Elektri\u011fin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki potansiyeli g\u00f6ren ilk ki\u015filerden biri Thomas Edison\u2019dur. Elektri\u011fin \u201cd\u00fcnyadaki ya\u015fam\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenleyecek\u201d bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren mucit Edison, 1870\u2019li y\u0131llarda akkor lambay\u0131 g\u00fcndelik hayatta kullan\u0131labilir hale getirmek i\u00e7in New Jersey\u2019deki laboratuar\u0131na girdi. O zamanlarda akkor lambalar hem \u00e7ok pahal\u0131yd\u0131 hem de k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yanarak bozulmaktayd\u0131. Bu sorunlar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in y\u0131llarca \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fan Edison, 1879 y\u0131l\u0131nda akkor lamban\u0131n patentini ald\u0131.<\/p>\n Edison\u2019un ampul\u00fc, elektri\u011fin modern hayata giri\u015finin ilk \u00f6rneklerindendir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck jenerat\u00f6rler kullanarak baz\u0131 se\u00e7kin insanlar\u0131n evlerini akkor lamba ile ayd\u0131nlatan Edison, 1882 y\u0131l\u0131nda New York\u2019ta Edison Ayd\u0131nlatma \u015eirketi\u2019ni kurarak ticari \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na h\u0131z kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Y\u00fczlerce buhar makinesi sat\u0131n al\u0131p, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck voltajl\u0131 do\u011fru ak\u0131m \u015febekelerini kurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n Fakat sistemlerinde do\u011fru ak\u0131m \u00fcretimini standart hale getiren Edison\u2019un \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir teknik problem vard\u0131: elektri\u011fin uzaklara iletilmesi. Jenerat\u00f6rden 2 kilometre uzakl\u0131\u011fa kablo \u00e7ekildi\u011finde, kablodaki g\u00fc\u00e7 tek bir lambay\u0131 bile yakmaya yetmiyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla elektrik santrallerinin zorunlu bir hizmet \u00e7ap\u0131 vard\u0131; \u00e7ap\u0131n \u00f6tesinde i\u015fe yaram\u0131yor ve yeni bir santral gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>Westinghouse ve Tesla\u2019dan alternatif ak\u0131m <\/strong><\/p>\n Ba\u015fka bir kolda ise Amerikan giri\u015fimci ve mucit George Westinghouse vard\u0131. 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fru ak\u0131m elektrikli ayd\u0131nlatma i\u015fine girmek amac\u0131yla fizik\u00e7i William Stanley\u2019i i\u015fe alan Westinghouse, 1885 y\u0131l\u0131nda alternatif ak\u0131m sistemlerini temel alan transformat\u00f6rlerden (trafolardan) haberdar oldu. Bu cihazlar g\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131 sorununa bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirebilirdi.<\/p>\n Edison\u2019un do\u011fru ak\u0131m \u015febekelerine rakip olarak bir ba\u015fka do\u011fru ak\u0131m \u015febekesi koymaktan ziyade, tamamen yenilik\u00e7i ve rekabet\u00e7i bir alternatif ak\u0131m \u015febekesi kurman\u0131n transformat\u00f6rler sayesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olaca\u011f\u0131na kanaat getiren Westinghouse, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 alternatif ak\u0131m taraf\u0131na \u00e7ekti. B\u00f6ylece Westinghouse ve ba\u015fm\u00fchendisi Tesla\u2019n\u0131n alternatif ak\u0131m taraf\u0131nda; Edison\u2019un ise do\u011fru ak\u0131m taraf\u0131nda oldu\u011fu ticari bir m\u00fccadelenin fitili ate\u015flenmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n Alternatif ak\u0131m \u015firketleri kuruluyor<\/strong><\/p>\n Gaulard-Gibbs transformat\u00f6rlerinin Amerikan patent haklar\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n alan Westinghouse, Siemens alternatif ak\u0131m jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc de getirterek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flad\u0131. Gaulard-Gibbs ve ZBD transformat\u00f6rlerinin tasar\u0131mlar\u0131ndan yararlanan William Stanley, ilk kullan\u0131labilir transformat\u00f6r\u00fc geli\u015ftirdi.\u00a0 1886 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n mart ay\u0131nda; Westinghouse Elektrik \u015eirketi kurulduktan \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra ise Stanley, \u00e7oklu voltajl\u0131 alternatif ak\u0131ml\u0131 elektrik sistemini d\u00fcnyaya tan\u0131tt\u0131.<\/p>\n Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,2 km boyunca \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131na u\u011frayan bu sistem ile birlikte alternatif ak\u0131m cephesinin eli daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015fti. 1886 sonbahar\u0131nda Westinghouse, Stanley ve Oliver B. Shallenberger, New York\u2019ta ilk ticari alternatif ak\u0131m \u015febekesini kurmu\u015ftu. \u015eirket 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Nikola Tesla\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok fazl\u0131 alternatif ak\u0131m ind\u00fcksiyon motoru Amerikan patentine y\u00fckl\u00fc bir miktarda para \u00f6deyip, entegre alternatif ak\u0131m sistemi kurma yolunda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m att\u0131.<\/p>\n Tesla\u2019n\u0131n teknik \u00f6nderli\u011fi ile birlikte geli\u015fen alternatif ak\u0131m y\u00f6ntemi, elektrik ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 konusunda do\u011fru ak\u0131mla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda inan\u0131lmaz bir verime sahiptir. Elektrik santrallerinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ak\u0131mda ve \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek voltajda ta\u015f\u0131nan elektrik, yerle\u015fim yerlerine yak\u0131n yerlerde trafolar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck voltaj ve y\u00fcksek ak\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek kullan\u0131ma uygun hale geliyordu.<\/p>\n Edison kara propaganda ba\u015flat\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n Alternatif ak\u0131m, Edison\u2019un g\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131 ya\u015fayan do\u011fru ak\u0131m \u015febekelerine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir avantaja sahipti ve do\u011fal olarak ak\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n galibi nihayetinde alternatif ak\u0131m olacakt\u0131. Ancak alternatif ak\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nlenemez y\u00fckseli\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131n Edison bo\u015f durmam\u0131\u015f ve alternatif ak\u0131m aleyhine kara propaganda ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bilimci ve mucitlerin temel motivasyonu genellikle ticari \u00e7\u0131karlar \u00fczerine kurulu olmaz. Ticari kayg\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015fin i\u00e7erisine girdi\u011fi bir bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fekilde yozla\u015fmaya mahk\u00fbmdur. Bilimin objektifli\u011fi sayesinde \u201cyanl\u0131\u015f\u201d oldu\u011fu kolayca anla\u015f\u0131labilecek fikir ve icatlar, kapitalizmin ak\u0131l d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kolayl\u0131kla g\u00fc\u00e7lenebilir ve ger\u00e7ekler tersy\u00fcz edilebilir.<\/p>\n Thomas Edison gibi bir mucitin alternatif ak\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmemi\u015f olmamas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. Fakat Edison\u2019un ticari kayg\u0131lar\u0131 olan bir \u015firket sahibi olmas\u0131, onu bilimin objektifli\u011finden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve kendi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin sat\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla alternatif ak\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 kara propaganda yapmaya itmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Y\u00fcksek voltajla ta\u015f\u0131nan alternatif ak\u0131m\u0131n tehlikeli oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda gazetelere ilanlar veren, topluma a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda hayvanlara alternatif ak\u0131m vererek \u201cdeney\u201d yapan ve alternatif ak\u0131m\u0131n daha \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl oldu\u011funa dair raporlar haz\u0131rlayan Edison\u2019un \u015firketi, tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 bilimsel zeminden \u00e7\u0131kararak sesi daha fazla \u00e7\u0131kan\u0131n kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alana \u00e7ekmeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ticari kavga<\/strong><\/p>\n Tesla\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcksek frekansl\u0131 alternatif ak\u0131m voltajlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamas\u0131n\u0131n da katk\u0131s\u0131yla birlikte Edison\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kara propaganda yeterli olamam\u0131\u015f; tarih, ucuzlu\u011fu ve iletim kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile alternatif ak\u0131m\u0131 standart \u015febeke t\u00fcr\u00fc haline getirmi\u015ftir. Edison, elektrik alan\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve \u015firketi ise daha sonra General Electric ad\u0131n\u0131 alacak \u015firketler birli\u011fi potas\u0131nda erimi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Edison-Tesla ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda anlat\u0131lan \u201cak\u0131m sava\u015flar\u0131\u201d, esasen farkl\u0131 ak\u0131m \u015febekelerini pazarlayan iki \u015firket aras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ticari bir kavga olarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Edison ve Westinghouse ekseninde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu ticari \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada Tesla, alternatif ak\u0131m taraf\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flayan ba\u015fm\u00fchendistir.<\/p>\n Tesla\u2019n\u0131n kariyeri<\/strong><\/p>\n 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerika\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Tesla, Edison\u2019un \u015firketi alt\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k bir sene boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tesla\u2019n\u0131n dehas\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda etkilenen Edison, do\u011fru ak\u0131m dinamolar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirmesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Tesla\u2019ya 50 bin dolar verece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015f fakat aylarca s\u00fcren denemeler neticesinde buldu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ra\u011fmen Tesla paras\u0131n\u0131 alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olaydan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Edison\u2019un \u015firketinden ayr\u0131lan Tesla, 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise \u00e7ok fazl\u0131 ind\u00fcksiyon motoru ve transformat\u00f6r tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 Westinghouse\u2019ye sat\u0131p onun \u015firketinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Burada yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tasar\u0131mlarla elektrik iletimine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130flas\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine gelen Westinghouse\u2019den ayr\u0131lmak zorunda kalan Tesla, tasar\u0131mlar\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fi parayla New York\u2019ta kendi laboratuvar\u0131n\u0131 kurdu ve kablosuz enerji iletimi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok konuda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na devam etti. Tesla sadece alternatif ak\u0131m konusuna de\u011fil; elektrik ve elektromanyetik ak\u0131m\u0131n dahil oldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok konuya y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, tasar\u0131mlar yapm\u0131\u015f ve patentler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/inventions\/nikola-tesla<\/p>\n 2) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Laying_the_electrical_Tubes_electric_lines_under_street_Edison_Pearl_Street_Utility_June_21_1882_Harpers_Weekly_-_detail.png<\/p>\n 3) http:\/\/www.evrimagaci.org\/makale\/153<\/p>\n 4) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Currents#Edison.27s_anti-AC_stance<\/p>\n 5) http:\/\/skeptophilia.blogspot.nl\/2014\/04\/nikola-tesla-vs-martians.html<\/p>\n 6) http:\/\/chroniclingamerica.loc.gov\/lccn\/sn85034438\/1901-01-13\/ed-1\/seq-8\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Temel ke\u015fif ve icatlar say\u0131s\u0131z bilimcinin katk\u0131lar\u0131yla geli\u015ftirilip, elektromanyetik teori olgunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, elektrik insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n emrine girmeye haz\u0131rd\u0131. Geriye yaln\u0131zca bu icatlar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilip yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 say\u0131labilecek bu andan itibaren buharl\u0131 makinelerin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, elektrikli cihazlar\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu bir d\u00fcnyaya ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131. Elektromanyetik ind\u00fcksiyonun ke\u015ffi, enerjinin nas\u0131l kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":634,"featured_media":28208,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314],"tags":[3289,3833,1017,3835,2510,3834],"class_list":["post-28207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","tag-alternatif-akim","tag-dogru-akim","tag-elektrik","tag-george-westinghouse","tag-nikola-tesla","tag-thomas-edison"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/2-19-300x226.jpg\")
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