{"id":30910,"date":"2018-11-24T01:10:10","date_gmt":"2018-11-23T22:10:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=30910"},"modified":"2018-11-29T23:34:56","modified_gmt":"2018-11-29T20:34:56","slug":"cografi-kesifler-tarihini-cope-atin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/11\/24\/cografi-kesifler-tarihini-cope-atin","title":{"rendered":"Co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler tarihini \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131n!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cCo\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201d kadar Avrupamerkezci bir kavram az bulunur. Avrupal\u0131lar 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ba\u015flayan co\u011frafi yolculuklar\u0131nda kendileri ilk kez gittikleri yerlerin \u201cke\u015ffedildi\u011fini\u201d s\u00f6ylemi\u015fler ve bunu da d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131n\u0131n zihnine kaz\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hepimiz ders kitaplar\u0131nda Christopher Columbus\u2019un, Magellan\u2019\u0131n, Vasco de Gama\u2019n\u0131n, James Cook\u2019un yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131 Amerika\u2019n\u0131n, \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nun, Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n vb. \u201cke\u015ffi\u201d olarak okumu\u015fuzdur.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_30912\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30912\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30912\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2-6-300x227.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2-6.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2-6-80x60.jpg 80w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2-6-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2-6-180x135.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-30912\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Avrupal\u0131lar, kendileri ilk kez gittikleri yerlerin \u201cke\u015ffedildi\u011fini\u201d s\u00f6ylemi\u015fler ve bunu da d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131n\u0131n zihnine kaz\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>\u2018Ke\u015fif\u2019 ne demek?<br \/>\n<\/strong>Tart\u0131\u015fmaya \u201cke\u015fif\u201d kavram\u0131ndan ba\u015flamak gerek. Ke\u015fif, do\u011fada (evrende) var olan, ama o ana kadar insanlar taraf\u0131ndan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (veya mekanizmas\u0131) bilinmeyen bir olgunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (veya mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n) tespit edilmesidir. Elektronun veya radyumun ke\u015ffi, yeni bir b\u00f6cek t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn veya bir vir\u00fcs\u00fcn ke\u015ffi, kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi, DNA\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffi, yeni bir galaksinin ke\u015ffi gibi&#8230; Co\u011frafi ke\u015fif ise, o ana kadar hi\u00e7bir insan\u0131n ayak basmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alana, insanlar taraf\u0131ndan ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 demektir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu tan\u0131m \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, okyanus diplerinin, kutuplar\u0131n, ilk kez girilen bir ma\u011faran\u0131n ke\u015ffinden s\u00f6z edilebilir belki. Ama Amerika\u2019n\u0131n, Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n, Afrika i\u00e7lerinin ke\u015ffedildi\u011finden s\u00f6z etmek bu tan\u0131ma uyar m\u0131?<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2018Uygarlar\u2019 ke\u015ffeder, \u2018vah\u015filer\u2019 ke\u015ffedilir!<br \/>\n<\/strong>Amerika\u2019ya, Avustralya\u2019ya, Afrika\u2019ya ula\u015fan Avrupal\u0131lar oralarda yerlilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. Demek ki onlardan \u00f6nce de, o co\u011frafyalarda insan ya\u015fam\u0131 bulunuyordu. Columbus\u2019un ve Cook\u2019un eylemlerine \u201cco\u011frafi ke\u015fif\u201d diyebilmek i\u00e7in, s\u00f6z konusu yerlileri insandan saymamak gerekir ki yakla\u015f\u0131m tam da budur.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_30913\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30913\" style=\"width: 254px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30913\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/3-5-254x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"254\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/3-5-254x300.jpg 254w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/3-5.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-30913\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amerika\u2019da, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n ilk kez ayak basmas\u0131ndan y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6ncesinde kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir uygarl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f toplumlar bulunuyordu. (Meksikal\u0131 ressam Diego Rivera\u2019n\u0131n bir tablosu)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Kimileri ise co\u011frafi ke\u015fif kavram\u0131n\u0131 bir \u201cuygar etkinli\u011fi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. Yani uygarlar ke\u015ffeder, barbarlar\/vah\u015filer ise ke\u015ffedilir! Bir ad\u0131m \u00f6tesi \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k olan bu tan\u0131m\u0131 do\u011fru kabul etsek bile, yine bir ke\u015fiften s\u00f6z edemeyiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Amerika\u2019da, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n ilk kez ayak basmas\u0131ndan y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6ncesinde kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir uygarl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ilerlemi\u015f toplumlar bulunuyordu: Aztekler, Mayalar, \u0130nkalar gibi&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7inli amiral Zheng He<br \/>\n<\/strong>Tan\u0131m \u201cEski D\u00fcnya\u201dn\u0131n \u201cYeni D\u00fcnya\u201dy\u0131 ke\u015ffi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klansa bile yine olmuyor. G\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen veya ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya de\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir\u00e7ok tarihsel kay\u0131t var bu konuda.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7inli amiral Zheng He\u2019den ba\u015flayal\u0131m. Co\u011frafi ke\u015fifleri konu alan kitaplar\u0131n sat\u0131r aralar\u0131nda bile Zheng He\u2019den s\u00f6z edilmiyor. Oysa 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda denizcilikte en ileri uygarl\u0131k tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z \u00c7in\u2019di ve engin denizlerde Zheng He, muazzam filosuyla dola\u015fmakta, hem ke\u015fif hem de ticaret yapmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_30914\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30914\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30914\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/4-5-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/4-5-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/4-5.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-30914\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda engin denizlerde muazzam filosuyla dola\u015fan, hem ke\u015fif hem de ticaret yapan \u00c7inli amiral Zheng He.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Portekizli ve \u0130spanyol macerac\u0131lar okyanusa a\u00e7\u0131lacaklar\u0131 birka\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gemi bulabilmek i\u00e7in Avrupal\u0131 kral ve krali\u00e7elerin kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131rken ve tayfalar\u0131n\u0131 ancak \u00f6l\u00fcm mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131yla korsanlardan dev\u015firebilirken, Amiral Zheng He, Columbus veya Gama\u2019n\u0131nkilerin en az 5-6 kat b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki y\u00fczlerce gemisiyle (Y\u00fczen Ejderhalar) ve emrinde (asker, tacir, diplomat) 30 bin ki\u015fiyle a\u00e7\u0131k denizlerde seyrediyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Bu net bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckt\u00fcr; ama Avrupamerkezci tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan has\u0131ralt\u0131 edilmi\u015ftir. Oysa Avrupal\u0131lar bu \u00e7apta bir donanmaya, belki 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bile ula\u015famam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 (\u0130ngilizlerin ve Hollandal\u0131lar\u0131n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki deniz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00c7in\u2019inkiyle k\u0131yaslamak gerek). Uzmanlar, b\u00fct\u00fcn Hint Okyanusu\u2019nda, G\u00fcney \u00c7in denizlerinde, Avustralya a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda, t\u00fcm Do\u011fu Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, Japonya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, -kimilerine g\u00f6re- Pasifik adalar\u0131nda ve Kuzey Buz Denizi\u2019nde Zheng He ve donanmas\u0131n\u0131n izlerine rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyorlar. Hatta Zheng He\u2019nin gemicilerinin \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nu a\u015f\u0131p Atlantik\u2019e girdi\u011fini, dahas\u0131 G\u00fcney Amerika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenler vard\u0131r ama bunlar bilimsel iddialar de\u011fil.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_30915\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30915\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30915\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/5-4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-30915\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zheng He\u2019nin filosundaki gemilerden biriyle Columbus\u2019un gemisinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>E\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar do\u011fruysa Bat\u0131l\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler tarihini \u00e7\u00f6pe atmak gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu \u201cke\u015ffin\u201d alt\u0131ndaki imza en az\u0131ndan Amiral Zheng He ve denizcileridir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vikingler adamdan say\u0131lm\u0131yor mu?<br \/>\n<\/strong>En az\u0131ndan diyoruz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Zheng He\u2019den de \u00f6nce okyanus sular\u0131nda seyredenler vard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Viking gemicilerinin 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 yerle\u015fim yerleri kurduklar\u0131 kesindir. Ama \u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, K\u0131z\u0131l Erik, o\u011flu, damad\u0131 ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 Avrupamerkezciler taraf\u0131ndan adamdan say\u0131lm\u0131yor. Oysa Vikingler de Avrupal\u0131d\u0131r. Ama kapitalist geli\u015fimin tarihsel hatt\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncesinde (d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_30916\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30916\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30916\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/6-2-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-30916\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Viking gemicilerinin 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 yerle\u015fim yerleri kurduklar\u0131 bilinir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>15. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda End\u00fcl\u00fcs Araplar\u0131n\u0131n da Atlas Okyanusu\u2019nu epey zorlad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Demek ki \u201cSis Okyanusu\u201dnun End\u00fcl\u00fcs-Karayipler kulvar\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ufku i\u00e7ine girmi\u015fti o y\u00fczy\u0131lda. Columbus\u2019un 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonundaki yolculu\u011fu kim bilir ka\u00e7\u0131nc\u0131 giri\u015fimdi?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kimin \u2018ilk\u2019i?<br \/>\n<\/strong>K\u0131sacas\u0131, neresinden bakarsak bakal\u0131m, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015flayan, Avrupal\u0131 Columbus\u2019un, Gama\u2019n\u0131n, Magellan\u2019\u0131n, Cook\u2019un&#8230; yolculuklar\u0131yla simgelenen \u201cco\u011frafi ke\u015fif\u201d kavram\u0131, Avrupamerkezci bir kavramd\u0131r; ideolojik bir kavramd\u0131r. (Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck denizcilerin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsedi\u011fimiz san\u0131lmas\u0131n. Onlar yepyeni ve devrimci bir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ihtirasl\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fcleriydiler.) S\u00f6z konusu olan, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n ilkleridir, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilkleri de\u011fil. Kapitalist Bat\u0131, daha sonraki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dayanarak, kendi ilklerini insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilkleriymi\u015f (yani ke\u015fifmi\u015f) gibi yutturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cCo\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201d kadar Avrupamerkezci bir kavram az bulunur. Avrupal\u0131lar 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ba\u015flayan co\u011frafi yolculuklar\u0131nda kendileri ilk kez gittikleri yerlerin \u201cke\u015ffedildi\u011fini\u201d s\u00f6ylemi\u015fler ve bunu da d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131n\u0131n zihnine kaz\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hepimiz ders kitaplar\u0131nda Christopher Columbus\u2019un, Magellan\u2019\u0131n, Vasco de Gama\u2019n\u0131n, James Cook\u2019un yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131 Amerika\u2019n\u0131n, \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nun, Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n vb. \u201cke\u015ffi\u201d olarak okumu\u015fuzdur. \u2018Ke\u015fif\u2019 ne demek? Tart\u0131\u015fmaya [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":30911,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314,222],"tags":[1195,4282,4286,474,4281,4285,4284,2897,4283],"class_list":["post-30910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","category-tarih","tag-avrupamerkezcilik","tag-aztekler","tag-christopher-columbus","tag-cografi-kesifler","tag-kizil-eric","tag-magellan","tag-vasco-de-gama","tag-vikingler","tag-zheng-he"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ender Helvac\u0131o\u011flu\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/11\/24\/cografi-kesifler-tarihini-cope-atin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.8\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bilim ve Gelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler tarihini \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131n! 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