{"id":30674,"date":"2018-11-06T01:02:25","date_gmt":"2018-11-05T22:02:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=30674"},"modified":"2018-11-18T14:10:56","modified_gmt":"2018-11-18T11:10:56","slug":"fransiz-devrimi-hangi-kosullarda-olustu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/11\/06\/fransiz-devrimi-hangi-kosullarda-olustu","title":{"rendered":"Frans\u0131z Devrimi hangi ko\u015fullarda olu\u015ftu?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tarihin en \u00e7ok bilinen ve hakk\u0131nda en \u00e7ok konu\u015fulan, yaz\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7izilen, sanat eserleri \u00fcretilen olaylar\u0131ndan biri Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019dir ku\u015fkusuz. Devrimi canland\u0131ran resimler, filmler, tiyatro ve m\u00fczikaller o kadar \u00e7oktur ki, devrimin ad\u0131n\u0131 duydu\u011fumuzda g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne tablolar, filmlerden kareler gelir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu kadar \u00e7ok bilinen bir olay olmas\u0131 elbette \u00e7ok do\u011fal. Nas\u0131l olmas\u0131n ki? T\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kas\u0131p kavuran bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck dalgas\u0131yla monar\u015fik y\u00f6netimleri tarihin derinliklerine g\u00f6men, yeni bir \u00e7a\u011f a\u00e7an bir olay elbette herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinecektir. Ancak Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019ni yaratan toplumsal ve siyasal ko\u015fullar bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan pek duyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/kitaplik.bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/product\/50-soruda-aydinlanma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>50 Soruda Ayd\u0131nlanma<\/em><\/a> kitab\u0131nda (1) Af\u015far ve Ali Timu\u00e7in bu d\u00f6nemi \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle anlat\u0131yorlar:<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Frans\u0131z Devrimi hangi ko\u015fullarda olu\u015ftu?<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8220;Devrim r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 esmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Frans\u0131zlar mutlaky\u00f6netimin hi\u00e7bir denetime u\u011framayan keyfi tutumlar\u0131ndan b\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmetin neye yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmeyen usd\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 da toplumda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar yarat\u0131yordu. Fransa kral\u0131 t\u00fcm erkleri elinde toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin tek sorumlusu ya da daha do\u011frusu tek sorumsuzu durumundayd\u0131. Sava\u015fa ve bar\u0131\u015fa karar vermekten memur atamalar\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm devlet i\u015fleri ondan soruluyordu. O ayn\u0131 zamanda yasaman\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131yd\u0131: \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ferman bir alanda varolan d\u00fczeni ba\u015ftan sona de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye yetiyordu. T\u00fcm adalet d\u00fczene\u011fi krala ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131, yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n yazg\u0131s\u0131 onun elindeydi. Maliye de krala ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131, harcamalar\u0131 ne kadar denetliyorsa o denetliyor, vergileri bildi\u011fi gibi o koyuyordu.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Kral\u0131n \u00e7evresinde bir bakanlar toplulu\u011fu vard\u0131. Bunlar krall\u0131k meclisini olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. Mutlaky\u00f6netim d\u00fczene\u011fi kraldan ve kral\u0131n sad\u0131k adamlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyordu. Kral\u0131n geli\u015fig\u00fczel bir y\u00f6netim uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar <strong>krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel yasalar\u0131<\/strong> diye bir \u015feyden s\u00f6zetseler de bu yasalar\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu, nerede yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilen yoktu. Ger\u00e7ekte devleti y\u00f6netenler bakanlard\u0131, bir de n\u00fcfuzlu saray adamlar\u0131yd\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekte her i\u015f kral\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de \u00f6zellikle ast\u0131\u011f\u0131 ast\u0131k kesti\u011fi kestik olan ki\u015filer o zorbalard\u0131. Hi\u00e7bir gazete y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revlilerin eylemlerini ele\u015ftiremiyordu: \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 bir sans\u00fcr vard\u0131. Zaten devlet y\u00f6netiminde gizlilik esast\u0131 ve halktan insanlar neyin ne ad\u0131na yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmezlerdi.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Devletin geliri kral\u0131n \u00f6zel geliri olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Saray harcamalar\u0131 halk\u0131n dilinde f\u0131kra gibi anlat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Tarih\u00e7i Seignobos bu d\u00f6nemle ilgili \u015f\u00f6yle bir belirlemede bulunur:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"td_quote_box td_box_center\"><p>&#8220;K\u00f6yl\u00fcler yoksul g\u00f6r\u00fcnmek zorundayd\u0131lar vergileri art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n diye. Onlar d\u00f6k\u00fclen evlerde ya\u015f\u0131yorlar, neleri varsa sakl\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;Vaktiyle Louis XIV\u2019\u00fcn kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu polis \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kat\u0131 bir sans\u00fcr uyguluyordu. T\u00fcm yaz\u0131lar yay\u0131mlanmadan \u00f6nce denetleniyordu. Bir kitab\u0131n yay\u0131mlan\u0131p yay\u0131mlanmamas\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle sans\u00fcrc\u00fcn\u00fcn keyfine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Sans\u00fcrden ge\u00e7memi\u015f bir metni yay\u0131mlayan bir yay\u0131nevi sorumlusu hapse at\u0131l\u0131yordu. Sans\u00fcre verilmeden yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f kitaplar yak\u0131lmaya mahkum ediliyordu. Voltaire\u2019in <em>Felsefi mektuplar<\/em>\u2019\u0131, Diderot\u2019nun <em>K\u00f6rler \u00fczerine mektup<\/em>\u2019u, Rousseau\u2019nun <em>Emile<\/em>\u2019i yak\u0131lan kitaplar aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. O durumda yazar sorgusuz Bastille\u2019e g\u00f6nderiliyordu.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_30676\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30676\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30676 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Bastille-bask\u0131n\u0131.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Bastille-bask\u0131n\u0131.jpg 800w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Bastille-bask\u0131n\u0131-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Bastille-bask\u0131n\u0131-768x573.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Bastille-bask\u0131n\u0131-80x60.jpg 80w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Bastille-bask\u0131n\u0131-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Bastille-bask\u0131n\u0131-180x135.jpg 180w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Bastille-bask\u0131n\u0131-238x178.jpg 238w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Bastille-bask\u0131n\u0131-600x448.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-30676\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">12 temmuz g\u00fcn\u00fc Camile Demoulins\u2019in s\u00f6yleviyle heyecana kap\u0131lan halk y\u0131llarca bir\u00e7ok devrimciyi duvarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda saklam\u0131\u015f olan Bastille hapishanesini ele ge\u00e7irmek \u00fczere silaha sar\u0131ld\u0131. Bastille 14 temmuz g\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&#8220;Devrimin ko\u015fullar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Louis XVI\u2019n\u0131n (1754-1793) saltanat d\u00f6neminde (1774-1791) olu\u015ftu ve geli\u015fti. Louis XV\u2019in torunu olan Louis XVI Avusturya imparatori\u00e7esi Maria Theresia\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 Marie Antoinette\u2019le evlenmi\u015f, ondan d\u00f6rt \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmu\u015ftu. Louis XVI zor kavrayan ama iyi y\u00fcrekli bir krald\u0131. \u0130\u015fkencenin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Protestanlara baz\u0131 haklar verilmesi gibi konularda \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bilinir. Zevke d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle de \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Ki\u015filik yap\u0131s\u0131 siyasete pek uygun de\u011fildi: en basit insanlar bile onu etkileyebiliyordu. Krali\u00e7enin \u015f\u0131mar\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 engellemekte hem isteksiz hem beceriksizdi. \u0130\u015fleri dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Yenilik\u00e7i Turgot\u2019yu devlet y\u00f6netiminde bir s\u00fcre etkin k\u0131ld\u0131, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden onu uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bir s\u00fcre de Cenevre\u2019li bankac\u0131 Necker\u2019e g\u00f6rev verdi. Biraz sonra saray soylular\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla onu da uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Halka yak\u0131n duran ve saray harcamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 duran Necker\u2019in g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131 krala olan g\u00fcveni sarst\u0131. Necker\u2019in yerine Calonne genel denet\u00e7i oldu. Calonne\u2019un uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bol bol harcama siyaseti zaten bozuk olan maliyeyi iyice g\u00fc\u00e7 duruma soktu. Calonne 1787 may\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6revi b\u0131rakmak zorunda kald\u0131. Necker yeniden g\u00f6reve geldi.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Necker\u2019in \u00f6nerisiyle kral 2 a\u011fustos 1788\u2019de bir t\u00fcr dan\u0131\u015fma meclisi olan ve krallar\u0131n gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri zaman toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 <strong>Etats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux<\/strong>\u2019yu toplad\u0131. Bu elbette soylu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan insanlara yani orta s\u0131n\u0131fa (<em>Tiers \u00e9tat<\/em>) verilmi\u015f bir \u00f6d\u00fcnd\u00fc. Orta s\u0131n\u0131f <em>Etats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux<\/em>\u2019da etkili olunca daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir meclis olu\u015fturma e\u011filimi kendini g\u00f6sterdi. <em>Assembl\u00e9e constituante<\/em> (Anayasa meclisi) 9 temmuzda b\u00f6yle kuruldu. De\u011fi\u015fim isteyenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Mirabeau kontu vard\u0131. O bask\u0131 dolu g\u00fcnlerde Br\u00e9z\u00e9 markisi kral ad\u0131na Tiers milletvekillerini da\u011f\u0131tmak isteyince k\u0131yamet koptu. 12 temmuz g\u00fcn\u00fc Camile Demoulins\u2019in s\u00f6yleviyle heyecana kap\u0131lan halk y\u0131llarca bir\u00e7ok devrimciyi duvarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda saklam\u0131\u015f olan Bastille hapishanesini ele ge\u00e7irmek \u00fczere silaha sar\u0131ld\u0131. Bastille 14 temmuz g\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Frans\u0131z Devrimi bu ko\u015fullarda ba\u015flad\u0131.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f6nemi anlatan en g\u00fczel yap\u0131tlardan biri olan Sefiller&#8217;deki (les Miserables) \u015fu sahneyi de buraya b\u0131rakal\u0131m. Haftaya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere.<\/p>\n<div class=\"youtube-embed\" data-video_id=\"47E2tfK5QAg\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Do you hear the people sing? - Les Miserables  - High res, w\/ lyrics\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/47E2tfK5QAg?feature=oembed&#038;enablejsapi=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><strong>Kaynak:<\/strong><br \/>\n1) Timu\u00e7in, Af\u015far ve Timu\u00e7in, Ali, <em>50 Soruda Ayd\u0131nlanma<\/em>, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2013, ss. 145-147.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tarihin en \u00e7ok bilinen ve hakk\u0131nda en \u00e7ok konu\u015fulan, yaz\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7izilen, sanat eserleri \u00fcretilen olaylar\u0131ndan biri Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019dir ku\u015fkusuz. Devrimi canland\u0131ran resimler, filmler, tiyatro ve m\u00fczikaller o kadar \u00e7oktur ki, devrimin ad\u0131n\u0131 duydu\u011fumuzda g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne tablolar, filmlerden kareler gelir. Bu kadar \u00e7ok bilinen bir olay olmas\u0131 elbette \u00e7ok do\u011fal. Nas\u0131l olmas\u0131n ki? T\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ve [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":453,"featured_media":30675,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624,218,222],"tags":[4261,655,2791,410,663,2819],"class_list":["post-30674","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","category-sosyoloji","category-tarih","tag-bastille-baskini","tag-devrim","tag-diderot","tag-fransiz-devrimi","tag-rousseau","tag-voltaire"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"U\u011fur Er\u00f6zkan\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/11\/06\/fransiz-devrimi-hangi-kosullarda-olustu\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.10\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bilim ve Gelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Frans\u0131z Devrimi hangi ko\u015fullarda olu\u015ftu? 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