephalidae t\u00fcr\u00fcym\u00fc\u015f (Heteroptera ya da Yar\u0131m Kanatl\u0131 tak\u0131m\u0131) (HY\u2019nin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine \u201cenicocephalid<\/em>\u201d de\u011fil), fakat g\u00f6sterilen fosil tan\u0131n\u0131r gibi de\u011fil ve sunulan g\u00fcncel t\u00fcr kesinlikle enicocephalid<\/em> olmay\u0131p bir \u00e7iftkanatl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

4) C1\u2019in 430. sayfas\u0131ndaki ve FM-AI0199\u2019daki \u201cg\u00fcve\u201d fosilleri, z\u0131pz\u0131p kelebe\u011fiyle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (Rhopalocera; Hesperiidae), ki o fosil asl\u0131nda g\u00fcve de\u011fil; ayr\u0131ca FM-AI0199 bu fosili, ilave bir z\u0131pz\u0131p kelebe\u011fi foto\u011fraf\u0131yla (internet sitesi 20) ve gececi g\u00fcve t\u00fcr\u00fcyle de (Heterocera; Noctuidae) ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor (internet sitesi 19). Fosilin antenleri, tipik Rhopalocera u\u00e7 bo\u011fumundan yoksun, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bunu z\u0131pz\u0131p kelebe\u011fiyle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rmak hatal\u0131.<\/p>\n

5) C2\u2019nin 425. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u201ckarasinek\u201d fosili, Simuliidae\u2019ye mensup olabilir (foto\u011fraftan karar veremiyoruz), fakat yan\u0131nda sunulan g\u00fcncel sinek kesinlikle buna mensup de\u011fil, zira o bir Calliphoridae. Ayn\u0131 fosil ile g\u00fcncel sinek \u00f6rne\u011fi, ba\u015fka iki Calliphoridae t\u00fcr\u00fc foto\u011fraflar\u0131yla birlikte FM-AI0440\u2019ta da g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f (internet siteleri 21-22).<\/p>\n

6) C1\u2019in 295. sayfas\u0131ndaki mevcut \u201caslan kar\u0131nca\u201d \u00f6rne\u011fi ger\u00e7ekten de do\u011fru tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, ancak kehribar i\u00e7indeki fosil kesinlikle \u201caslan kar\u0131nca kafas\u0131\u201d de\u011fil, bizzat kar\u0131ncad\u0131r. C1-2\u2019de \u00e7ok net g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor olabilir ama C1-13\u2019te HY, fosilin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 koymu\u015f; bu da \u015f\u00fcpheye pek mahal b\u0131rakm\u0131yor (Resim 16; internet sitesi 23\u2019te g\u00f6sterilen kar\u0131ncayla k\u0131yaslay\u0131n).<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar bu \u015fekilde devam edebilecek olsak da, yukar\u0131da verdi\u011fimiz birka\u00e7 \u00f6rne\u011fin yeterli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

\u2018Cins\u2019 ile \u2018tak\u0131m\u2019\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n

YA\u2019da kehribar i\u00e7inde g\u00f6sterilen b\u00f6cek fosillerinin sorunlar\u0131ndan biri, \u00e7o\u011funlukla do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn tan\u0131mlanamayacak kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc durumda olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. C1\u2019in 246. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u201chakiki b\u00f6cek\u201d vakas\u0131nda bu durum ge\u00e7erli. C1-2\u2019de bu fosil, mevcut bir et\u00e7il b\u00f6cekle (Reduviidae) ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor, oysa C1-13\u2019te HY, bulan\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ikinci bir fosil ve alacal\u0131 kalkan b\u00f6ce\u011fi Tritomegas bicolor<\/em>\u2019un (Cydnidae; internet sitesi 14) foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 eklemi\u015f. Fakat ayn\u0131 fosil, FM-AI0055 maddesinde mirid b\u00f6ce\u011fi Phytocoris lasiomerus<\/em>\u2019la ve lygaeid b\u00f6ce\u011fi Zeridoneus costalis<\/em>\u2019le birlikte g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f (internet siteleri 12-13). Yine de HY \u015funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor: \u201cbu b\u00f6cekler de\u011fi\u015fmeksizin hayatta kald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyorlar.\u201d Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bu fosil(ler) g\u00fcya en az d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 aileyle \u00f6zde\u015f ve bu ailelerden biri et\u00e7ilken \u00f6b\u00fcr \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ot\u00e7ul. C1\u2019in 246. sayfas\u0131ndaki foto\u011fraflara e\u015flik eden metinlerde HY \u015funu belirtiyor: \u201cYar\u0131m Kanatl\u0131lar cinsine mensup b\u00f6ceklerin 48.000\u2019den fazla t\u00fcr\u00fc var\u201d; bu ifade, HY\u2019nin taksonomik s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmadan pek bir \u015fey anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fruluyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Yar\u0131m Kanatl\u0131lar, b\u00f6cek cinsi de\u011fil b\u00f6cek tak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fam evresini t\u00fcr san\u0131yor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131, ta\u015f fosil bask\u0131lar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 da kehribar fosillerle ayn\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 te\u015fkil ediyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, C1-2\u2019nin 50-51. sayfalar\u0131ndaki \u201ct\u0131rt\u0131l\u201d fosili, tan\u0131n\u0131r gibi de\u011fil (Resim 17). HY yine de bunu mevcut t\u0131rt\u0131lla ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Fakat fosilin ya\u015f\u0131 Pennsylvania d\u00f6nemine uzan\u0131yor (\u00dcst Karbonifer, yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi), oysa en ya\u015fl\u0131 kelebek fosili, Archaeolepis<\/em> misali taksonlar\u0131yla Erken Jurasik d\u00f6neminde (yakla\u015f\u0131k 190 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r (Grimaldi & Engel, 2005). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, HY\u2019nin sundu\u011fu fosilin, t\u0131rt\u0131l olmas\u0131 pek muhtemel de\u011fil. Bununla birlikte HY \u015fu yorumda bulunuyor: \u201cT\u00fcm \u00f6teki canl\u0131lar gibi t\u0131rt\u0131llar da evrimle\u015fmedi, yarat\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Anla\u015f\u0131lan HY, sanki t\u0131rt\u0131llar\u0131 (ve \u00f6teki b\u00f6cek larvalar\u0131n\u0131), geli\u015fimsel bir ya\u015fam safhas\u0131 yerine kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f gibi yorumluyor. HY\u2019nin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na uyarsak, tek tek her kelebe\u011fin, s\u0131rayla yumurtay\u0131, t\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131, pupay\u0131 ve ergin b\u00f6ce\u011fi olu\u015fturan, birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z en az d\u00f6rt ilah\u00ee yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f olay\u0131n\u0131n sonucu oldu\u011funu mu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeliyiz? Oysa biz, farkl\u0131 ya\u015fam evrelerinin, zigotla ba\u015flay\u0131p nihayetinde \u00fcremeye muktedir yeti\u015fkin bireye ula\u015fan do\u011fal geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinde farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131yorduk. Ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fken eksik kalmas\u0131n: C1-13\u2019\u00fcn 72-73. sayfalar\u0131nda ayn\u0131 t\u0131rt\u0131l fosilinin \u201ck\u0131rkayak\u201d olarak g\u00f6sterildi\u011fini de belirtelim (Resim 17)!<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 fosil i\u00e7in iki farkl\u0131 yorum<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neyse ki, YA\u2019daki baz\u0131 b\u00f6cek fosilleri, do\u011fru fosil te\u015fhisi yapmaya olanak tan\u0131yor. Bununla birlikte HY, zaman zaman hedefi b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u0131skal\u0131yor. C1\u2019in 314. sayfas\u0131ndaki g\u00fcncel sinek asl\u0131nda bir \u00e7iftkanatl\u0131d\u0131r (Pachygaster sp.<\/em>, Stratiomydiae) (internet sitesi 17). Fakat \u201cfosille\u015fmi\u015f sinek\u201d uzun antenli, kal\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f uylu\u011fu olan uzun arka bacakl\u0131, kar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesinin alt\u0131nda bariz uzun yumurta borulu bir b\u00f6cektir (Resim 18). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu fosil kesinlikle sinek de\u011fil (stratiomyid olmak \u015f\u00f6yle dursun), \u015f\u00fcphesiz d\u00fczkanatl\u0131 (mesela \u00e7ekirge, c\u0131rc\u0131r b\u00f6ce\u011fi…) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na girer. HY\u2019nin, bu iki \u00f6rne\u011fi, evrimin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131t olarak se\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131 bizim i\u00e7in gizemini koruyor, ayr\u0131ca \u015fu sav\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla neden bu iki kanatl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc kullanmaya karar verdi\u011fini de anlam\u0131yoruz: \u201cFosiller g\u00f6steriyor ki kanatl\u0131 b\u00f6cekler kanats\u0131z b\u00f6ceklerle ayn\u0131 anda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ikisi de tek seferde.\u201d<\/p>\n

C1-2\u2019nin 526-527. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u201cyeti\u015fkin ta\u015f sine\u011fi\u201d (Plecoptera tak\u0131m\u0131) ile C1-4\u2019\u00fcn ve C1-13\u2019\u00fcn ayn\u0131 sayfalar\u0131ndaki \u201cmay\u0131s sine\u011fi\u201d (Ephemeroptera tak\u0131m\u0131), yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rne\u011fe benziyorlar (Resim 19). Bu iki \u00f6rnekte de mevcut \u00f6rnekler do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f (tak\u0131m d\u00fczeyinde), ger\u00e7i tam olarak ayn\u0131 fosille ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar. \u201cMay\u0131sb\u00f6ce\u011fi\u201dnin 1) kanatlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha k\u0131sa bir kar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesi var ve u\u00e7 duyu organlar\u0131ndan mahrum, ayr\u0131ca 2) karn\u0131n \u00fczerinde dikey konumda tutulan oval \u015fekilli kanatlar\u0131 var. Bu haliyle, ne ta\u015f b\u00f6ce\u011fine ne may\u0131s b\u00f6ce\u011fine benziyor, fakat C1-13\u2019\u00fcn 318-319. sayfalar\u0131ndaki ve C2-5\u2019in 387. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u00f6rnekler gibi bir nevi zarkanatl\u0131ya benziyor (yani Chyrsopa<\/em>; Neuroptera tak\u0131m\u0131) (Resim 20)! Do\u011fru tan\u0131m\u0131 ne olursa olsun, HY\u2019nin ayn\u0131 fosil i\u00e7in iki farkl\u0131 yorumda bulunmas\u0131 kabul edilemez bir tutum. Bununla birlikte, bunu hi\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131klamada bulunmaks\u0131z\u0131n yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Fosil ve g\u00fcncel \u00f6rnekler birbirinden farkl\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Elbette YA b\u00f6ceklerden ba\u015fka eklem bacakl\u0131lar\u0131 da ele al\u0131yor, fakat taksonomi hatalar\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan burada da fark yok. C2\u2019nin 372. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u201c\u00e7\u0131yan\u201d aptalca bir \u00f6rnek, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her ne kadar metin \u00e7\u0131yanlar\u0131n her v\u00fccut b\u00f6l\u00fct\u00fcnde tek ayak \u00e7ifti oldu\u011funu do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde belirtse de, kitapta g\u00f6sterilen fosilin ve mevcut hayvan\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fct ba\u015f\u0131na iki \u00e7ift aya\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bunlar k\u0131rkayak. C2\u2019nin 397. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u201c\u00f6r\u00fcmcek\u201d ise ba\u015fka bir ayr\u0131nt\u0131; buradaki fosili foto\u011frafa bakarak yorumlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil, fakat g\u00fcncel diye g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6rnekler kesinlikle kenedir. HY, bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada bulunmadan \u201ckene\u201d isminden s\u00f6z ediyor, ancak metinde \u201c\u00f6r\u00fcmcekler\u201d hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmaya devam ediyor. Son olarak, b\u00f6cek olmayan eklem bacakl\u0131lara dair HY\u2019nin en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 ve komik hatalar\u0131ndan biri, C1\u2019in 422. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u201cyenge\u00e7 \u00f6r\u00fcmce\u011fi\u201d kehribar fosilidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu fosil t\u00fcr\u00fc: \u201cg\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fayan yenge\u00e7 \u00f6r\u00fcmcekleriyle \u00f6zde\u015f\u201dmi\u015f. Gelgelelim, g\u00fcncel diye g\u00f6sterilen yenge\u00e7 \u00f6r\u00fcmce\u011fi asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir \u00f6r\u00fcmcek yengeci \u00f6rne\u011fidir (muhtemelen Hyas araneus<\/em>) (\u0130nternet sitesi 3) (Resim 21)! Bu iki takson da eklembacakl\u0131 olsa bile, \u00f6r\u00fcmceklerin Chelicereata alt\u015fubesine, yenge\u00e7lerin ise Crustecea alt\u015fubesine mensup oldu\u011fu su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez. HY\u2019nin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi fosil ile g\u00fcncel taksonlar\u0131n \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011funu insan nas\u0131l olur da iddia eder? Ayn\u0131 soru, C1-2\u2019nin ve C1-4\u2019\u00fcn 349. sayfas\u0131ndaki yenge\u00e7 fosili i\u00e7in de sorulabilir; HY bu fosil i\u00e7in \u015funu yaz\u0131yor: \u201cMilyonlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r de\u011fi\u015fmeden kalm\u0131\u015f olan bu yenge\u00e7, t\u00fcrlerin evrimle\u015fmedi\u011fi bir kez daha do\u011fruluyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc fosil, bug\u00fcn hayatta olan yenge\u00e7lerden hi\u00e7 farkl\u0131 de\u011fil.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ancak, her ne kadar fosil, simetrik k\u0131ska\u00e7lar\u0131yla ve kabu\u011fun yan taraflar\u0131ndan konumlanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zleriyle bildi\u011fimiz \u00e7a\u011fanoza (mesela Carcinus <\/em>t\u00fcrleri) benzese de, mevcut diye g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6rnek, son derece asimetrik k\u0131ska\u00e7lar\u0131yla ve \u00e7ubuk \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6zleriyle kemanc\u0131 yenge\u00e7tir (Uca <\/em>t\u00fcrleri). \u0130kisinin de \u201cyenge\u00e7\u201d oldu\u011fu do\u011fru, fakat kesinlikle ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr de\u011filler! Belli ki HY bu hatay\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc C1-13\u2019te kemanc\u0131 yengecin yerine g\u00fcncel bir Carcinus<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fc (ya da akraba bir t\u00fcr) koymu\u015f (internet sitesi 30), ger\u00e7i hi\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131klamada bulunmam\u0131\u015f. Fosil ve g\u00fcncel \u00f6rnekler art\u0131k daha benzer g\u00f6r\u00fcnse bile, ayn\u0131 t\u00fcre ait olduklar\u0131na inanmak i\u00e7in a priori<\/em> bir sebep yok. Asl\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir neticeye varmak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir morfoloji k\u0131yaslamas\u0131 yapmak gerekir; HY ise b\u00f6yle bir i\u015fe giri\u015fmiyor. Bu tutum, YA\u2019da s\u0131k s\u0131k tekrarlanan temel bir sorundur. Fosil ile g\u00fcncel \u00f6rneklerin ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verirken HY\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerinin ne oldu\u011fu belli de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel olmayan adland\u0131rmalar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi s\u0131ra YA\u2019n\u0131n omurgal\u0131larla ilgili taksonomi g\u00f6zlemlerine geldi. HY bu konuda da \u00e7am devirmeyi ba\u015far\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, C1\u2019in 150. sayfas\u0131nda HY, \u201ci\u011fnebal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d fosili g\u00f6steriyor (tak\u0131m Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) ve bunun \u201cg\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fayan i\u011fnebal\u0131klar\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015f\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Ancak, g\u00fcncel diye g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00f6rnek, i\u011fnebal\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil zarganad\u0131r (Belone belone; <\/em>tak\u0131m Beloniformes) (Resim 22). Burada YA\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir temel sorununu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz: canl\u0131lar\u0131n konu\u015fma dilindeki isimlerini kullan\u0131p, uluslararas\u0131 camiada tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve bilimsel kurallara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f isimleri s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6rmezden gelmek ya da bunlar\u0131 kullanacak yeterlilikte olmamak (Pikaia, Archaeopteryx, Wiwaxia <\/em>vesaire gibi bayrak gemisi kimi fosiller hari\u00e7). Bu noktada zarganan\u0131n halk aras\u0131ndaki ad\u0131 \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil ediyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc C1\u2019de bu ad, 48-49. ve 364-365. sayfalarda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f olan fosiller i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, oysa C1-2\u2019nin ve C1-4\u2019\u00fcn 318-319. sayfalar\u0131nda ayn\u0131 adla ilave bir fosil var (buna ilaveten FM-SF0066 ve FM-SF1033 maddelerine bak\u0131n\u0131z). Fakat bu sayfalardaki ve FM maddelerindeki hem fosiller hem de g\u00fcncel diye g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6rnekler \u201czargana\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fc de\u011fildir (tak\u0131m Beloniformes), turnabal\u0131\u011f\u0131gildir (tak\u0131m Lepisosteiformes: Lepisosteidae). Gelgelelim, bu bile anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmayabilir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201czargana\u201d ad\u0131 hem Lepisosteidae hem de Beloniformes t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r (bak\u0131n\u0131z Froese ve Pauly, 2011). Bal\u0131k veri taban\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak k\u0131sa bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma (Froese ve Pauly, 2011), zargana ad\u0131n\u0131n iki \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 tak\u0131m\u0131 (Beloniformes ve Lepisosteiformes) ve \u00fc\u00e7 aileyi (Lepisosteiformes, Hemiramphidae ve Belonidae) temsil eden en az be\u015f t\u00fcr i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecektir. Zarganay\u0131 yorumlamak \u00e7ok kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olabilir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 aileye mensup en az 19 t\u00fcr bu isimle adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, fakat t\u00fcm bu t\u00fcrler tek ve ayn\u0131 tak\u0131m\u0131 (Beloniformes) temsil eder (Froese ve Pauly, 2011).<\/p>\n

Bilimsel olmayan adlar\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair son \u00f6rnek olarak, C-3\u2019\u00fcn 190-191. sayfalar\u0131ndaki \u201ckumbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d ele alal\u0131m. Fosil hakk\u0131nda pek bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil ama g\u00fcncel diye g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6rnek kumbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil Synodus intermedius <\/em>yani kertenkele bal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (internet sitesi 38)! Kertenkele bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 aileye (Trichonotidae, Creediidae ve Synodontidae) ve iki tak\u0131ma (Perciformes ve Aulopiformes) mensup en az be\u015f bal\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, oysa kumbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131 d\u00f6rt aileye (Trichodontidae, Serranidae, Malacanthidae ve Gonorynchidae) ve iki tak\u0131ma (Perciformes ve Gonorynchiformes) mensup en az yedi bal\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fc ve kum kertenkelesi Scincus scincus <\/em>i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin Baumgartner ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2008).<\/p>\n

HY s\u0131rf bilimsel olmayan genel isimler kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimlik saptamalar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131yaslamaya olanak tan\u0131maz. \u00d6rne\u011fin HY tekrar tekrar \u201cringa bal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d g\u00f6steriyor, fakat bu isim en az d\u00f6rt aileye (Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Arripidae, Pristigasteridae) mensup 25\u2019ten fazla t\u00fcr i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r (Froese ve Pauly, 2001). O halde HY bu t\u00fcrlerden hangilerine at\u0131fta bulunuyor? Fosilin ve g\u00fcncel diye g\u00f6sterilen t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6zde\u015f olduklar\u0131na nas\u0131l karar veriyor? S\u0131rf bu meselenin bile YA\u2019y\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle faydas\u0131z k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaya gerek yok.<\/p>\n

Harun Yahya ve sundu\u011fu memeli kafataslar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7en k\u0131s\u0131mda \u00e7o\u011funlukla salt taksonomi meseleleriyle u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015f olsak da, YA\u2019daki memeli kafataslar\u0131na bakarak bu tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek istiyoruz. Elbette burada da HY\u2019nin taksonomi konusundaki kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz, \u00f6rne\u011fin C1-4\u2019\u00fcn ve C1-13\u2019\u00fcn 152-153. sayfalar\u0131ndaki kafatas\u0131 gibi; C1-4\u2019te bu kafatas\u0131 \u201cLeopar\u201d kafatas\u0131 olarak sunulmu\u015fken, ayn\u0131 kafatas\u0131 C1-13\u2019te \u201cBoz ay\u0131\u201d olarak belirtilmi\u015ftir (Resim 23). A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, bu iki kimlik tespitinden biri yanl\u0131\u015f olmak zorunda ve 31 numaral\u0131 internet sitesine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zaman, iki tan\u0131m da yanl\u0131\u015f olsa \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmay\u0131z. Dahas\u0131, bu kafatas\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f olsa da, YA\u2019da \u201cABD\u2019de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f fosil \u00f6rnekleri\u201d aras\u0131nda say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtelim (\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc C1-2\u2019de Wyoming\u2019de bulunmu\u015f s\u00f6zde lama fosilinin yerini al\u0131yor). Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda, s\u0131k s\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi HY, hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada bulunmaks\u0131z\u0131n fosille ilgili yorumunu de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor. Bunun aksine, C3\u2019\u00fcn 92-93. sayfas\u0131ndaki ve FM-SM1183\u2019teki \u201cTibet kum tilkisi\u201dni HY\u2019nin hatal\u0131 \u015fekilde kimliklendirdi\u011fine hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphe yok, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc burada g\u00fcncel diye g\u00f6sterilen hayvanlar, Tibet kum tilkisi (Vulpes ferrilata<\/em>) de\u011fil kesinlikle \u00e7\u00f6l tilkisidir (Vulpes zerda<\/em>) (internet siteleri 36-37) (Resim 24).<\/p>\n

YA\u2019daki pek \u00e7ok kafatas\u0131 fosili ve bunun uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak Harun Yahya\u2019n\u0131n \u201cDarwin\u2019i y\u0131kan kafataslar\u0131\u201d kitab\u0131 (2008c) hakk\u0131ndaki en kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u015fey, bu kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n taksonomi yorumu de\u011fil, jeolojik ya\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nceki k\u0131s\u0131mda, YA\u2019daki kimi deniztara\u011f\u0131 ve t\u0131rt\u0131l fosillerinin ya\u015f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ederken bunu zaten belirtmi\u015ftik. Ancak, sundu\u011fu pek \u00e7ok memeli kafatas\u0131 i\u00e7in HY\u2019nin iddia etti jeolojik ya\u015flar \u00f6yle z\u0131vanadan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f halde ki bunlar\u0131n kafadan uydurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Bu arada, bizzat fosillerin de uydurma olmas\u0131 gayet muhtemel. Bu ba\u011flamda, HY\u2019nin sundu\u011fu fosil kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerine dair daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir tahlil i\u00e7in ve baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczmece olma ihtimaline dair 31 numaral\u0131 internet sitesine at\u0131fta bulunuyoruz. Bunlar\u0131 HY\u2019nin kendisinin imal etti\u011fini iddia ediyor de\u011filiz, fakat d\u00fczmece fosillerin, \u00f6zellikle de \u00c7in\u2019den gelen fosillerin (Dalton, 2000; Stone, 2010) ciddi sorun oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyoruz, ki HY\u2019nin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kafatas\u0131 fosillerinin \u00e7o\u011fu da \u00c7in\u2019den geliyor. \u00d6zetlemek gerekirse kaplan, aslan, kurt, kutup ay\u0131s\u0131, leopar ya da boz ay\u0131 gibi yukarda de\u011findi\u011fimiz memelilerin \u00c7in\u2019den gelen pek \u00e7ok kafatas\u0131 Kretas d\u00f6nemine tarihlendirilmi\u015ftir, bu da o t\u00fcrlerin altm\u0131\u015f milyon y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcre \u00f6nce dinozorlarla birlikte var oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekle bir! Tablo 1\u2019de, bilinen fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n kabaca izini s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz abart\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri s\u0131ralad\u0131k. O t\u00fcrlerin hi\u00e7birinin Pliosen\u2019den daha eski olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz, yani be\u015f milyon y\u0131ldan ya\u015fl\u0131 de\u011filler, ki bu bile o hayvanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun en eski fosillerinden \u00e7ok daha ya\u015fl\u0131. Bu dizide HY\u2019nin en inan\u0131lmaz kay\u0131tlar\u0131 \u015funlar: 1) 86 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k Tibet kum tilkisi kafatas\u0131, oysa bu t\u00fcr i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenilir fosil yoktur (Clark ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2008); 2) en az 120 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k kurt kafatas\u0131, oysa bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn bilinen fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131 Pleistosen\u2019i ge\u00e7mez (Mech, 1974); 3) 96 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k panda kafatas\u0131, oysa bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn fosili Pleistosen\u2019in \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mez (Chorn ve Hoffmann, 1978; Jin ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2007); 4) kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 (74 milyon y\u0131l) ve kar leopar\u0131 (67 milyon y\u0131l) ikilisi, oysa ikisi de ancak ge\u00e7 Pleistosen d\u00f6neminden itibaren biliniyor, yani kabaca 150.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine uzan\u0131yorlar (Hemmer, 1972; Ingolfsson ve Wiig, 2008). E\u011fer HY\u2019nin kafatas\u0131 fosilleri ger\u00e7ekse ve do\u011fru tarihlendirilmi\u015fse, Nature<\/em> ve Science<\/em> gibi dergiler bir alt\u0131n madeninin \u00fczerinde oturuyor demektir! Maalesef, 31 numaral\u0131 internet sitesinde belirtildi\u011fi gibi, HY\u2019nin fosil kafataslar\u0131 pek az g\u00fcven veriyor, hatta hi\u00e7 g\u00fcven vermiyorlar. Her ne kadar en g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan \u00f6rnekleri se\u00e7mi\u015f olsak da, HY\u2019nin daha gen\u00e7 fosil kafataslar\u0131 aras\u0131nda da ya\u015flar\u0131 abart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuvvetle muhtemel. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Harun Yahya\u2019n\u0131n (2008c) 109. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u201c\u00e7ita\u201d kafatas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131 7,3 milyon (Miosen) olarak tahmin edilmi\u015f, fakat Krausman ve Morales\u2019e (2005) g\u00f6re en eski \u00e7ita fosilleri \u00fc\u00e7 il\u00e2 \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk milyon y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015famaz. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131, b\u00f6ylesi inan\u0131lmaz ve muhtemelen d\u00fczmece fosiller varken, diyeceklerimiz ancak bu kadar.<\/p>\n

YARATILI\u015e ATLASI\u2019NIN EN \u00d6NEML\u0130 KISMI:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

HARUN YAHYA\u2019NIN SAHTE BULGULARI<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Yukar\u0131daki k\u0131s\u0131mlarda betimlenmi\u015f gaflar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 olsa da, bize kal\u0131rsa e\u011fer HY tarihte izini b\u0131rakacaksa, bunun sebebi, YA\u2019da \u00fcretti\u011fi sahte bulgular olacakt\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda, YA Avrupa\u2019da da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131ktan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra, C1-2\u2019nin ve C1-4\u2019\u00fcn 240-241. sayfalar\u0131ndaki \u201c\u00f6r\u00fcmce\u011fe\u201d, bilinen herhangi bir t\u00fcre uymuyor diye bilhassa dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015fti. \u00d6zellikle, yaban ar\u0131s\u0131na benzer i\u011fneli karn\u0131yla, boncuk benzeri k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6zleriyle, k\u0131ska\u00e7l\u0131 a\u011fz\u0131yla bu \u00f6r\u00fcmcek benzersizdi (Resim 25; internet sitesi 24). \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc asl\u0131nda Graham Owen\u2019\u0131n yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bir hayvand\u0131r. Owen, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i dekoratif hayvan modelleri ve yapay bal\u0131klar (olta yemi) \u00fcretiminde uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir sanat\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda bu \u00f6r\u00fcmce\u011fi, o zamana kadar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine, var olan bir t\u00fcr\u00fc kopyalamak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, hayal\u00ee bir hayvan yaratmak i\u00e7in tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Hardy-Greys reklam\u0131 i\u00e7in) (internet sitesi 24). Fakat HY bu modelden, \u015fu iddias\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in canl\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek niyetine faydalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6r\u00fcmcekleri, milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcmceklerin t\u00fcm \u00f6zelliklerini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor\u201d!<\/p>\n

Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda, HY\u2019nin kehribar i\u00e7indeki \u00f6r\u00fcmcek fosili \u00f6yle bulan\u0131k ki, alt\u0131 il\u00e2 sekiz baca\u011f\u0131 olan neredeyse her canl\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fabilir (Resim 25). Graham Owen\u2019\u0131n hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6r\u00fcmce\u011finin a\u011f\u0131z k\u0131ska\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tatarc\u0131k \u015fekilli bir model tuttu\u011funu belirtmek ilgin\u00e7 olabilir (Resim 24). Bununla birlikte, bu tatarc\u0131k modelinden, canl\u0131 bir sivrisinek t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in de faydalan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u201cKhmer \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201dnde ve \u201cEdinburgh Napier Haberleri\u201dnde tatarc\u0131klarla ilgili haberlerde; bak\u0131n\u0131z internet sitesi 25). Bu y\u00fczden, canl\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131 resimlerle a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7i Graham Owen\u2019\u0131n model hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n da akl\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7elmi\u015ftir!<\/p>\n

\u00d6r\u00fcmcek modelinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra HY, Graham Owen koleksiyonundan iki model daha kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; C1-2\u2019nin ve C1-4\u2019\u00fcn 244. sayfas\u0131ndaki \u015fayak sine\u011fi ve C1\u2019in 282. sayfas\u0131ndaki may\u0131s sine\u011fi (Resim 26-27; internet sitesi 24). \u0130ki \u00f6rnekte de model \u00fczerindeki olta \u00e7engeli YA\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Yine de HY \u015fayak sine\u011fi i\u00e7in \u015funu yaz\u0131yor: \u201cResimdekiler, kehribar i\u00e7indeki \u015fayak sine\u011fi ile mantar tatarc\u0131\u011f\u0131. Canl\u0131lar, yap\u0131lar\u0131nda en ufak de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmaks\u0131z\u0131n milyonlarca y\u0131l hayatta kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6ceklerin hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi, asla evrimle\u015fmediklerinin g\u00f6stergesidir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Keza HY, may\u0131s sine\u011fi i\u00e7in de \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cMay\u0131s sine\u011finin bilinen 2500\u2019\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc var. Yeti\u015fkinlik \u00f6m\u00fcrleri \u00e7ok k\u0131sa olan bu b\u00f6cekler, yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 milyonlarca y\u0131l boyunca de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kehribar i\u00e7inde g\u00f6sterilen may\u0131s sine\u011fi 25 milyon ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. 25 milyon y\u0131l boyunca ayn\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcrler bize, evrimle\u015fmediklerini ama yarat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

E\u011fer ki\u015fi, bir taraftan karn\u0131nda bariz olta \u00e7engeli sarkan bal\u0131k yemini g\u00f6sterip bir taraftan bu iddialar\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyorsa, o zaman insan, acaba HY\u2019nin, baz\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu kabul etmesi i\u00e7in daha ne olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini merak ediyor. \u00d6te yandan, bu \u015fayak sine\u011fi ve may\u0131s sine\u011fi olta yemlerinin asl\u0131nda evrimin neticesi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kasten yarat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeliyiz… ger\u00e7i bunlar\u0131 yaratan tanr\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Graham Owen\u2019\u0131n telif haklar\u0131yla ilgili \u015fik\u00e2yetinden ve YA\u2019daki olta yemi kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n internette a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, hem \u00f6r\u00fcmcek hem de \u015fayak sine\u011fi olta yemleri yerine canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin foto\u011fraflar\u0131 konulmu\u015ftur (internet sitesi 26-27). Ancak, C1-13\u2019te may\u0131s sine\u011fi olta yeminin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmedi\u011fini ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 durdu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131k (ger\u00e7i C1-2\u2019de g\u00f6sterilen foto\u011fraf\u0131n ayna g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc). Bu \u0131srar\u0131n nedeni bizim malumumuz de\u011fil, ger\u00e7i HY, Dawkins\u2019e verdi\u011fi yan\u0131tta bunun nedenini bir par\u00e7a ayd\u0131nlat\u0131yor (internet sitesi 28-29). 2008\u2019de HY \u015funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (internet sitesi 28; bizim vurgumuz kal\u0131n harflerle): \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131nda resmedilmi\u015f olan b\u00f6cek modeli, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 ya\u015fayan bir organizman\u0131n modelidir ve bunun milyonlarca y\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015fe uzanan fosilleri bulunmu\u015ftur. Model olup olmamas\u0131 hi\u00e7 fark etmez. \u00d6nemli olan, bu b\u00f6ce\u011fin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte milyonlarca y\u0131l ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tamamen ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Az ileride \u015fu sonuca var\u0131yor: \u201cDawkins, toplam 2300 sayfay\u0131 a\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7 cildiyle ve evrimi kesinlikle \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcten y\u00fczlerce canl\u0131 fosili g\u00f6steren sayfalar\u0131yla Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131ndan nihayet bir model hayvan resmi tespit edebilmi\u015f ve bunu bir hata olarak resmetmeye u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yor. Evrimciler, kitapta tek hata olmamas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini sindiremiyor; kitap, milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f organizmalar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. Dawkins\u2019in k\u0131s\u0131r \u00e7abalar\u0131, Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar do\u011fru ve etkin oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Bu durum, evrimin tam \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe ilerleyi\u015finde Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131n\u0131n tesirli oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6stermekte.\u201d<\/p>\n

2009 tarihli yan\u0131t\u0131nda HY (internet sitesi 29), \u015funu ileri s\u00fcrerek bu konunun kapsam\u0131n\u0131 daha da geni\u015fletiyor: \u201cPlastik model, s\u00f6z konusu canl\u0131 organizman\u0131n foto\u011fraf\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, elbette diledi\u011fimi kullanabilirim.\u201d Dawkins\u2019in kendisi ve olta yemlerine (ve YA\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fka k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na) dair ele\u015ftirisi hakk\u0131nda ise \u015funu diyor (vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yerler kal\u0131n harflerle): \u201c\u015eu an kitab\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve be\u015finci bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlama a\u015famas\u0131nday\u0131m ve \u00f6rne\u011fin, plastik kurba\u011fa modellerinden faydaland\u0131m. Farkl\u0131 ve ho\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar, ayr\u0131ca bir par\u00e7a mizah bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yorlar. Malum ki\u015finin bu yemi yutmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade ettim. Tek ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi konu bu. Olta kancas\u0131n\u0131 kasten koydum. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir olta kancas\u0131 vard\u0131. Kancan\u0131n \u00fczerine sinek yerle\u015ftirdim, o adam da oltaya gelmi\u015f oldu. \u015eimdi her yerde bunun hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fuyor, insanlara kanca \u00fczerindeki sine\u011fi g\u00f6steriyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, e\u011fer HY inanmam\u0131z gerekiyorsa, YA\u2019da olta yemlerini, Richard Dawkins\u2019i \u201cyakalamak\u201d amac\u0131yla kasten kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (ger\u00e7i bunun anlam\u0131 ne olabilir, o da belli de\u011fil)! HY\u2019nin, Dawkins sadece olta yemlerini ele\u015ftiriyor yan\u0131t\u0131 daha da inan\u0131lmaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc asl\u0131nda Dawkins, HY\u2019yi deniz zambaklar\u0131, y\u0131lanbal\u0131klar\u0131 ve denizy\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki hatal\u0131 iddialar\u0131na i\u015faret ederek ele\u015ftirilerine ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve olta yemlerine ancak komik bir anekdot olarak de\u011finiyor. Fakat daha \u00f6nce belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, HY hatalar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek istemiyor, kald\u0131 ki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve yorumlar\u0131n\u0131n temelden hatal\u0131 oldu\u011funu kabullensin. Nihayetinde, \u201ckitapta tek hata yok\u201dmu\u015f (internet sitesi 28)! Kibarca s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, umuyoruz ki makalemiz en az\u0131ndan bu s\u00f6z\u00fcn tamamen do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda, HY\u2019yi do\u011fru anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 varsayarsak, olta yemlerini, kendini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anlatmak \u00fczere didaktik bir model olarak kullanm\u0131\u015f. E\u011fer \u00f6yleyse, Ernst Haeckel\u2019in embriyo resimleri sahte diyerek neden git gide ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha fazla buland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 merak ediyoruz, zira HY\u2019nin bu konuya ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayfa say\u0131s\u0131 YA\u2019n\u0131n her cildiyle birlikte artmakta (bak\u0131n\u0131z C1-13 s. 843-844; C2-5 s. 722-724; C3 s. 503-507; ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z Harun Yahya, 2003). Bu konuya daha fazla dalmadan, Haeckel\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla ilgili son incelemelerin, Haeckel\u2019i kas\u0131tl\u0131 sahtecilikle su\u00e7layacak ciddi bir sebebin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini vurgulayal\u0131m; baz\u0131 noktalarda hata yapm\u0131\u015f olsa bile (bunlar\u0131 kabul edip d\u00fczeltmi\u015ftir), embriyo \u00e7izimlerindeki bu s\u00f6zde tahrif, bahsetti\u011fi konuyu, uzman olmayan geni\u015f okuyucu kitlesine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anlatma ama\u00e7l\u0131 didaktik ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sadele\u015ftirmelerden (\u201c\u015femala\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d) ibarettir (Bender 1998; Hopwood, 2006; Richards, 2008, 2009).<\/p>\n

Son olarak, HY, e\u011fer plastik model canl\u0131 organizman\u0131n foto\u011fraf\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fse, meram\u0131n\u0131 anlatmak amac\u0131yla istedi\u011fi her \u015feyi kullanabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011fi i\u00e7in, YA\u2019n\u0131n gelecekteki ciltlerine katk\u0131m\u0131z olsun isteriz: Kentucky\u2019deki Drake Olu\u015fumundan gelen Ordovician d\u00f6neminden kalma Loxoplocus <\/em>fosiline dayanarak \u201cKar\u0131ndan bacakl\u0131\u201dn\u0131n \u201ccanl\u0131, \u00f6zde\u015f muadili\u201d olarak Bel\u00e7ika deniz meyvesi \u00e7ikolatas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterebilir (Resim 28; internet sitesi 33). HY\u2019nin, evrimi yads\u0131mak i\u00e7in yapay \u201cbulgu\u201d kullan\u0131m\u0131na dair savunmas\u0131n\u0131n tabiat\u0131n\u0131 bu ironinin yeterince g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011funu umuyoruz.<\/p>\n

SONS\u00d6Z<\/strong><\/h4>\n

HY\u2019nin, evrimin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik temel sav\u0131, mevcut t\u00fcrlerin jeolojik \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irmeden kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor (yani ilah\u00ee yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan bu yana). Bu y\u00fczden HY\u2019nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn temel ta\u015f\u0131, fosilin ve mevcut t\u00fcrlerin \u00f6zde\u015f olmas\u0131na dayan\u0131yor. Bunu kan\u0131tlamak, mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir taksonomi temeli gerektirir. Bununla birlikte, YA\u2019daki t\u00fcm hatalar\u0131 belirtmeye kalk\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olsak bile, bu makale, s\u00f6z konusu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla YA\u2019n\u0131n olas\u0131 her \u015fekilde \u00e7uvallad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6steriyor. \u0130\u015fin do\u011frusu, YA\u2019n\u0131n taksonomi taban\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle hatal\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc HY temel isimlendirmenin, taksonomi tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131n\u0131n, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n ve veri tahlilinin bilimsel kurallar\u0131na uymay\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ediyor. Fosillere ve mevcut taksonlara, genelde g\u00f6z karar\u0131yla ve d\u0131\u015f \u00f6zelliklere g\u00f6re k\u0131yaslan\u0131p karar veriliyor. Farkl\u0131 taksonlar, belirsiz ve yetersiz tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f genel isimler alt\u0131nda birlikte k\u00fcmeleniyor. Mesela, salyangozlar salyangozdur, \u00f6r\u00fcmcekler \u00f6r\u00fcmcektir, ringa bal\u0131klar\u0131 ringa bal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m \u015fubelerden, s\u0131n\u0131flara ailelere, s\u00f6zde t\u00fcrlere kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli taksonomi d\u00fczeylerinde uygulanm\u0131\u015f, t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7 \u015fa\u015fmadan ayn\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr, her ne kadar fosiller ve g\u00fcncel muadilleri ilk bak\u0131\u015fta muazzam farkl\u0131l\u0131klar sergilese de! Do\u011frusu, e\u011fer HY brakyopod fosili ile yumu\u015fak\u00e7a aras\u0131nda, y\u0131lanbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile denizy\u0131lan\u0131 aras\u0131nda, hatta olta yemi ile may\u0131s sine\u011fi fosili aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 fark olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia edebiliyorsa, insan ile \u015fempanze aras\u0131nda fark oldu\u011funu neye dayanarak savunuyor merak ediyoruz? \u00dcstelik daha \u00f6nce genel hatlar\u0131yla i\u015faret etti\u011fimiz gibi, HY, farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 nas\u0131l tespit ediyor, yani iki t\u00fcr\u00fcn ya da \u00f6rne\u011fin farkl\u0131 m\u0131 \u00f6zde\u015f mi oldu\u011funa karar verirken hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri kullan\u0131yor? \u00d6yle olsalar bile, s\u0131rf iki organizma d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan benziyor diye evrimi reddedip yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 kabul etmenin mant\u0131k\u00ee temeli nedir? HY, Resim 29\u2019da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimiz tespih k\u0131rkaya\u011f\u0131 (Arthropoda, Diplopoda: Glomeris <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fc) ile tespih b\u00f6ce\u011fi (Arthropoda, Crustacea: Armadillidium<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fc) aras\u0131ndaki benzerli\u011fi nas\u0131l yorumlard\u0131 acaba? Elbette bilmiyoruz, fakat YA\u2019da HY\u2019nin b\u00f6ylesi temel sorunlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmak bir yana bunlardan s\u00f6z etmedi\u011fini bile s\u00f6ylemeye gerek yok.<\/p>\n

HY\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a baraminolojinin, yani tanr\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrleri s\u0131n\u0131rlardan kurtarma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n (Wood, 2002; Prothero, 2009) kapsam\u0131na giriyor; elbette bu t\u00fcrler (baramin) i\u00e7indeki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve farklar\u0131, \u00f6rt\u00fck evrim \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r (Prothero, 2009). Ancak, baraminologlar bile \u201cnesnel\u201d y\u00f6ntemler kullanmaya ve isimlendirme kurallar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya \u00e7abalar (Wood, 2002). Bunun aksine HY, bilimsel terminoloji kullanmay\u0131 \u00f6zellikle istemiyor (ger\u00e7i i\u015fine geldi\u011fi zaman kullanmaktan da ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131yor), \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunu, Darvincilerin bir aldatma tekni\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor (Harun Yahya, 2011b):<\/p>\n

\u201c…Darvincilerin ba\u015fl\u0131ca aldatma vas\u0131tas\u0131 bilimdir. Bu beyin y\u0131kama tekni\u011fini elden b\u0131rakmak istemiyorlar. Darvinci bilim dergilerinde yay\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131 aldat\u0131c\u0131 makalelerinde bol bol bilimsel terim ve form\u00fcl kullanmalar\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, okuyuculara epey \u00f6nemli, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, girift bilgi sunduklar\u0131 izlenimini uyand\u0131rmak.<\/p>\n

\u201cLatince s\u00f6zc\u00fckler, Darvincilerin aldatma teknikleri repertuar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131z icrac\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Darvinciler, sahte fosillere ya da yeni uydurduklar\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f kuramlara Latince isim vermenin, g\u00fcvenirliklerini bir \u015fekilde art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc kurarlar. Ancak, s\u00f6ylediklerinin ard\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bilimsel bulgu yoktur.\u201d<\/p>\n

HY\u2019nin kat\u0131 taksonomi y\u00f6ntemlerini ve isimlendirme kurallar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamay\u0131 reddedi\u015fi, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u00e7ma sapan k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Belki de HY\u2019nin Darvincili\u011fe a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n en inan\u0131lmaz k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015fu iki iddias\u0131d\u0131r: 1) Darvinciler \u201cayr\u0131nt\u0131lara\u201d gere\u011finden fazla odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in insanlar\u0131 ger\u00e7eklikten uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlarm\u0131\u015f (tahminimizce bu makalede de\u011findi\u011fimiz konular bu kapsama giriyor) ve 2) \u201cBenzerliklerden kan\u0131t olarak faydalanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar\u201dm\u0131\u015f (Harun Yahya, 2011b). \u00d6zellikle ikinci madde kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc evrime kar\u015f\u0131 HY\u2019nin kendi savlar\u0131n\u0131 da tamamen baltal\u0131yor, zira YA b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle, fosillerin ve mevcut t\u00fcrlerin benzer (\u00f6zde\u015f) oldu\u011funu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan bu yana hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmediklerini g\u00f6stermeye dayan\u0131yor. O halde HY bu savlar\u0131nda, benzerlikleri kan\u0131t olarak kullanm\u0131yor mu? Yeri gelmi\u015fken, evrim kuram\u0131 \u201cbenzerliklerden\u201d faydalanmaz, fakat ortak atay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karsamak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka \u015feylerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ortak bi\u00e7imlere (apomorphy<\/em>, synapomorphy<\/em>) bel ba\u011flar. Fakat elbette HY\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu, aldat\u0131c\u0131 bir bilimsel terimdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bir kez daha s\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc bitirdi\u011fimiz yere geldik, ger\u00e7i makalemizin, HY\u2019ninkiler gibi yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kuramlar\u0131n ipli\u011fini pazara \u00e7\u0131karmakta taksonominin ne kadar yararl\u0131 olabilece\u011fini en az\u0131ndan g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011funu umuyoruz.<\/p>\n

Te\u015fekk\u00fcr<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Thierry Backeljau\u2019yu BELSPO projesi MO\/36\/027 desteklemi\u015ftir. Deniz lalesi foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 (Resim 3) kullanmam\u0131za izin verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in Dave Harasti\u2019ye (internet sitesi 1), HY\u2019nin deniz y\u0131lan\u0131 plaketini (Resim 5) kullanmam\u0131za izin verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in Carl Roessler\u2019e (internet sitesi 3), YA\u2019da g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f olan ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olta yemlerini (Resimler 25-27) burada da basmam\u0131za izin verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in Graham Owen\u2019a (internet sitesi 24) ve Resim 28\u2019de foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmam\u0131za izin verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in Michael Popp\u2019a \u00e7ok te\u015fekk\u00fcr ediyoruz. Tavsiyeleri i\u00e7in Claude Massin\u2019e (RBINS, Br\u00fcksel, Bel\u00e7ika), Yves Samyn\u2019e (RBINS, Br\u00fcksel, Bel\u00e7ika), Jos Snoeks\u2019a (RMCA, Tervuren, Bel\u00e7ika) ve Karel Wouters\u2019e (RBINS, Br\u00fcksel, Bel\u00e7ika) minnettar\u0131z.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n

– AGNARSSON, I., & M. KUNTNER, 2007. Taxonomy in a changing world: seeking solutions for a science in crisis. Systematic Biology<\/em>, 56:531-539.<\/p>\n

– ANTHIS, N., 2007a. A book, stunning in both its beauty and its ignorance. The Scientific Activist blog<\/em>, 18 Temmuz. http:\/\/scienceblogs.com\/scientificactivist\/2007\/07\/a_book_stunning_in_both_its_be.php<\/p>\n

– ANTHIS, N., 2007b. More impressions of the Atlas of Creation. The Scientific Activist blog<\/em>, 19 Temmuz. http:\/\/scienceblogs.com\/scientificactivist\/2007\/07\/more_impressions_of_the_atlas.php<\/p>\n

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MET\u0130NDE S\u00d6Z\u00dc GE\u00c7EN \u0130NTERNET S\u0130TELER\u0130<\/strong><\/h4>\n

1) Deniz lalesi, Pyura spinifera <\/em>HY taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi yer: V2-5 (s. 167) ve FMSY0708: http:\/\/www.scuba-equipment-usa.com\/marine\/JUN06\/index.html; telif hakk\u0131 Dave Harasti (http:\/\/www.daveharasti.com\/photographer\/photographer.htm)<\/p>\n

2) Deniz y\u0131lan\u0131, Laticauda sp. <\/em>HY taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi yer: C1-2 ve C1-4 s. 468, ve FM-SF0134, FM-SF0135: http:\/\/www.divexprt.com\/photogal\/fi ji\/fi ji.html; telif hakk\u0131 Carl Roessler ve idare eden Philip T. Edgerly, www.philipedgerly.com)<\/p>\n

3) \u00d6r\u00fcmcek yengeci, muhtemelen Hyas araneus<\/em>, HY taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi yer C1 s. 422: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:41794428_spidercrab_noaa_203.jpg; bu foto\u011fraf 23 Haziran 2006\u2019da BBC Haber\u2019de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u201cAntartika\u2019y\u0131 istila eden s\u0131cak t\u00fcrler\u201d Paul Rincon: http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/5101790.stm<\/p>\n

4) Okyanus deniz tara\u011f\u0131, Arctica islandica<\/em>, HY taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi yer FM-SC0274: http:\/\/www.seawater.no\/fauna\/mollusca\/islandica.html<\/p>\n

5) HY\u2019nin FM-SC0274\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi istiridye: http:\/\/www.junglewalk.com\/photos\/clam-pictures-I8080.htm<\/p>\n

6) Limidae t\u00fcr\u00fc (\u201cBaya\u011f\u0131 midye\u201d), HY FM-SC0362\u2019de g\u00f6stermi\u015f: http:\/\/www.junglewalk.com\/photos\/clam-pictures-I8120.htm<\/p>\n

7) Astartidae, HY FM-SC0351\u2019de g\u00f6steriyor: http:\/\/www.seawater.no\/fauna\/mollusca\/casina.html (bu internet sitesinde yanl\u0131\u015f adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f)<\/p>\n

8) HY\u2019nin FM-SC0204\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi deniz tara\u011f\u0131: http:\/\/www.seawater.no\/fauna\/mollusca\/maximus.html<\/p>\n

9) HY\u2019nin C1 s. 237\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi pentatomid s\u00fcne, Notius consputus<\/em>: http:\/\/www.brisbaneinsects.com\/brisbane_stinkbugs\/images\/IMGc.jpg, \u015fu siteden al\u0131n\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f: http:\/\/www.brisbaneinsects.com\/brisbane_stinkbugs\/YellowDottedGumTreeBug.htm<\/p>\n

10) HY\u2019nin FM-AI0302\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi k\u0131nkanatl\u0131, Dendrophagus crenatus<\/em>: http:\/\/www.zin.ru\/animalia\/coleoptera\/eng\/dencredg.htm<\/p>\n

11) HY\u2019nin FM-AI0302\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kabuk b\u00f6ce\u011fi, Pityogenes chalcographu<\/em>: http:\/\/www.zin.ru\/Animalia\/Coleoptera\/eng\/pitchadg.htm<\/p>\n

12) HY\u2019nin FM-AI0055\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi mirid b\u00f6ce\u011fi, Phytocoris lasiomerus<\/em>: http:\/\/www.cedarcreek.umn.edu\/insects\/newslides\/020023176004bpl.jpg, \u015fu siteden al\u0131n\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f: http:\/\/www.cedarcreek.umn.edu\/insects\/album\/020023176ap.html<\/p>\n

13) HY\u2019nin FM-AI0055\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi lygaeid b\u00f6ce\u011fi, Zeridoneus costalis<\/em>: http:\/\/www.cedarcreek.umn.edu\/insects\/album\/020007058ap.html<\/p>\n

14) HY\u2019nin C1-13 s. 246\u2019da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi alacal\u0131 kalkan b\u00f6ce\u011fi, Tritomegas bicolor<\/em>: http:\/\/www.blackstein.de\/tagebuch\/2002\/mai2002\/wanze-499a.jpg, al\u0131n\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc site: http:\/\/www.blackstein.de\/tiere\/wanzen.html<\/p>\n

15) HY\u2019nin FM-SY0858\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi deniz zamba\u011f\u0131 (muhtemelen Endoxocrinus parrae<\/em>): http:\/\/oceanexplorer.noaa.gov\/explorations\/04fi re\/logs\/april02\/media\/crinoid.html<\/p>\n

16) HY\u2019nin FM-SY0835\u2019te g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi deniz zamba\u011f\u0131, Comanthina schlegeli<\/em>: http:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/hosted_sites\/iczn\/Crinoid.htm<\/p>\n

17) HY\u2019nin C1 s. 314\u2019te g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi stratiomyit sine\u011fi, Pachygaster <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fc: http:\/\/www.cedarcreek.umn.edu\/insects\/album\/029031026ap.html, al\u0131n\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc site: http:\/\/www.cedarcreek.umn.edu\/insects\/albumframes\/029frame.html<\/p>\n

18) by HY\u2019nin C2-5 s. 433\u2019te g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi a\u011f \u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fc, tak\u0131m Embioptera: http:\/\/www.cals.ncsu.edu\/course\/ent425\/library\/spotid\/embioptera\/embioptera.html<\/p>\n

19) HY\u2019nin FM-AI0199\u2019da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gececi g\u00fcve t\u00fcr\u00fc: http:\/\/www.use.com\/ugly_moth_287df9aecadf8ece7b68<\/p>\n

20) HY\u2019nin FM-AI0199\u2019da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi z\u0131pz\u0131p kelebek, aile Hesperiidae: http:\/\/quizlet.com\/3959758\/arthropods-flashcards-flash-cards\/<\/p>\n

21) HY\u2019nin FM-AI0440\u2019da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ye\u015fil kelebek, muhtemelen Lucilia sericata <\/em>(Calliphoridae): http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Diptera_02gg.jpg<\/p>\n

22) HY\u2019nin FM-AI0440\u2019da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi sinek: http:\/\/aramel.free.fr\/INSECTES15-5.shtml<\/p>\n

23) HY\u2019nin C1-13\u2019te \u201cAslan kar\u0131nca\u201d <\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi fosile benzerli\u011fini sergilemek \u00fczere tropik ate\u015f kar\u0131ncas\u0131 askeri (Solenopsis geminata<\/em>): http:\/\/www.alexanderwild.com\/keyword\/soldier%20ant#1263035422_4t9rpCs-A-LB, al\u0131n\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc site: http:\/\/www.alexanderwild.com\/keyword\/soldier%20ant#1263035422_4t9rpCs<\/p>\n

24) Graham Owen\u2019\u0131n internet sitesi \u201cAtlas of Creation \u2013 Realistic fishing flies Mistaken for the Real Thing\u201d, HY\u2019nin YA\u2019da yapay \u00f6r\u00fcmcek ve iki olta yemi kullan\u0131\u015f\u0131na dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: http:\/\/www.grahamowengallery.com\/fishing\/Atlas-of-Creation.html; telif hakk\u0131 Gaham Owen.<\/p>\n

25) Khmer \u0130nternet S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201cGnat\u201d maddesi, Graham Owen\u2019\u0131n hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6r\u00fcmce\u011finin k\u0131ska\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki tatarc\u0131k foto\u011fraf\u0131yla birlikte (24 numaral\u0131 internet sitesiyle k\u0131yaslay\u0131n\u0131z): http:\/\/dictionary.tovnah.com\/topic\/animal\/Gnat; bu \u00e7izim ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cEdinburgh Napier Haberleri\u201dnde 25 Kas\u0131m 2008\u2019de tatarc\u0131klar\u0131n etkisiyle ilgili haberde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: http:\/\/edinburghnapiernews.com\/2008\/11\/25\/<\/p>\n

26) HY\u2019nin C1-13\u2019te 241. sayfada, Graham Owen\u2019\u0131n \u00f6r\u00fcmcek\/tatarc\u0131k olta yemi yerine g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi foto\u011fraf (bu foto\u011fraf internette yayg\u0131nl\u0131kla kullan\u0131l\u0131r): http:\/\/downloadwallpaperz.blogspot.com\/2011\/06\/top-hd-wallpaperof-nature.html; ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z http:\/\/iexespiritoguerreiro.blogspot.com\/2009_03_01_archive.html ve http:\/\/schokolademaedchen.blogspot.com\/2007_08_01_archive.html<\/p>\n

27) HY\u2019nin C1-13 s. 244\u2019te, Graham Owen\u2019\u0131n olta yemi \u015fayak sinekleri yerine g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, siyah \u015fayaklar (\u015fayak sine\u011fi: Agapetus <\/em>ya da Glossosoma <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fc): http:\/\/www.headwatersoutfitters.com\/graphics\/fi shing\/bugs\/little-black-caddis.jpg al\u0131n\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc site: htt p:\/\/www.headwatersoutfitters.com\/fl y-fi shing_spring_hatch_charts.html<\/p>\n

28) \u201cRichard Dawkins\u2019 and daily H\u00fcrriyet\u2019s ignorance\u201d, Richard Dawkins\u2019in olta yemi ele\u015ftirilerine HY\u2019nin yan\u0131t verdi\u011fi internet makalesi (4 Ekim 2008): http:\/\/us3.harunyahya.com\/Detail\/T\/EDCRFV\/productId\/9601\/RICHARD_DAWKINS__AND_DAILY_HURRIYET_S_IGNORANCE<\/p>\n

29) \u201cDawkins has taken the bait\u201d YA\u2019daki olta yemleriyle ilgili ele\u015ftirilere HY\u2019nin yan\u0131t\u0131, 28 Eyl\u00fcl 2009 tarihli TV s\u00f6yle\u015fisini temel alan yan\u0131tlar: http:\/\/us1.harunyahya.com\/Detail\/T\/EDCRFV\/productId\/17945\/<\/p>\n

30) HY\u2019nin C1-13 s. 349\u2019da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi yenge\u00e7 (probably Carcinus <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fc): http:\/\/www.feathersfinsandfur.com\/fascinating-facts-about-crabs\/<\/p>\n

31) HY\u2019nin YA\u2019da ve bilhassa Harun Yahya 2008c\u2019de kullanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu omurgal\u0131 kafataslar\u0131yla ve ba\u015fka kal\u0131nt\u0131larla ilgili \u201cAka Sojo\u201dnun ele\u015ftirel de\u011ferlendirmesi, 10 Nisan 2009: http:\/\/purplekoolaid.typepad.com\/my_weblog\/the-skulls-that-makeharun-yahya-look-like-a-bonehead-and-fraud-huckster-hypocrite-etc.html<\/p>\n

32) HY\u2019nin \u201cThe Holocaust Deception\u201d (= \u201cThe Holocaust Hoax\u201d) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i versiyonu; bu kitapta Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yads\u0131r: http:\/\/members.fortunecity.com\/vural\/bks\/HOLOCAUST.HTML ve http:\/\/www.codoh.com\/inter\/inturk\/inturk.html; bu kitab\u0131n \u0130ngilizce metninin PDF dosyas\u0131 \u015fu internet sitesinden indirilebilir: http:\/\/www.bibliotecapleyades.net\/archivos_pdf\/holocaust_deception.pdf; HY\u2019nin konuyla ilgili daha erken tarihli \u201cNew Masonic Order\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131, ki bu kitab\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yads\u0131r, \u015fu internet sitesinde tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor: http:\/\/members.fortunecity.com\/vural\/bks\/NMO.HTML<\/p>\n

33) Bel\u00e7ika deniz meyvesi \u00e7ukulatalar\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imi ve salyangoz \u015fekilli pralinlerinin Kentucky Drake Olu\u015fumunun Ordovizyen d\u00f6nemden kalma Loxoplocus <\/em>fosiliyle k\u0131yaslanmas\u0131, 5 Kas\u0131m 2009: http:\/\/louisvillefossils.blogspot.com\/2009\/11\/chocolate-fossil.html; telif hakk\u0131 Michael Popp (http:\/\/louisvillefossils.com\/).<\/p>\n

34) Harun Yahya\u2019n\u0131n resmi internet sitesi: http:\/\/www.harunyahya.com\/index.php<\/p>\n

35) \u201cBilim Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Vakf\u0131\u201dn\u0131n (BAV) internet sitesi: http:\/\/www.srf-tr.org\/about.htm<\/p>\n

36) HY\u2019nin C3-1 sayfa 93\u2019te g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6l tilkisi (Vulpes zerda<\/em>): http:\/\/piccoloprincipe.unicatt.it\/kaleb\/Autore\/Curiosita\/324.htm<\/p>\n

37) HY\u2019nin FM-SM1183\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6l tilkisi (Vulpes zerda<\/em>): http:\/\/mynarskiforest.purrsia.com\/ev28wrld.htm<\/p>\n

38) HY\u2019nin C3-1 sayfa 191\u2019de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kertenkele bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Synodus intermedius<\/em>): http:\/\/www.cs.brown.edu\/~twd\/fi sh\/Curacao\/doeppne-022.jpg, al\u0131n\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc internet sitesi: http:\/\/www.cs.brown.edu\/~twd\/fi sh\/Curacao\/Curacao.htm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131, evrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 savlar\u0131n ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmesine taksonominin \u00f6nemli katk\u0131 yapabilece\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermek. Makalenin y\u00f6ntemini, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Harun Yahya mahlas\u0131yla faaliyet g\u00f6steren yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f yanl\u0131s\u0131 cephenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca eseri \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n taksonomi temelini dikkatle g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek olu\u015fturuyor. Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Atlas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temel hedefi, fosillerin ve ya\u015fayan organizmalar\u0131n \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011funu, yani canl\u0131lar\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan beri de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fini sergilemek suretiyle evrimin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":500,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[137,38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-100-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t