{"id":29174,"date":"2018-09-12T05:01:04","date_gmt":"2018-09-12T02:01:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=29174"},"modified":"2018-09-14T13:13:24","modified_gmt":"2018-09-14T10:13:24","slug":"kendisi-kadim-yaniti-gelecekte-olan-soru-konfucyus-mu-hakliydi-lao-tse-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/09\/12\/kendisi-kadim-yaniti-gelecekte-olan-soru-konfucyus-mu-hakliydi-lao-tse-mi","title":{"rendered":"Kendisi kadim, yan\u0131t\u0131 gelecekte olan soru: Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs m\u00fc hakl\u0131yd\u0131, Lao Tse m\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eski \u00c7in felsefesinin \u201cbilinen\u201d ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 iki isimle simgelenir: Lao Tse ve Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs. \u201cBilinen\u201d diyoruz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu iki bilge de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan metinlerinde, yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, \u201ceskilerin\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin birer derlemesi oldu\u011funu ifade ederler. Fakat bu \u201ceskilerin\u201d kimler olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bilemiyoruz. <\/span><\/p>\n

Toplumsal kaos d\u00f6nemi
\n<\/b><\/span>Bu iki b\u00fcy\u00fck bilgenin de ayn\u0131 \u00e7a\u011flarda (M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l) ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, \u201cYa\u015fl\u0131 Usta\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen ad\u0131yla Lao Tse\u2019n\u0131n Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019ten 50 y\u0131l kadar daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. En az bir kez kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ve tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6ylenceler de mevcuttur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lao Tse ve Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u0131llar, eski \u00c7in\u2019de Zhou Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme denk geliyor. Zhou Hanedan\u0131, M\u00d6 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Shang Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 y\u0131karak y\u00f6netime gelmi\u015f ve 5 y\u00fczy\u0131l kadar \u00c7in\u2019i y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l civar\u0131nda giderek g\u00fc\u00e7lenen mahalli y\u00f6netimler hem birbirleriyle hem de merkezi krall\u0131kla sava\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar, sonu\u00e7ta merkezi y\u00f6netim da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l s\u00fcrecek olan \u201csava\u015fan krall\u0131klar d\u00f6nemi\u201d a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz iki bilge, otoritenin da\u011f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131, gerek y\u00f6netim gerekse toplum i\u00e7inde ahlaki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar, olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 felsefi sistemlerle mevcut sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018D\u00fczen\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc: Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs
\n<\/b><\/span>Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn, \u201cd\u00fczen\u201din ve d\u00fczen ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Kurtulu\u015fu, eski geleneklerin ve Zhou Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezi otoritesinin yeniden sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve peki\u015ftirilmesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u015e\u00f6yle seslenir: \u201cEskiler erdemi egemen k\u0131lmak istedikleri zaman \u00fclkede \u00f6nce devlete \u00e7eki d\u00fczen verdiler.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn, \u201cd\u00fczen\u201din ve d\u00fczen ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc \u201cMutlu Denge\u201d kavram\u0131, devlet ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdar otoritesi alt\u0131nda bir uzla\u015fmay\u0131 ifade eder: \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar eser, zay\u0131flar\u0131n i\u00e7inde otlar geli\u015fir. R\u00fczg\u00e2r esince otlar b\u00fck\u00fclmelidir.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini uygulamaya da ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine bir b\u00f6lgede son derece otoriter bi\u00e7imde valilik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Ama politik entrikalar ortam\u0131nda bu g\u00f6revi s\u00fcrd\u00fcremedi\u011fi, bir s\u00fcre g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini benimseyip hayata ge\u00e7irecek bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar arad\u0131\u011f\u0131, fakat bulamay\u0131nca kendini, bildiklerini gelecek ku\u015faklara aktarmak i\u00e7in bir okul kurarak \u00f6\u011frenciler yeti\u015ftirmeye verdi\u011fi aktar\u0131l\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

Lao Tse: Uygarl\u0131\u011fa direni\u015f
\n<\/b><\/span>Tao Te Ching<\/i>\u2019in (Yol ve Erdem Kitab\u0131) yazar\u0131 Lao Tse ise daha k\u00f6ktencidir. Toplumdaki \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmenin, ahlak dersleri vermeyle ve politik \u00f6nlemler almayla giderilemeyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde derinlerde oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn tersine, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin as\u0131l kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm t\u00f6reler, kurallar, ahlak ve politik giri\u015fimler oldu\u011funu vurgular.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Tao Te Ching\u2019in (Yol ve Erdem Kitab\u0131) yazar\u0131 Lao Tse, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin as\u0131l kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm t\u00f6reler, kurallar, ahlak ve politik giri\u015fimler oldu\u011funu vurgular.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Lao Tse\u2019n\u0131n bir s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fma ve devletle\u015fme (yani uygarl\u0131k) kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n do\u011fall\u0131klar\u0131na d\u00f6nmeleri, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tutku ve bencillikten kurtulmalar\u0131, toplumsal norm ve de\u011ferlerden vazge\u00e7meleri gerekti\u011fini belirtir. \u201cDevlet ne kadar yasak koyarsa o kadar fakirle\u015fir halk\u201d der. Ona g\u00f6re \u201cyetkin insan arzulamamay\u0131 arzulamal\u0131, elde edilmesi zor metaya sayg\u0131 duymamal\u0131\u201dd\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018O, u\u00e7urtman\u0131n ta kendisi\u2019
\n<\/b><\/span>Lao Tse ile Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn bir kez kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldiklerine ili\u015fkin s\u00f6ylenceler vard\u0131r. Bunlara g\u00f6re Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs Ya\u015fl\u0131 Usta\u2019y\u0131 ziyaret eder ve devlet i\u015fleri ile ilgili onun bilgisine ba\u015fvurur. Lao Tse, onu ele\u015ftirir:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Lao Tse ile Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn bir kez kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldiklerine ili\u015fkin s\u00f6ylenceler vard\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cDuydu\u011fuma g\u00f6re, iyi bir t\u00fcccar paras\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ukurun derinine saklarm\u0131\u015f; kafas\u0131 \u00e7ukur oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in olacak. Erdemli ki\u015finin ise derinli\u011fi d\u0131\u015fta de\u011fildir. Onun i\u00e7in dostum, \u015fu saraydaki i\u015finden ve bir s\u00fcr\u00fc isteklerinden kurtul; g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe, bi\u00e7ime \u00f6nem vermeyi b\u0131rak; \u015fu hayal dolu tasar\u0131mlar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7! Kendi \u00f6z\u00fcn i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir de\u011feri yok bunlar\u0131n. Ba\u015fka s\u00f6yleyecek bir s\u00f6z\u00fcm yok sana!\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir halde \u00f6\u011frencilerinin yan\u0131na d\u00f6ner; Lao Tse\u2019nin bir \u201cejderha\/u\u00e7urtma\u201d gibi oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBilirim ku\u015flar u\u00e7arlar, bal\u0131klar y\u00fczerler, davarlar ko\u015farlar. Ko\u015fan\u0131 kementle yakalar, u\u00e7an\u0131 okla vurabilirsiniz. Ama u\u00e7urtmay\u0131 bilemiyorum, r\u00fczg\u00e2rdan bulutlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp g\u00f6\u011fe do\u011fru nas\u0131l y\u00fckselir, i\u015fte bunu anlayam\u0131yorum. Ben Lao ustay\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm, galiba o, u\u00e7urtman\u0131n ta kendisi.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Hangisi resmi devlet ideolojisi olabilir?
\n<\/b><\/span>Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs ve \u00f6\u011frencilerinin (\u00f6zellikle Mensiy\u00fcs) \u00f6\u011fretisi y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu \u00c7in\u2019in resmi devlet ideolojisi olmu\u015ftur. Lao Tse\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretisi (Taoculuk) ise, Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemleri bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, hi\u00e7bir zaman devlet ideolojisi haline gelememi\u015ftir. Eski \u015faman geleneklere uygun d\u00fc\u015fen bir halk dini olarak devam etmi\u015ftir. <\/span><\/p>\n

Devlet otoritesini ve toplumsal denen de\u011ferleri insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcm ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren bir \u00f6\u011fretinin resmi devlet ideolojisi olamamas\u0131na \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmamak gerekir. 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda iktidara gelen \u00c7inli kom\u00fcnistlerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr devrimleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele\u015ftiri kampanyalar\u0131 a\u00e7malar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Taoculu\u011fu fazla ele\u015ftirmemeleri de ilgin\u00e7tir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Lao Tse, s\u0131n\u0131r komutan\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmaz. Tao ve erdemden s\u00f6z eden be\u015f bin s\u00f6zc\u00fckten olu\u015fan iki b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fck kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Sonra \u00e7eker gider ve nereye gitti\u011fini bilemez kimse.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Lao Tse, Tao Te Ching<\/i>\u2019i nas\u0131l yazd\u0131?
\n<\/b><\/span>S\u00f6ylenceye g\u00f6re Lao Tse, Zhou Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra \u00fclkeyi terk etme karar\u0131 al\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131ra vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r komutan\u0131 Yin Hi onu tan\u0131r ve \u015fu ricada bulunur: \u201cGidiyorsunuz, \u00f6yle mi Usta? Sizden bir dile\u011fim var. Bir iyilik edin de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinizi yaz\u0131n bize.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Lao Tse, s\u0131n\u0131r komutan\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmaz. Tao ve erdemden s\u00f6z eden be\u015f bin s\u00f6zc\u00fckten olu\u015fan iki b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fck kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Sonra \u00e7eker gider ve nereye gitti\u011fini bilemez kimse. Demek ki, muhte\u015fem klasik Tao Te Ching<\/i>\u2019i o s\u0131n\u0131r komutan\u0131na bor\u00e7luyuz. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc Alman sosyalist edebiyat\u00e7\u0131 ve oyun yazar\u0131 Bertholt Brecht bu s\u00f6ylenceyi \u00e7ok g\u00fczel \u015fiirle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir, \u201cLao Tse\u2019n\u0131n G\u00f6\u00e7menlik Yolunda Tao Te Ching\u2019i Yaz\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda. \u015eu \u015fekilde biten bu \u015fiirin tamam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyorum herkese: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAma yaln\u0131z bilgeye y\u00f6nelmesin \u00f6vg\u00fcler,
\n<\/i><\/span>Ad\u0131 \u015fu kitab\u0131n kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcsleyen!
\n<\/i><\/span>\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hikmeti bilgeden almak da marifet.
\n<\/i><\/span>Demek g\u00fcmr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcye de te\u015fekk\u00fcr bor\u00e7luyuz ki
\n<\/i><\/span>Dile gelmi\u015f bilgeli\u011fi bilgenin.<\/i>\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Kadim soru
\n<\/b><\/span>\u015eimdi geldik kadim soruya\u2026 Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs m\u00fc hakl\u0131d\u0131r, Lao Tse m\u0131? Yan\u0131t h\u00e2l\u00e2 a\u00e7\u0131k; netle\u015fmek i\u00e7in hen\u00fcz erken belki. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00fcre\u00e7 devam ediyor h\u00e2l\u00e2\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fman\u0131n ve devletle\u015fmenin (k\u0131saca uygarla\u015fman\u0131n) ilk a\u015famalar\u0131nda, s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fmaya direnen hareketler ve olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 felsefeler ilerici midir, yoksa gerici mi? (Taoculuk yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Pers \u00fclkesindeki Mazdek\u00e7ilik de \u00f6rnek verilebilir belki)<\/span><\/p>\n

Hangisi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ilericilerinin esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olabilir? <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTarihin tekerle\u011fi\u201dnin nas\u0131l ilerledi\u011fini net olarak belirlemeden, neyin ilerici neyin gerici oldu\u011funa sonul olarak karar vermek olanakl\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? <\/span><\/p>\n

Peki, \u201ctarihin tekerle\u011fi\u201d diye bir \u015fey var m\u0131d\u0131r? <\/span><\/p>\n

Bu sorular\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u201cweb\u201din s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015far. Bas\u0131l\u0131 dergide, Bilim ve Gelecek<\/i>\u2019te tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131z belki\u2026 <\/span><\/p>\n

Kaynak
\n<\/b><\/span>1) Lao Tse, Tao Te Ching – Yol ve Erdem Kitab\u0131<\/i>, T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve yorumu: \u00d6mer Turgan, Yol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Kas\u0131m 1994.
\n<\/span>2) M. Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6ner, Geleneksel \u00c7in Felsefesi Mao \u00c7e-Tung ve Sosyal Karar Teorisi<\/i>, Doyuran Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1974.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Eski \u00c7in felsefesinin \u201cbilinen\u201d ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 iki isimle simgelenir: Lao Tse ve Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs. \u201cBilinen\u201d diyoruz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu iki bilge de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan metinlerinde, yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, \u201ceskilerin\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin birer derlemesi oldu\u011funu ifade ederler. Fakat bu \u201ceskilerin\u201d kimler olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bilemiyoruz. Toplumsal kaos d\u00f6nemi Bu iki b\u00fcy\u00fck bilgenin de ayn\u0131 \u00e7a\u011flarda (M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l) ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, \u201cYa\u015fl\u0131 Usta\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen ad\u0131yla […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":29175,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314],"tags":[4042,3390,4040,3297,4039,4041],"class_list":["post-29174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","tag-bertholt-brecht","tag-cin-uygarligi","tag-konfucyus","tag-lao-tse","tag-tao-te-ching","tag-zhou-hanedani"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29174","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/493"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29174"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29174\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29174"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29174"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29174"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}