{"id":29080,"date":"2018-09-05T05:00:16","date_gmt":"2018-09-05T02:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=29080"},"modified":"2018-09-07T00:50:42","modified_gmt":"2018-09-06T21:50:42","slug":"marx-ve-engels-darwin-ve-turlerin-kokeni-hakkinda-ne-demislerdi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/09\/05\/marx-ve-engels-darwin-ve-turlerin-kokeni-hakkinda-ne-demislerdi","title":{"rendered":"Marx ve Engels, Darwin ve ‘T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni’ hakk\u0131nda ne demi\u015flerdi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> adl\u0131 eseri 1859 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda yay\u0131mland\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Marx da Kapital<\/em>\u2019e haz\u0131rl\u0131k niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131<\/em>\u2019y\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kapital<\/em>\u2019in ilk cildi ise 1867 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mland\u0131. 1859-1867 aras\u0131nda Marx ve Engels, Darwin\u2019in eserlerini okuma ve de\u011ferlendirme f\u0131rsat\u0131 buldular. Marx bu de\u011ferlendirmeleri, Kapital<\/em>\u2019in ilk ve sonraki ciltlerine yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cDo\u011fal tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcze temel sa\u011flayan kitap bu\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n Ekolojisi<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda John Bellamy Foster, Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin Marx ve Engels \u00fczerindeki ilk etkisine ili\u015fkin \u015fu bilgileri aktar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019nin 1859 Kas\u0131m\u2019\u0131nda bas\u0131lan 1250 n\u00fcshas\u0131ndan birini ele ge\u00e7iren ve hemen okuyan Engels, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Marx\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta Darwin\u2019in eseri hakk\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fcleyici. Erekbilimin \u015fu ana dek y\u0131k\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f bir y\u00f6n\u00fc vard\u0131, art\u0131k o da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Do\u011fadaki tarihsel evrimi sergileme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00f6yle g\u00f6rkemli bir giri\u015fim asla yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve asla b\u00f6ylesine etkili olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tabii, insan kaba \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6ntemine katlanmak zorunda.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Marx ve Engels, Darwin\u2019in evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f, onda kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fabiliminden gelen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir destek bulmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Marx bir y\u0131l sonra Darwin\u2019i incelemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 19 Aral\u0131k 1860\u2019da Engels\u2019e \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201cBu \u00e7etin g\u00fcnlerde, son d\u00f6rt hafta i\u00e7inde (Marx o s\u0131ralar a\u011f\u0131r bir hastal\u0131k ge\u00e7iren e\u015fi Jenny\u2019ye bak\u0131yordu) her t\u00fcrden \u015feyi okudum. Bunlar aras\u0131nda Darwin\u2019in Do\u011fal Se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndaki kitab\u0131 da var. Kaba \u0130ngiliz \u00fcslubunda geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olsa da, do\u011fal tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcze temel sa\u011flayan kitap bu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Marx bir ay sonra da Alman sosyalist Ferdinand Lassalle\u2019a \u015f\u00f6yle yazd\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201cTarihsel s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesine do\u011fa bilim i\u00e7inde bir temel sa\u011flayan Darwin\u2019in eseri en \u00f6nemlisi ve benim amac\u0131ma en uygunu. Tabii, insan kaba saba \u0130ngiliz stiline katlanmak zorunda. B\u00fct\u00fcn eksikliklerine ra\u011fmen, ilk defa olarak bu kitapta do\u011fal bilim i\u00e7indeki \u2018erekbilime\u2019 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir darbe indirilmekle kalm\u0131yor, bu erekbilimin ussal i\u00e7eri\u011fi de g\u00f6rg\u00fcl olarak a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Foster\u2019\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201cDarwin\u2019in eserinin Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc ki, Alman kom\u00fcnist arkada\u015f\u0131 ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yolda\u015f\u0131 Wilhelm Liebknecht bunu sonralar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle hat\u0131rlayacakt\u0131: \u201cDarwin ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p genel kamuya a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, aylarca Darwin\u2019den ve bilimsel bulgular\u0131n\u0131n muazzam etkisinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey konu\u015fmad\u0131k.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan Marx ve Engels\u2019in, felsefelerini geli\u015ftirirken, do\u011fabilimi alan\u0131nda kendilerine esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015f \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f geli\u015fmeler aras\u0131nda, enerjinin sak\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 yasas\u0131 ve h\u00fccrenin ke\u015ffi ile birlikte Darwin\u2019in evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 da sayd\u0131klar\u0131 bilinir.<\/p>\n

Marx ile Darwin\u2019in tek yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 yorumcular, Marx\u2019\u0131n Kapital<\/em>\u2019i Darwin\u2019e adamak istedi\u011fini s\u00f6ylerler. Fakat Kapital<\/em>\u2019in herhangi bir bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n veya \u00e7evirisinin Darwin\u2019e adand\u0131\u011f\u0131na veya adanmak istendi\u011fine dair hi\u00e7bir kan\u0131t yoktur.<\/p>\n

Sadece Marx, Darwin\u2019in di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli eseri \u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi<\/em>\u2019nin bas\u0131m\u0131ndan iki y\u0131l sonra (1873) yay\u0131mlanan Kapital<\/em>\u2019in ilk cildinin ikinci Almanca bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fini Darwin\u2019e \u015fu ithafla yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cBay Charles Darwin. Samimi bir hayran\u0131ndan. (imza) Karl Marx. Londra 16 Haziran 1873. Modena Villas, Maitland Park.\u201d<\/p>\n

Marx, Kapital<\/em>\u2019i, Darwin ile birlikte bir\u00e7ok yazar ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcre de g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve ele\u015ftirilerini istemi\u015ftir. Kitab\u0131 olan Darwin de d\u00f6rt ay sonra (Ekim 1873) Marx\u2019a \u015fu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cSayg\u0131de\u011fer Bay\u0131m,<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck eseriniz Kapital<\/em>\u2019i g\u00f6ndermekle bana bah\u015fetti\u011finiz onur i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim. Ekonomi politi\u011fin derin ve \u00f6nemli konusunu daha iyi anlayarak bu onura daha lay\u0131k olmay\u0131 y\u00fcrekten arzulard\u0131m. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131m\u0131z b\u00f6ylesine farkl\u0131 da olsa her ikimizin de bilginin geni\u015flemesini i\u00e7tenlikle arzulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za, bunun uzun vadede insan soyunun mutlulu\u011funa katk\u0131da bulunaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

\u201cSayg\u0131lar\u0131mla. Charles Darwin\u201d<\/p>\n

Marx ile Darwin aras\u0131nda bilinen tek yaz\u0131\u015fma olan bu notlar\u0131n, d\u00f6nemin farkl\u0131 alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan iki \u00f6nemli entelekt\u00fcelinin resmi yaz\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6te bir anlam\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 ele\u015ftiriler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marx ve Engels, Darwin\u2019in, daha sonralar\u0131 biyolojik evrimin mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 aynen toplumsal evrim alan\u0131na da uygulayan ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kadar giden \u201cSosyal Darwinizm\u201d ak\u0131m\u0131na kap\u0131 aralayabilecek hatalar\u0131na da daha o d\u00f6nemde dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Marx, 18 Haziran 1862\u2019de, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Engels\u2019e \u015f\u00f6yle yazar:<\/p>\n

\u201cYeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi\u011fim Darwin, \u2018Malthus\u00e7u\u2019 teoriyi hayvanlar ve bitkiler d\u00fcnyas\u0131na da uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek beni \u00e7ok e\u011flendiriyor. Sanki Bay Malthus\u2019un tek sorunlu taraf\u0131, teoriyi bitkiler ve hayvanlara de\u011fil de yaln\u0131zca insanlara -ve bitkilerle hayvanlar\u0131n tersine geometrik bir diziyle- uygulamas\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Engels de Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde benzer e\u011filimleri \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ele\u015ftirir:<\/p>\n

\u201cDarwinci ya\u015fam m\u00fccadelesi teorisinin t\u00fcm\u00fc basit\u00e7e, Hobbes\u2019un Bellum Omnium Contra Omnes <\/em>(herkesin herkese kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131) teorisinin ve burjuva ekonomik rekabet teorisinin ve bir o kadar da Malthus\u00e7u n\u00fcfus teorisinin toplumdan organik do\u011faya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ustal\u0131k bir kez ba\u015far\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (bunun ko\u015fulsuz do\u011frulan\u0131\u015f\u0131, hele ki Malthus\u00e7u teori s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, h\u00e2l\u00e2 olduk\u00e7a \u015f\u00fcphelidir), bu teorileri tekrar gerisin geriye do\u011fa tarihinden toplum tarihine aktarmak \u00e7ok kolayd\u0131r, ve b\u00f6ylelikle bu iddialar\u0131n toplumun \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz do\u011fal yasalar\u0131 olarak kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f bulundu\u011funu savunmak hepten b\u00f6nl\u00fckt\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Biyoloji alan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilimsel devrime imza atan Charles Darwin, elbette bir toplumbilimci veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr de\u011fildi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Toparlarsak: Marx ve Engels, Darwin\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 olan evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f, onda kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fabiliminden gelen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir destek bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, Sosyal Darwinizm adl\u0131, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa da zemin haz\u0131rlayan ak\u0131m\u0131 \u015fiddetle ele\u015ftirmi\u015fler; Darwin\u2019in Sosyal Darwinizme kap\u0131 aralayabilecek baz\u0131 fikirlerine dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015flerdir. Elbette, Darwin\u2019in bir toplumbilimci veya filozof olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) J. B. Foster, Marx\u2019\u0131n Ekolojisi, \u00c7ev. Erc\u00fclent \u00d6zkaya, Epos yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2001.<\/p>\n

2) Marksist D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201cDarwinizm\u201d maddesi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7eviriyi derleyen Mete Tuncay, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2001.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni adl\u0131 eseri 1859 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda yay\u0131mland\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Marx da Kapital\u2019e haz\u0131rl\u0131k niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131\u2019y\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kapital\u2019in ilk cildi ise 1867 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mland\u0131. 1859-1867 aras\u0131nda Marx ve Engels, Darwin\u2019in eserlerini okuma ve de\u011ferlendirme f\u0131rsat\u0131 buldular. Marx bu de\u011ferlendirmeleri, Kapital\u2019in ilk ve sonraki ciltlerine yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cDo\u011fal tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcze temel […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":29081,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314,32,1,222],"tags":[4017,4018,319,2729,462,1474],"class_list":["post-29080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","category-evrim","category-genel","category-tarih","tag-charles-darwin","tag-freidrich-engels","tag-kapital","tag-karl-marx","tag-sosyal-darwinizm","tag-turlerin-kokeni"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t