{"id":30726,"date":"2018-11-07T01:01:10","date_gmt":"2018-11-06T22:01:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=30726"},"modified":"2018-11-06T21:53:52","modified_gmt":"2018-11-06T18:53:52","slug":"gecmiste-iklim-degistiginde-ne-oldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/11\/07\/gecmiste-iklim-degistiginde-ne-oldu","title":{"rendered":"Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte iklim de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde ne oldu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tarihten ders alman\u0131n bir kez daha insanl\u0131\u011fa yarar\u0131 dokunabilir. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde, \u00fcr\u00fcnler t\u00fckendi\u011finde ve k\u0131tl\u0131k tehlikesi ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde, kadim Asya halklar\u0131 bu durumdan etkilendiler. Ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131lar.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Farkl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler yeti\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Yeni ticaret a\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fturdular ve yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131 buldular.<\/p>\n

Kaliforniya San Diego \u00dcniversitesinden Jade d\u2019Alpoim Guedes ve Kolorado Crow Canyon Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi, Washington Devlet \u00dcniversitesi ve Montana \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Kyle Bocinsky yeni bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma sundular.<\/p>\n

Science Advances<\/em> dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Asya\u2019daki temel g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ilk defa ne zaman ve nerede geli\u015ftirildi\u011fini, 5.000 ila 1.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce durumun k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitti\u011fini g\u00f6steren geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 bilgisayar modelini anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hava so\u011fudu\u011funda insanlar uzakla\u015ft\u0131lar ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6nd\u00fcler \u2013 s\u00fcr\u00fcler, tah\u0131l\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilemedi\u011fi \u00e7ay\u0131rlarda b\u00fcy\u00fcyebilir. Daha sonra ticaret yapmaya y\u00f6neldiler. D\u2019Alpoim Guedes ve Bocinsky, bu stratejilerin zamanla \u0130pek Yolu\u2019yla birle\u015fti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ektikleri \u00fcr\u00fcn t\u00fcrlerini de \u00e7e\u015fitlendirdiler.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, yeni bilgisayar modeliyle de\u011fi\u015fen iklimin insanlar\u0131n belirli b\u00f6lgelerde yiyecek \u00fcretme becerisini nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini detaylar\u0131yla inceleyebildiler ve bu model k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin nedenlerini anlamalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

UC San Diego Antropoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve Scripps Okyanus Bilimi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretim g\u00f6revlisi, ba\u015fyazar D\u2019Alpoim Guedes, \u201cDaha \u00f6nceki iklimlerle ilgili arkeoloji alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bulunmaktad\u0131r. Fakat daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar daha \u00e7ok iklim ve uygarl\u0131ktaki de\u011fi\u015fiklik aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131klayabildi\u201d dedi. \u201cBu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada tam olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015ftaki de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin yer ve zamanla birlikte insanlar\u0131 nas\u0131l etkilemi\u015f oldu\u011fudur- ekebildikleri ve ekemediklerini etkileyerek.\u201d<\/p>\n

D\u2019Alpoim Guedes, insan\u0131n ya\u015fam stratejilerinin zamanla nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayan paleoetnobotanik biliminde \u2013eski bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 inceler- uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir arkeologtur. Bocinsky, i\u015flemsel arkeologtur. Bu ikili, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yer ve zamanla birlikte Asya\u2019da nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini sim\u00fclasyon yaratarak, yar\u0131k\u00fcre- geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 paleoiklim canland\u0131r\u0131m\u0131yla Asya\u2019dan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ait hava istasyon verilerini birle\u015ftirerek modeli geli\u015ftirdiler. Ayr\u0131ca arkeolojik kaz\u0131 yerlerinden verileri ve oralarda bulunan tohum kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 da eklediler.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerinin daha \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek enlemlerde ve y\u00fcksek rak\u0131ml\u0131 alanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130klimde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u2013 o d\u00f6nemlerde k\u00fcresel so\u011fuma \u2013yakla\u015f\u0131k 3.700 ila 3.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fand\u0131. Bug\u00fcn do\u011fru olan \u015fey o zaman da do\u011fruydu: S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi k\u00fcrenin b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgelerini e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde etkilemez. Etkilerinin \u00e7o\u011funlukla y\u00fcksek enlemlerde ve y\u00fcksek rak\u0131ml\u0131 alanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenir. D\u2019Alpoim Guedes ve Bocinsky, Mo\u011folistan ve Tibet Platosundaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ne kadar \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 3.500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce bozdar\u0131 ve kirpi dar\u0131 orada ekilememi\u015ftir. \u0130nsanlar bu\u011fday ve arpa gibi so\u011fu\u011fa daha dayanakl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlere tercih etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, d\u00fc\u015fen s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n MS 291 ve 360 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Kuzey \u00c7in\u2019de temel tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yeti\u015ftirilmesini giderek zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in ba\u015fkentinin de\u011fi\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayarak ba\u015fkentin Xi\u2019an \u015fehrinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneyinde bulunan Nankin\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla sonlanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrerler.<\/p>\n

Bu, sanc\u0131s\u0131z bir ta\u015f\u0131nma de\u011fildi \u2013 \u015fehirde daha iyi bir apartman bulmak gibi de\u011fil. Tarihi kay\u0131tlar y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hasatlarla ilgili raporlar sunar (\u00f6rn. k\u0131tl\u0131klar). Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck insan g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin kanl\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7o\u011funlukla beraberinde pek \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 da getirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Yazarlar, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin sonraki Sui Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015fkent projesine yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131na ve \u00c7in B\u00fcy\u00fck Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131 yapma karar\u0131 da dahil Asya\u2019da ula\u015f\u0131m altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimini te\u015fvik etti\u011fini s\u00f6ylerler. \u015eu anda UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras Yerlerinden biri olan, Yellow ve Yangtze nehirlerini birbirine ba\u011flayan B\u00fcy\u00fck Kanal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en uzun ve en eski kanal\u0131d\u0131r. Kanal, insanlar\u0131n ve ticari mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u2019Alpoim Guedes ve Bocinsky\u2019nin Science Advances<\/em>\u2019teki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 iyimser bir ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa sahip \u2013 \u201c\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Asya\u2019da tar\u0131msal yenilikleri ve de\u011fi\u015fimi te\u015fvik etti.\u201d \u2013 Ancak ortak yazarlar tamamen Polyannac\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da uyar\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bocinsky \u201cKrizler k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fim ve yenilik i\u00e7in f\u0131rsatt\u0131r\u201d dedi. \u201cFakat \u015fu anki iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin h\u0131z\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc farkl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Devam eden \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n etkileri daha da h\u0131zlanacak ve b\u00fcy\u00fcyecek. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha so\u011fuk bir d\u00fcnyaya uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in 4.000 y\u0131l\u0131 var, diyor D\u2019Alpoim Guedes. \u201cK\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmayla birlikte bu kal\u0131c\u0131 uyum bi\u00e7imleri tahmin edilemez \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flayacak.\u201d \u201cD\u00fcnyada \u015fu anki politik durum dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu durum i\u00e7in davran\u0131\u015fsal esneklikler olmayabilir.\u201d<\/p>\n

D\u2019Alpoim Guedes \u201cAyr\u0131ca makinele\u015ftirilmi\u015f, end\u00fcstrile\u015ftirilmi\u015f tar\u0131m ve k\u00fcresel tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131 bizi tek-k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcnlere do\u011fru itiyor\u201d dedi. Bunun yerine z\u0131t y\u00f6ne hareket etmemiz gerekiyor. \u201cBizim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar riskten korunma ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe yat\u0131r\u0131m yapma iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine uyum sa\u011flamada en iyi \u015fans\u0131m\u0131z olmaktad\u0131r\u201d dedi. \u201cBu, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte uyum sa\u011flamam\u0131za olanak sa\u011flayan \u015feydi ve gelece\u011fimiz i\u00e7in buna da dikkat etmeliyiz.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bulgular\u0131n\u0131n kopyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartmak isteyenler i\u00e7in: Kod a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakt\u0131r ve \u00fccretsiz istatistiksel R yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n herhangi bir kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n eri\u015fime a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 paketleri y\u00fckleyebilir ve analizleri kendileri yapabilir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, ayr\u0131ca D\u2019Alpoim Guedes ve Bocinsky\u2019nin bulgular\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerindeki farkl\u0131 yerler \u00fczerinde analiz yaparak b\u00fcy\u00fctebilir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> “What happened in the past when the climate changed?”<\/a>, Heritagedaily<\/em>, 1 Kas\u0131m 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tarihten ders alman\u0131n bir kez daha insanl\u0131\u011fa yarar\u0131 dokunabilir. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde, \u00fcr\u00fcnler t\u00fckendi\u011finde ve k\u0131tl\u0131k tehlikesi ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde, kadim Asya halklar\u0131 bu durumdan etkilendiler. Ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131lar. Farkl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler yeti\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Yeni ticaret a\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fturdular ve yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131 buldular. Kaliforniya San Diego \u00dcniversitesinden Jade d\u2019Alpoim Guedes ve Kolorado Crow Canyon Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi, Washington Devlet \u00dcniversitesi ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":868,"featured_media":30727,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,217,29],"tags":[609,528,308,309,4263],"class_list":["post-30726","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-cevre-bilimleri","category-toplum","tag-cin","tag-goc","tag-iklim","tag-iklim-degisikligi","tag-kuraklik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30726","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/868"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30726"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30726\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30727"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}