{"id":30832,"date":"2018-11-17T05:40:50","date_gmt":"2018-11-17T02:40:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=30832"},"modified":"2018-11-24T00:06:16","modified_gmt":"2018-11-23T21:06:16","slug":"namik-kemalin-kaleminden-fatih-sultan-mehmetin-top-uzmanligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/11\/17\/namik-kemalin-kaleminden-fatih-sultan-mehmetin-top-uzmanligi","title":{"rendered":"Nam\u0131k Kemal\u2019in kaleminden Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in top uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fatih Sultan Mehmet sadece bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve komutan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 icat eden ve bizzat hesaplamalar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p imaline kat\u0131lan bir m\u00fchendisti de. Ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu sava\u015flarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler, yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmesine ve bu alanda iyice uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
H\u00fcrriyet \u015fairi, yazar ve siyaset\u00e7i Nam\u0131k Kemal (1840-1888).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fatih\u2019in toplar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler veren kaynaklar vard\u0131r ve rahatl\u0131kla ula\u015f\u0131labilir. Konuyu tekrardan ele almam\u0131z\u0131n nedeni, kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc h\u00fcrriyet \u015fairi, yazar ve siyaset\u00e7i Nam\u0131k Kemal olmas\u0131. Nam\u0131k Kemal pek bilinmeyen \u201cEvrak-\u0131 Peri\u015fan\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda (Terc\u00fcman Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1001 Temel Eser dizisi i\u00e7inde) Sal\u00e2haddin Eyy\u00fbbi, Fatih Sultan Mehmet ve Yavuz Sultan Selim gibi tarihi ki\u015filiklerin ya\u015famlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler verir. \u0130\u015fte Fatih\u2019in m\u00fchendis y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00f6zellikle top\u00e7uluk alan\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 icatlar\u0131 Nam\u0131k Kemal\u2019in bu kitab\u0131ndan derledik.<\/p>\n

50 \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fcn ancak ta\u015f\u0131yabildi\u011fi top
\n<\/strong>Fatih\u2019in \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere d\u00f6kt\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc toplar bilinir. Kentin y\u0131k\u0131lmaz denilen surlar\u0131nda gedik a\u00e7abilmek i\u00e7in o g\u00fcne kadar g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f nitelikte toplar imal etmek gerekiyordu. Tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 bizzat Fatih\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 top 300 kantar bak\u0131rdan imal edilmi\u015fti ve 12 kantar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki mermer g\u00fclleyi bir mil mesafeye atabiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu toplardan en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 50 \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fcz ko\u015fularak ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve yolda idaresi i\u00e7in 400 adam g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015fti. 250 ki\u015fi, ge\u00e7ilen yollar\u0131 ve k\u00f6pr\u00fcleri topun ge\u00e7i\u015fine uygun olacak bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlemeye memur edilmi\u015fti. Bu nedenle Osmanl\u0131 ordusu \u0130stanbul \u00f6n\u00fcne ancak iki ayda gelebilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, Sultan II. Mehmet\u2019in \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi i\u00e7in tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 top o d\u00f6nemin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc silah\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Fatih Sultan Mehmet sadece bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve komutan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 icat eden ve bizzat hesaplamalar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p imaline kat\u0131lan bir m\u00fchendisti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Galata\u2019ya zarar vermemek i\u00e7in kavisli g\u00fclle atan top icad\u0131
\n<\/strong>\u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Hali\u00e7\u2019in giri\u015fine \u00e7ekilen zincir k\u0131r\u0131lamay\u0131nca Fatih\u2019in Osmanl\u0131 gemilerini karadan ta\u015f\u0131yarak Hali\u00e7 sular\u0131na indirmesi inan\u0131lmaz bir sava\u015f takti\u011fi olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Fatih araziyi bizzat inceleyip gemilerin ge\u00e7ece\u011fi yolu \u00e7izmi\u015f, Dolmabah\u00e7e\u2019den Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa\u2019ya kadar bir k\u0131zak in\u015fa ettirmi\u015fti. Donanma\u2019dan se\u00e7ilen 70 kadar gemi, Galata taraf\u0131nda ne kadar insan ve hayvan varsa \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak bir gecede bu k\u0131zak \u00fczerinden Hali\u00e7\u2019e nakledilmi\u015fti. Fatih ayr\u0131ca, askerlerin ve baz\u0131 toplar\u0131n Galata\u2019dan kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa ge\u00e7ebilmesi i\u00e7in birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 variller kullan\u0131larak bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc de in\u015fa ettirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Rumlar\u0131n Hali\u00e7\u2019e inen gemileri ve k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc yakma giri\u015fimine kar\u015f\u0131 filoyu savunmak i\u00e7in Rum gemileri ancak \u015fimdiki Beyo\u011flu mevkiinden topa tutulabiliyordu. Buradan at\u0131lacak g\u00fcllelerin ise Galata\u2019daki yerle\u015fimlere isabet etme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksekti. Oysa Galata\u2019da oturan Cenevizliler padi\u015fah\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda bulunuyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Fatih, hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 bizzat kendisi yaparak kavisli g\u00fclle atan toplar tasarlad\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in Fatih, hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 bizzat kendisi yaparak kavisli g\u00fclle atan toplar tasarlad\u0131. Yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplarla kendisi ni\u015fan alarak bir Rum gemisini bat\u0131rd\u0131. Fatih\u2019in bu yeni icad\u0131, top\u00e7uluk sanat\u0131n\u0131n esaslar\u0131ndan olan \u201cHumbara y\u00f6ntemi\u201dnin de ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7anakkale o zaman da ge\u00e7ilmezmi\u015f
\n<\/strong>Fatih Sultan Mehmet \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in bo\u011faz\u0131n iki yakas\u0131na iki istihk\u00e2m yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve buralara iki taraftan da at\u0131l\u0131nca tam bo\u011faz\u0131n ortas\u0131na eri\u015febilecek g\u00fclleler yollayabilen g\u00fc\u00e7te toplar yerle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece isabet almadan bo\u011fazdan ge\u00e7mek olanaks\u0131zla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tam olarak sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu \u2018\u015fahin yuvas\u0131\u2019 nas\u0131l topa tutulabilir?
\n<\/strong>\u0130\u015fkodra ku\u015fatmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Fatih yine m\u00fchendisli\u011fini konu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fkodra Kalesi sarp bir da\u011f\u0131n tepesine kuruluydu; \u00fc\u00e7 taraf\u0131 g\u00f6l ve nehirlerle \u00e7evriliydi. A\u00e7\u0131k olan arazi de kayal\u0131kt\u0131 ve toplar\u0131n kaleye yak\u0131n mevkilere yerle\u015ftirilmesine uygun de\u011fildi. Kaleye bakan Fatih\u2019in \u201cBu \u015fahin yuvas\u0131n\u0131 yapan ne g\u00fczel bir yer se\u00e7mi\u015f\u201d diyerek takdir etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n

Fatih, kalenin \u00e7evresindeki araziyi inceleyerek toplar\u0131n yerle\u015febilece\u011fi 9 nokta tespit etti. Fakat eldeki toplar bu noktalardan kaleye ula\u015fabilecek g\u00fclle atacak nitelikte de\u011fildi. Bunun \u00fczerine 9 noktan\u0131n her birine birer d\u00f6k\u00fcmhane yapt\u0131rd\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck havanlar imal ettirdi. Bu havanlar\u0131n biri 4, ikisi 6, biri 6,5, biri 7, biri 9,5, ikisi 12, biri de 13 kantar g\u00fclle atabiliyordu. B\u00f6ylece kalenin hem duvarlar\u0131na hem de i\u00e7ine ula\u015fabilecek g\u00fc\u00e7te toplar imal edilmi\u015fti. Bu 13 kantarl\u0131k top uzun s\u00fcre tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fclen ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan Fatih top\u00e7uluk sanat\u0131nda o kadar ilerlemi\u015fti ki, yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 havanlar hi\u00e7 tahrip olmadan g\u00fcnde 29 kez kullan\u0131labiliyordu (eski toplar g\u00fcnde ancak 7 at\u0131\u015f yapabilir ve s\u0131k s\u0131k bozulurdu). B\u00f6ylece iki eski, dokuz yeni havanla \u0130\u015fkodra Kalesi\u2019ne g\u00fcnde 128 g\u00fclle at\u0131labilmi\u015f, kale deyim yerindeyse top ya\u011fmuruna tutulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Fatih b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara kar\u015f\u0131n \u0130\u015fkodra Kalesi\u2019ni fethedememi\u015f, kaleyi ancak uzun s\u00fcre abluka alt\u0131na al\u0131p sonunda teslim olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Fatih\u2019in d\u00f6kt\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 13 kantarl\u0131k g\u00fclle atabilen havan topu uzun s\u00fcre tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fclen ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ya\u011fl\u0131 pa\u00e7avralar
\n<\/strong>Fatih\u2019in \u0130\u015fkodra ku\u015fatmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda icat etti\u011fi bir di\u011fer silah da ya\u011fl\u0131 pa\u00e7avra denilen yan\u0131c\u0131 maddedir. Bu ya\u011fl\u0131 pa\u00e7avralar s\u00fcratle at\u0131l\u0131yor, gece at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u0131ld\u0131z \u015feklinde iz b\u0131rak\u0131yor ve m\u00fcthi\u015f bir ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yorlard\u0131. Nereye d\u00fc\u015fse oray\u0131 yakt\u0131klar\u0131 gibi rastlad\u0131klar\u0131 kuyular\u0131n suyunu i\u00e7ilmez hale sokuyorlard\u0131. \u0130\u015fkodral\u0131lar bu ya\u011fl\u0131 pa\u00e7avralar\u0131n \u015ferrinden, kale i\u00e7inde ne kadar ev varsa hepsinin tavanlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fatih Sultan Mehmet sadece bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve komutan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 icat eden ve bizzat hesaplamalar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p imaline kat\u0131lan bir m\u00fchendisti de. Ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu sava\u015flarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler, yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmesine ve bu alanda iyice uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fatih\u2019in toplar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler veren kaynaklar vard\u0131r ve rahatl\u0131kla ula\u015f\u0131labilir. Konuyu tekrardan ele almam\u0131z\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":30833,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314,222],"tags":[3839,4275,4276,4277,4274,4273],"class_list":["post-30832","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","category-tarih","tag-fatih-sultan-mehmet","tag-havan-topu","tag-humbara-yontemi","tag-iskodra-kusatmasi","tag-istanbulun-fethi","tag-namik-kemal"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30832","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/493"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30832"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30832\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30833"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30832"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30832"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30832"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}