{"id":29368,"date":"2018-09-15T05:05:52","date_gmt":"2018-09-15T02:05:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=29368"},"modified":"2018-09-17T13:20:00","modified_gmt":"2018-09-17T10:20:00","slug":"el-cezeri-neden-bir-james-watt-olamadi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/09\/15\/el-cezeri-neden-bir-james-watt-olamadi","title":{"rendered":"El-Cezeri neden bir James Watt olamad\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

El-Cezeri, 1136-1206 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Diyarbak\u0131r b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilen bir mekanik bilginidir. Ad\u0131n\u0131, Dicle nehrinin bir ada gibi \u00e7evreledi\u011fi Cizreli olmas\u0131ndan al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hakk\u0131nda bildiklerimiz, elyazmas\u0131 kopyalar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fan, tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 otomatik sistemleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensiplerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na yarayacak resimlerle birlikte anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserine (k\u0131saca S\u0131n\u2019ati\u2019l Hiyel<\/em>) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zde verdi\u011fi bilgilerden ibaret. \u00d6ns\u00f6zden, bir pirin\u00e7 tacirinin o\u011flu oldu\u011funu, o d\u00f6nemde b\u00f6lgede h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131k kurmu\u015f Artuklular\u2019\u0131n saray\u0131nda ba\u015fm\u00fchendis olarak hizmet verdi\u011fini \u00f6\u011freniyoruz.<\/p>\n

El-Cezeri, Antik Yunan bilginlerinin mekanik alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcmseyen ve daha da geli\u015ftiren \u0130slam uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki m\u00fchendislik gelene\u011finin temsilcisidir. 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Abbasiler d\u00f6neminin bilim, sanat ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn merkezi Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Ben\u00fb Mus\u00e2\u2019yla s\u00fcren bu gelene\u011fin, Cezeri ile doru\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131lardan y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6nce
\n<\/strong>Cezeri, otomatik sistemler kurmakla yetinmemi\u015f, otomatik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sistemler \u00fcst\u00fcnde bunlar\u0131 otomatik olarak kontrol eden denge durumu sistemleri kurmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cKendi kendine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sistemi\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131, Frans\u0131zlar 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Descartes ve Pascal\u2019la, Almanlar ayn\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Leibniz\u2019le, \u0130ngilizler ise 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Bacon ile ba\u015flat\u0131rlar. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l bilgini Leonardo da Vinci\u2019nin de otomatlar \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. Oysa Cezeri\u2019nin 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 otomatik i\u015fleyen \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fczeneklere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, her birinde ayr\u0131 bir denge durumu kurdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Hidromekanik etkilerden yararlanarak ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u00e7lar kullanarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 haberle\u015fme ve hareketi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Al\u0131nan kan miktar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7en iki k\u00e2tipli tekne bi\u00e7imindeki otomat.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Buhar makinesinin geli\u015ftiricisi James Watt\u2019\u0131n \u0131s\u0131 ile iletilen bilgilerle haberle\u015fme, kontrol ve ayarlama yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. Cezeri\u2019nin d\u00fczenekleri incelendi\u011finde, su ile iletilen bilgilerle haberle\u015fme, kontrol ve ayarlama yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczeneklerin hepsi otomatik kontroll\u00fcd\u00fcr ve kontrol i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 genellikle su olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Cezeri\u2019nin d\u00fczenekleri
\n<\/strong>Peki, ne gibi d\u00fczenekler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r El-Cezeri? Hava ve bo\u015flu\u011fa dayanarak d\u00fczenledi\u011fi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, i\u00e7ine doldurulan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 istenildi\u011fi bi\u00e7imde ak\u0131tabilen ibrikler gelir. Teknik olarak olduk\u00e7a \u00fcst\u00fcn f\u0131skiyeler geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Otomat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Cezeri ile doru\u011fa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 su saatleri teknoloji tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Mumlu saatler de yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Otomat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, hastadan al\u0131nan kan\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7en kan alma tekneleri de yer al\u0131r. G\u00f6l veya kuyulardan suyu yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ara\u00e7lar tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Artuklu saray\u0131n\u0131n ilgin\u00e7 kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da Cezeri yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
S\u00e2ki kay\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

El-Cezeri\u2019nin Artuklu saray\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi baz\u0131 d\u00fczeneklerin adlar\u0131na bakal\u0131m: \u201cSultan\u0131n kadeh art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7en soytar\u0131\u201d, \u201cFas\u0131lalarla bir dolaptan \u00e7\u0131kan ve \u015farap dolu bir kadehi sunan cariye\u201d, \u201cBirbirine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u015farap ikram eden ve i\u00e7en iki \u015feyh\u201d, \u201cKimin i\u00e7ki i\u00e7ece\u011fine karar veren kadeh\u201d, \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n aptes almas\u0131 i\u00e7in kendi kendine su d\u00f6kebilen, \u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6rdek \u015feklindeki ibrik\u201d. Ve daha niceleri\u2026<\/p>\n

Kim d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebildi?
\n<\/strong>Bu hi\u00e7 sekmeden i\u015fleyen muhte\u015fem d\u00fczenekler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, James Watt\u2019\u0131n buhar makinesi veya Edison\u2019un ampul\u00fc ne kadar kaba saba kal\u0131yor de\u011fil mi?<\/p>\n

Ama d\u00fcnyay\u0131, Cezeri\u2019nin sultan\u0131n kadeh art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7en soytar\u0131 robotu veya sultan\u0131n aptes almas\u0131na yard\u0131m eden ibrik otomat\u0131 de\u011fil, Watt\u2019\u0131n buhar makinesi ile Edison\u2019un ampul\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirdi!<\/p>\n

Cezeri\u2019nin son derece \u00fcst\u00fcn bir mekanik, m\u00fchendislik ve otomasyon bilgisine sahip oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Ama bu saraya t\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p kalan bir bilgidir. \u00d6yle t\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve san\u0131r\u0131m s\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, art\u0131k ifrata varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Abdest alan ki\u015fiye su d\u00f6ken ve havlu uzatan otomat.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiyi al\u0131p \u00fcretime sokacak ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek bir itici g\u00fc\u00e7ten, yani devrimci bir toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131ftan yoksundur Cezeri. Bu nedenle onun otomatlar\u0131n\u0131, bu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve saray d\u00fczenine kar\u015f\u0131 kendi \u00fcslubuyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir isyan olarak alg\u0131lamak istiyoruz.<\/p>\n

Cezeri belki de, \u201cEy y\u00fcce sultan\u0131m\u201d demek istemi\u015ftir, \u201csen \u00f6yle acizsin ki, elini y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc bile kendin y\u0131kayamazs\u0131n; \u00f6yle aptals\u0131n ki, hangi kadehten i\u00e7ki i\u00e7ece\u011fini bile bilemezsin; \u00f6yle tembelsin ki, kadehindeki i\u00e7ki art\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile temizleyemezsin; bu nedenle senin i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 yapacak robotlar icat ettim.\u201d<\/p>\n

Saraylara t\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p kalmas\u0131n bilim
\n<\/strong>Bilgi devrimci bir toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131fla bulu\u015ftu\u011funda de\u011fer kazan\u0131r, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. Yoksa ancak bin y\u0131l sonra bir k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin tozlu raflar\u0131nda belki bir merakl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bulunabilir o muhte\u015fem bulu\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Saraylara t\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p kalmas\u0131n bilim!<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci, \u201cEb\u00fb\u2019l-\u0130zz el-Cezeri\u201d, Bilim ve \u00dctopya, Say\u0131: 91, Ocak 2002.<\/p>\n

2) Yavuz Unat, \u201cCezeri\u2019nin yap\u0131t\u0131\u201d, Bilim ve \u00dctopya, Say\u0131: 91, Ocak 2002.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El-Cezeri, 1136-1206 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Diyarbak\u0131r b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilen bir mekanik bilginidir. Ad\u0131n\u0131, Dicle nehrinin bir ada gibi \u00e7evreledi\u011fi Cizreli olmas\u0131ndan al\u0131r. Hakk\u0131nda bildiklerimiz, elyazmas\u0131 kopyalar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fan, tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 otomatik sistemleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensiplerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na yarayacak resimlerle birlikte anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserine (k\u0131saca S\u0131n\u2019ati\u2019l Hiyel) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zde verdi\u011fi bilgilerden ibaret. \u00d6ns\u00f6zden, bir pirin\u00e7 tacirinin o\u011flu oldu\u011funu, o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":29376,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314,222],"tags":[4068,4066,4069,4070,1996,4067],"class_list":["post-29368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","category-tarih","tag-artuklular","tag-el-cezeri","tag-james-watt","tag-otomatik-kontrol","tag-sibernetik","tag-sinatil-hiyel"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t