\u201cD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen bir makine yap\u0131labilir mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, bir koltu\u011fa bir karpuz tarlas\u0131 s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015faran o \u00f6zel insanlardand\u0131. Hukuk e\u011fitimi alan Leibniz hayat\u0131n\u0131 birka\u00e7 asilzadenin emrinde dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, diplomatl\u0131k, tarih\u00e7ilik ve k\u00fct\u00fcphanecilik yaparak kazansa da \u201cbo\u015f zamanlar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 felsefe, matematik ve fizik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla de\u011ferlendirerek bilim ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda neredeyse damga vurmad\u0131k alan b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bizim hik\u00e2yemizdeki rol\u00fc ise, tarihteki ilk bilgisayar m\u00fchendislerinden olmas\u0131yla ilgili.<\/p>\n \u201cFrans\u0131z bilgin Blaise Pascal toplama ve \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemlerini yapabilen ilk mekanik hesap makinesini icat ederken hen\u00fcz bir bebek olan Leibniz, 25 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde d\u00f6rt aritmetik i\u015flemin d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fc de yapabilecek bir makine geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kollar\u0131 s\u0131vad\u0131. \u201cEn basit ki\u015finin bile makine kullanarak kesinlikle yapabilece\u011fi hesaplar i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel insanlar\u0131n saatlerce k\u00f6leler gibi u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131na de\u011fmez!\u201d diyordu. 1673\u2019te diplomatik bir g\u00f6rev i\u00e7in gitti\u011fi \u0130ngiltere\u2019de makinesini Londra\u2019daki Kraliyet Akademisi\u2019ne sundu. Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 Akademi \u00fcyeli\u011fine kabul edilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n \u201cG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan\u0131na sadece d\u00f6rt i\u015flemi yapmakta kullan\u0131labilen, \u00fcstelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir kolu d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeniz gereken bir alet etkileyici gelmeyebilir, ama 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7in bu bir yapay zek\u00e2 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131 (Avrupal\u0131 soylular\u0131n para hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in aritmetik bilen okumu\u015f gen\u00e7leri istihdam ettikleri \u00e7a\u011flardan s\u00f6z ediyoruz). Leibniz bulu\u015funun uzun vadedeki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc: Bu m\u00fcthi\u015f bili\u015fsel i\u015f makinelere yapt\u0131r\u0131labildi\u011fine g\u00f6re neden di\u011ferleri de yapt\u0131r\u0131lamas\u0131n? Nihayetinde insanlar\u0131n ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken yapt\u0131klar\u0131 da bir t\u00fcr hesap de\u011fil miydi?<\/p>\n \u201cMuhakemelerimizi d\u00fczeltmenin tek yolu, onlar\u0131 matematik\u00e7ilerinkiler kadar elle tutulur hale getirmektir, \u00f6yle ki hatam\u0131z\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015fta bulabilelim ve ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar oldu\u011funda hemencecik \u2018Hesaplayal\u0131m, kimin hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6relim\u2019 diyebilelim.\u201d(2)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n \u201cLeibniz, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme i\u015flerimizi bizim i\u00e7in yapabilecek bir makine hayal ediyordu! Bu sisteme \u201ccalculus ratiocinator\u201d<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Bunun i\u00e7in ilk ad\u0131m olarak, nas\u0131l kendi hesap makinesi say\u0131lar\u0131 temsil edebiliyorsa, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimizde ge\u00e7en t\u00fcrl\u00fc kavramlar\u0131n matematiksel olarak temsil edilebilece\u011fi bir t\u00fcr sembolik dile ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n (…)<\/p>\n \u201cBelki de en b\u00fcy\u00fck bulu\u015fu olan t\u00fcrev ve integral hesab\u0131 fikrini Isaac Newton\u2019dan a\u015f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iddia edilmesi, Leibniz i\u00e7in bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 oldu. Bug\u00fcn bilim tarih\u00e7ileri Newton\u2019la Leibniz\u2019in bu matematik \u015faheserini birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z geli\u015ftirdiklerini kabul ediyorlar (Liseden kimilerimizin a\u015fk, kimilerininse nefretle hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u222b ve dx sembollerini Leibniz yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131). \u00d6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki Newton bu konudaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131llarca yay\u0131mlamadan tutmu\u015f, paralel olarak ayn\u0131 sahada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Leibniz ise daha sonra ba\u015flay\u0131p daha \u00f6nce yay\u0131n yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ki matematik\u00e7inin de eserlerini yay\u0131mlamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden onlarca y\u0131l ge\u00e7tikten sonra, son derece huysuz ve tuhaf bir karakter olan Newton, muhtemelen Leibniz\u2019in \u201c\u00d6nce ben buldum\u201d s\u00f6yleminden rahats\u0131z olarak, Leibniz\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 bir su\u00e7lama kampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. 64 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Leibniz kendisini savunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysa da, i\u015f bir \u0130ngiltere-Almanya \u00e7eki\u015fmesine d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Leibniz\u2019in \u201chakemlik edin\u201d diye ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu Kraliyet Akademisi, Alman Leibniz\u2019den olay\u0131 kendi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 isteme gere\u011fi duymadan \u0130ngiliz Newton\u2019un hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ilan ediverdi. Leibniz 1716\u2019da 70 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde s\u00f6z\u00fcm ona hamisi olan \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 I. George cenazesine kat\u0131lmad\u0131. Ne Londra ne de Berlin Akademileri, ikisinin de ya\u015fam boyu \u00fcyesi olan Leibniz\u2019in ard\u0131ndan bir anma yapma gere\u011fi duydu.<\/p>\n \u201cLeibniz felsefi anlamda bir iyimserdi. \u2018Tanr\u0131 her \u015feye kadir ve iyi ise, o zaman d\u00fcnyada neden k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck ve \u0131st\u0131rap var?\u2019 sorusuna yan\u0131t olarak i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00fcnyan\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyalar aras\u0131nda en iyisi olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunuyordu. Frans\u0131z filozof Voltaire 1759\u2019da yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve as\u0131rlar boyunca okunacak olan matrak Candide roman\u0131nda, ba\u015f\u0131na art arda gelen felaketlerden sonra habire \u2018Yine de olabilecek d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n en iyisindeyiz\u2019 diye avunan \u00e7ok bilmi\u015f \u00f6\u011fretmen Pangloss karakteriyle Leibniz\u2019i alaya ald\u0131. O s\u0131rada \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerinden 40 y\u0131ldan fazla zaman ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen adamca\u011f\u0131z\u0131n mezar\u0131na bir ta\u015f bile dikilmemi\u015fti.\u201d<\/p>\n Kaynaklar: Yapay zek\u00e2, son y\u0131llar\u0131n en pop\u00fcler konular\u0131ndan biri. \u00d6zellikle, 80\u2019lerin bilimkurgu filmlerindeki bir\u00e7ok \u201cfantastik\u201d \u00f6\u011fenin bug\u00fcn hayat\u0131m\u0131za girmi\u015f ve normalle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131, bilgisayar \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda yapay zek\u00e2 ile \u201cher \u015feyin yap\u0131labilece\u011fi\u201d alg\u0131s\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda. Peki yapay zek\u00e2 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcndemine nas\u0131l girebildi? Bir makinenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilece\u011fi fikri nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131? Bu sorular\u0131n ilgin\u00e7 \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde Bilim ve Gelecek […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":453,"featured_media":30247,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[453,3624],"tags":[4197,4206,3905,3514,400],"class_list":["post-30246","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilisim","category-sorularla-bilim","tag-50-soruda-yapay-zeka","tag-gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz","tag-hesap-makinesi","tag-isaac-newton","tag-yapay-zeka"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30246","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/453"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30246"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30246\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30246"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30246"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/50-soruda-yapay-zeka-174x300.jpg\")
\n1) Say, Cem, 50 Soruda Yapay Zek\u00e2<\/em>, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2018, ss. 15-17.
\n2) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, \u201cDe arte characteristica ad perficiendas scientias ratione nitentes\u201d, C. I. Gerhardt (Ed.), Die philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz<\/em>, Cilt 7, 1890, Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"