{"id":30084,"date":"2018-10-10T05:07:53","date_gmt":"2018-10-10T02:07:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=30084"},"modified":"2018-10-09T17:39:02","modified_gmt":"2018-10-09T14:39:02","slug":"sinirbilimin-mitolojik-kahramani-phineas-gage-vakasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/10\/10\/sinirbilimin-mitolojik-kahramani-phineas-gage-vakasi","title":{"rendered":"Sinirbilimin mitolojik kahraman\u0131:
Phineas Gage vakas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Muhtemelen \u201cn\u00f6robilimi ba\u015flatan adam\u201d olarak tarihe ge\u00e7en ve neredeyse mitolojik bir kahraman stat\u00fcs\u00fcne y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f, bir o kadar da talihsiz birinden ve bug\u00fcne kadar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememi\u015f vakas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

\"\"Yandaki foto\u011fraf ona ait. Bir g\u00f6z\u00fc hasarl\u0131 ve elinde bir demir asa tutan bu adam Phineas Gage. <\/strong>25 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki in\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7isi Gage, bir tren ray\u0131 d\u00f6\u015feme in\u015faat\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken ba\u015f\u0131na gelen talihsiz bir kazada, Gage\u2019in elinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen demir \u00e7ubuk, bir patlamayla sol g\u00f6zalt\u0131ndan girip, kafatas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar ve 25 metre \u00f6teye d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n

Beyninin sol \u00f6n lobu neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fcyle hasar g\u00f6ren Gage, bir s\u00fcre bayg\u0131n kald\u0131ktan sonra, bilinci yerine gelip ayaklan\u0131r. Herkesin \u015fa\u015fk\u0131n bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir at arabas\u0131 \u00e7evirir ve yard\u0131m almak \u00fczere \u00e7ok da uzak say\u0131lmayan bir doktorun muayenehanesine gider. Gage\u2019i muayene eden Dr. Edward Williams, onun bu haliyle \u00f6lmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, kafas\u0131ndaki yaradan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc a\u011f\u0131r yaral\u0131 ama konu\u015fabilen bir insan\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6rmesinin bir mucize oldu\u011funa karar verir.<\/p>\n

Doktorunun ve yard\u0131m ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer hekimlerin \u00fcst\u00fcn gayretleriyle sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015ftu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Gage ayaklan\u0131r, fakat bamba\u015fka bir insan olmu\u015ftur. O zamanlar, sene 1848, hen\u00fcz sinirbilim diye bir dal yok, modern t\u0131p bilimi emekleme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, hatta bug\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f bilinen \u00e7o\u011fu \u015fey o zaman do\u011fru kabul ediliyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Gage\u2019in kafatas\u0131 ve kazadaki demir \u00e7ubuk, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra erkek karde\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan Dr. Harlow\u2019a verilip, onun da bunlar\u0131 Harvard \u00dcniversitesi Warren Anatomi M\u00fczesi\u2019ne ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamas\u0131yla, m\u00fczenin en \u00e7ok aranan objeleri haline gelirler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Onun vakas\u0131n\u0131 duyan merakl\u0131 doktorlar sayesinde Harvard T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesine davet edilip tedavisine devam edilen Gage\u2019in nas\u0131l olup da hayatta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck art\u0131k bamba\u015fka bir karaktere sahip oldu\u011fu \u00fczerine pek \u00e7ok spek\u00fclasyon y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Gage\u2019i, ilk tedavisi sonras\u0131nda incelemeye ve tedavisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flayan Dr. John Martyn Harlow, sol g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kaybeden Phineas Gage\u2019i tan\u0131yanlar\u0131n onun bamba\u015fka bir insana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yledi\u011fini raporlar\u0131n ge\u00e7irir. Ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi \u00f6fke n\u00f6betlerinde insanlara sayg\u0131s\u0131zca davranan, k\u00fcf\u00fcr eden, \u015fiddete e\u011filimli bir portre \u00e7izer onu kazadan sonra hat\u0131rlayanlar\u0131n dima\u011flar\u0131nda. 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda da ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi \u015fiddetli epilepsi n\u00f6betlerinden sonra \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Dr. Harlow\u2019un bu \u00f6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na dayanan di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla, Phineas Gage d\u00f6neminin en \u00fcnl\u00fc hastas\u0131 olur \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun kazas\u0131, beyin travmas\u0131 ile ki\u015filik de\u011fi\u015fimi aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren ilk vaka olur.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Gage\u2019in kafatas\u0131n\u0131n iki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, demir \u00e7ubu\u011fun muhtemel yolunu ve muhtemelen ge\u00e7erken hasar g\u00f6ren sinir liflerini g\u00f6sterir. Van Horn JD, Irimia A, Torgerson CM, Chambers MC, Kikinis R, ve di\u011ferleri \/ Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dr. Harlow\u2019un 1860 tarihli raporu bir s\u00fcre unutulup gitse de ard\u0131ndan gelen, vakay\u0131 yeniden ele al\u0131p kendi beyin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na katan, \u0130ngiliz sinirbilimin kurucu babalar\u0131ndan Dr. David Ferrier, \u00f6n frontal korteksin (prefrontal korteks) \u201ci\u015flevsel olmayan\u201d bir beyin alan\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tersine ki\u015filikle ilgili oldu\u011funu ortaya koyar. On y\u0131llar sonra bu kestirimin ne kadar do\u011fru oldu\u011fu deneylerle de saptan\u0131r ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme teknolojilerinin geli\u015fmesiyle kesinlik kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Phineas Gage\u2019in bir k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131mla patlayarak prefrontal korteksinden ge\u00e7en \u00e7ubuk, beynin bu harikulade ve b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici b\u00f6lgesinin gizemlerini anlama aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n fitilini ate\u015fleyen k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m da olur.<\/p>\n

Bir insan\u0131n b\u00f6ylesi bir kazada hayatta kalma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedir?
\n<\/strong>California \u00dcniversitesi N\u00f6ro-G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme Merkezi\u2019nden Dr. John Van Horn ve ekibi, bunun 10 milyonda bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahip bir olay oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n

Horn ve ekibi, geli\u015fmi\u015f 3 boyutlu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme teknolojileri yard\u0131m\u0131yla, Gage\u2019in kafatas\u0131n\u0131 ve beynini, kazada par\u00e7alanan kemikleri de dahil ederek, yeniden incelerler. 1850\u2019lerde yaz\u0131lan raporlar\u0131 da okuyup, b\u00f6ylesi bir kazada m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan t\u00fcm olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirler.<\/p>\n

Dr. Horn, 10 milyon olas\u0131l\u0131ktan ancak bir tanesinin b\u00f6ylesi bir sonu\u00e7 verece\u011fine karar verir. Ard\u0131ndan Dr. Horn\u2019un ekibi, ya\u015flar\u0131 25 olan ve Phineas Gage ile ayn\u0131 eli kullanan 110 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc erke\u011fin beyin taramalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131rlar. Bunlar, Gage\u2019in kafatas\u0131 bo\u015flu\u011funa tam olarak uyacak beyin modelini olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle elde edilen beyin modeli ile demir \u00e7ubu\u011fun izledi\u011fi yol bir araya getirilir. Ve Gage\u2019in beyninde olu\u015fan hasar da modern teknolojinin ve keskin zek\u00e2l\u0131 n\u00f6robilimcilerin sayesinde yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir insan\u0131n beynine ait sinir yollar\u0131 haritas\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"
Phineas Gage\u2019in beynine ait sinir yollar\u0131 haritas\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Bulgulara g\u00f6re, \u201csol yanaktan giren ve beynin sol taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan (bu esnada birka\u00e7 di\u015fi s\u00f6k\u00fcp atan) demir \u00e7ubuk, \u00f6nceden san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi beynin ortas\u0131n\u0131 etkilemedi. Beynin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan haritas\u0131, beynin sol taraf\u0131nda bulunan beyaz dokudan \u00e7ok fazla kaybedilmesinin, bu dokular\u0131n ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu sa\u011f k\u0131sm\u0131 da etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. Bu nedenle, beynin sa\u011f k\u0131sm\u0131nda da baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar tam olarak iyile\u015fmedi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Peki, nas\u0131l oldu da Phineas Gage\u2019in karakteri b\u00f6ylesine bir de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6sterdi?<\/p>\n

Dr. Horn ve ekibinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, Gage\u2019in beynindeki sinir yollar\u0131, 110 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 erke\u011fin beynine ait sinir yollar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Yukar\u0131da da g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere, Gage\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazan\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu de\u011fi\u015fim sinir yollar\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fime yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f.\u00a0Davran\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine neyin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli bulgular elde ettiklerini de s\u00f6yleyen Dr. Horn, bu ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n sadece tarihi bir olay\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmakla kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda modern t\u0131p i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir kazan\u00e7 oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Eagleman, D. (2016).\u00a0Beyin Senin Hikayen<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: Domingo Yay\u0131nevi<\/p>\n

2) Ramachandran, V. S. (2016), \u00d6yk\u00fcc\u00fc Beyin<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: Alfa Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n

3) Dutton, K. (2013), Ola\u011fan Psikopatlar – Ermi\u015fler, Casuslar ve Seri Katillerden Hayat Dersleri,<\/em> \u0130stanbul: Domingo Yay\u0131nevi<\/p>\n

4) Gladwell, M. (2009).\u00a0Outliers<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: Mediacat Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n

5) J. M. Harlow, Passage of an Iron Rod Through the Head, The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal<\/em>, 1848, Aral\u0131k, Say\u0131: 39-20, Sayfa: 389-393<\/p>\n

6) D. Ferrier, The Goulstonian lectures on the localization of cerebral diseases, British Medical Journal<\/em>, 1878, 1:443\u2013447<\/p>\n

7) John Darrell Van Horn , Andrei Irimia, Carinna M. Torgerson, Micah C. Chambers, Ron Kikinis, Arthur W. Toga, Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage, Plos One, 2012, May\u0131s: 7(5):e37454<\/p>\n

8) Thomas C. Neylan, M.D., Frontal Lobe Function: Mr. Phineas Gage’s Famous Injury, The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences<\/em>, 1999, \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i makale<\/p>\n

9) A. Garc\u00eda-Molina, Phineas Gage and the enigma of the prefrontal cortex, Neurolog\u00eda<\/em>, Temmuz \u2013 A\u011fustos 2012, Say\u0131 27-6, Sayfalar: 370-375<\/p>\n

10) Smithsonian.com Makalesi: Phineas Gage: Neuroscience\u2019s Most Famous Patient<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Muhtemelen \u201cn\u00f6robilimi ba\u015flatan adam\u201d olarak tarihe ge\u00e7en ve neredeyse mitolojik bir kahraman stat\u00fcs\u00fcne y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f, bir o kadar da talihsiz birinden ve bug\u00fcne kadar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememi\u015f vakas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edece\u011fim. Yandaki foto\u011fraf ona ait. Bir g\u00f6z\u00fc hasarl\u0131 ve elinde bir demir asa tutan bu adam Phineas Gage. 25 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki in\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7isi Gage, bir tren ray\u0131 d\u00f6\u015feme in\u015faat\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1673,"featured_media":30091,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t