ABD Kaliforniya Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nden Frances Arnold, enzimlerin evrimini kimyasal reaksiyonlar\u0131 katalize etmede \u00e7ok daha etkili hale getirmek i\u00e7in bir yol geli\u015ftirdi. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme, biyoyak\u0131t, ila\u00e7 ve kimya end\u00fcstrisinde \u00f6nemli uygulamalar\u0131 da beraberinde getirecek.<\/p>\n Kanser ve \u015farbon tedavisinde y\u00f6ntemler<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn, Missouri \u00dcniversitesi’nden George Smith ile Gregory Winter’in Molek\u00fcler Biyoloji Laboratuvar\u0131’nda Gregory Winter aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnen di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131 ise g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde otoimm\u00fcn hastal\u0131klar\u0131, \u015farbon ve kanseri tedavi etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan terap\u00f6tik antikorlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sebebiyle verildi.<\/p>\n Nobel Komite \u00fcyesi Sara Snogerup Linse, \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klarken \u201cBu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, ila\u00e7 devrimi i\u00e7in temel olu\u015fturdu\u201d ifadelerini kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n Komite ba\u015fkan\u0131 Claes Gustafsson ise \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan \u00fc\u00e7 bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n da Darwin’in ilkelerini test t\u00fcplerine uygulad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n insanlar taraf\u0131ndan binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen seleksiyona dayal\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmenin uzant\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu ifade etti.<\/p>\n ‘Enzim evrimi y\u00f6nlendirilebilir’<\/strong><\/p>\n Kimyasal reaksiyonlar\u0131 katalize eden ve daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan proteinler anlam\u0131na gelen enzimler, milyonlarca y\u0131l i\u00e7inde evrimle\u015fti. Arnold, 1993’te ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla enzim evrimini y\u00f6nlendirebilece\u011finizi ve s\u00fcreci daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirebilece\u011finizi fark etti.<\/p>\n Arnold, enzimin yeni varyantlar\u0131n\u0131 yaratmaya, bir enzimi kodlayan geni al\u0131p daha sonra rastgele mutasyonlar\u0131 tan\u0131tarak ba\u015flad\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan varyantlar\u0131 tarad\u0131 ve istedi\u011fi reaksiyonu katalize etmek i\u00e7in en etkili olanlar\u0131 se\u00e7ti. Se\u00e7ilen varyantlar daha sonra ba\u015fka bir mutasyon ve se\u00e7im turundan ge\u00e7tiler ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 tekrarland\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 ku\u015faktan sonra, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 enziminden 256 kat daha verimli bir enzim vard\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bir\u00e7ok yeni ilac\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine katk\u0131da bulundu<\/strong><\/p>\n Smith ve Winter ise bir vir\u00fcs\u00fcn bir bakteriyi etkileyerek yeni enzimlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “bakteriofaj” olarak tan\u0131mlanan y\u00f6ntemin geli\u015ftirilmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Winter, antikorlar\u0131n evrimini, imm\u00fcn sistem taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen patojenleri tan\u0131mak ve sald\u0131r\u0131ya y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in bu tekni\u011fi kulland\u0131. Onlar\u0131n y\u00f6ntemleri, 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u0131bbi kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in onaylanm\u0131\u015f olan romatoid artrit, sedef hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve inflamatuar ba\u011f\u0131rsak hastal\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir tedavi olan adalimumab ile ba\u015flayan bir\u00e7ok yeni ilac\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Nobel \u00d6d\u00fclleri’nin verilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1901’den bu yana 108 kez Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc verildi. Toplam 175 ki\u015fiye lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6d\u00fcllerden 63’\u00fc tek bir ki\u015fiye verilirken 23’\u00fc 2 ki\u015fi, 22’si de 3 ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne \u015fimdiye kadar sadece 4 kad\u0131n lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n Fizik alan\u0131nda Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc kimlere, hangi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130sve\u00e7 Kraliyet Bilimler Akademisinden yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamada, 2018 Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ABD’li fizik\u00e7i Arthur Ashkin’e verildi\u011fi, di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise Frans\u0131z fizik\u00e7i Gerard Mourou ile Kanadal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Dana Strickland aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtildi.<\/p>\n Ashkin, \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanan en ya\u015fl\u0131 bilim insan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Ashkin, 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Bell Laboratuvarlar\u0131nda hassas optik lazer sistemleri \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. Ashkin, hassas optik lazer sistemlerinin biyolojik sistemlere uygulanmas\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131nda bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc kazanan 96 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Ashkin, \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanan en ya\u015fal\u0131 bilim insan\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn di\u011fer sahipleri Mourou ve Strickland’\u0131n ise ABD’nin Rochester \u00dcniversitesinde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada icat ettikleri y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluklu, \u00e7ok k\u0131sa aral\u0131kl\u0131 optik titre\u015fimlerin lazer teknolojisinde \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme kaydederek, \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck nesnelerin ve \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydedildi.<\/p>\n Kaynak<\/strong><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2181394-chemistry-nobel-prize-awarded-for-harnessing-evolution-to-help-humans\/?utm_medium=SOC&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1538561422<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc ve Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc sahiplerini buldu. Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, bu y\u0131l, evrim biyolojisi alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bilim insanlar\u0131\u00a0Frances H. Arnold ile George P. Smith ve Gregory P. Winter’a lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc ise lazer fizi\u011fi alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131\u00a0Arthur Ashkin,\u00a0Gerard Mourou ve Dana Strickland’e lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Arnold, Nobel Kimya \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1576,"featured_media":29996,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[557,4162,4163,4164,4165],"class_list":["post-29987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-kadin","tag-nobel-fizik-odulu","tag-nobel-kimya-odulu","tag-sahip","tag-yasli"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/kimya-300x225.jpg\")
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