{"id":31184,"date":"2018-12-08T05:26:46","date_gmt":"2018-12-08T02:26:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=31184"},"modified":"2018-12-13T07:17:48","modified_gmt":"2018-12-13T04:17:48","slug":"marx-nasil-marksist-oldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2018\/12\/08\/marx-nasil-marksist-oldu","title":{"rendered":"Marx nas\u0131l Marksist oldu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gen\u00e7 Marx ve Engels\u2019in teorik geli\u015fmeleri, sol-Hegelcilikten, Feuerbach\u2019\u00e7\u0131l\u0131ktan ba\u015flay\u0131p, o d\u00f6nem ayd\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda hayli pop\u00fcler olan sosyalist fikirlerden ge\u00e7erek, temel ilkelerini kendilerinin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi Bilimsel Sosyalizmin ilk basamaklar\u0131na varan bir \u00e7izgi izledi. Bu geli\u015fim, topu topu d\u00f6rt senede, Marx ve Engels\u2019in gen\u00e7lik d\u00f6nemlerini kapsayan 1840-1844 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Elbette ikisi de hem o g\u00fcne de\u011fin etkili olmu\u015f felsefe okullar\u0131n\u0131, hem de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f fikir ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 incelemi\u015flerdi. Fakat ge\u00e7mi\u015f bilgi birikimini da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131na katmak, bilgiyi ilerletmek i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullardan biri olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, hi\u00e7bir zaman yeterli olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Peki, Marx ve Engels\u2019in bilin\u00e7lerindeki -ayn\u0131 zamanda ge\u00e7mi\u015f birikiminden k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir kopu\u015f anlam\u0131na da gelen- s\u0131\u00e7ramaya neden olan dinamikler nelerdi? Bu soruya yan\u0131t verebilmek i\u00e7in; Marx ve Engels\u2019in 1840 ba\u015flar\u0131nda etkin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131ndan, 1844\u2019te \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ortakla\u015ft\u0131rmaya karar verdikleri g\u00fcne kadarki ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saca g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek gerekli.<\/p>\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n Paris\u2019teki ke\u015ffi
\n<\/strong>Marx Berlin\u2019de \u00f6\u011frenimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, sol-Hegelcilere kat\u0131ld\u0131. Sol-Hegelci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bir nevi teorisyenli\u011fini yapan Ludwig Feuerbach\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131 ve kitaplar, i\u00e7lerinde Marx\u2019\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu demokratik ve tanr\u0131-tan\u0131maz fikirlere sempati duyan gen\u00e7leri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

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Marx Parisli i\u015f\u00e7ilerle.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Marx 1841 y\u0131l\u0131nda eski Yunan felsefesi \u00fczerine bir tez haz\u0131rlayarak doktoras\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131, fakat kariyer yapman\u0131n fikirlerini terk etmek anlam\u0131na gelece\u011fini anlay\u0131nca akademiyi b\u0131rakt\u0131. Ocak 1842\u2019de K\u00f6ln\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flayan bir muhalefet yay\u0131n\u0131 Rheinische Zeitung<\/em>\u2019da ba\u015fyazar olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Marx bu gazetede ilk siyasal yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131 ve ilk kez yo\u011fun bir siyasal m\u00fccadele i\u00e7inde bulundu. Marx\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fyazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Almanya\u2019da halen etkili olan feodalizme kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci bir muhalefet y\u00fcr\u00fcten gazete Mart 1843\u2019te h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n, bir y\u0131l s\u00fcren siyasal sava\u015f\u0131m deneyimi kafas\u0131ndaki Hegelci kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 sildi ve Feuerbach\u2019\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da a\u015f\u0131p sosyalizme haz\u0131r hale gelmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1843 Kas\u0131m\u2019\u0131nda Paris\u2019e gitti. Paris 1830\u2019dan beri \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015f\u00e7i m\u00fccadelelerine sahne olmu\u015f, sosyalist fikirlerin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu devrimci bir merkez konumundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Marx Paris\u2019te arad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 buldu: Burjuvazinin kuyru\u011fundan ayr\u0131l\u0131p, kendi \u00f6z \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleye at\u0131lan ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen proletarya. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerle olan bu temas\u0131, kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yle\u015filer ve pratik m\u00fccadeleler, bilincinde bir s\u0131\u00e7ramaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Marx, kafas\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck ideallere hangi toplumsal g\u00fcce dayanarak, hangi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n dinamizmiyle ula\u015fabilece\u011fini net bir bi\u00e7imde Paris\u2019te kavrad\u0131. Fransa\u2019da bir say\u0131 yay\u0131nlanabilen \u201cFrans\u0131z Alman Y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 dergiyi \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve burada ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikirleri ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n

Patron baban\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i dostu o\u011flu
\n<\/strong>Friedrich Engels de siyasal hayat\u0131na gen\u00e7 Hegelcilerle ili\u015fki kurarak ba\u015flad\u0131. 1841-42 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Berlin\u2019de askerli\u011fini yaparken Feuerbach\u2019\u0131n Hegelcilere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ele\u015ftirilerden etkilenmi\u015fti ve radikal demokrat bir \u00e7izgiye sahipti. 1843\u2019te Manchester\u2019a, babas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere gitti\u011finde hen\u00fcz sosyalist de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

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Engels Manchester\u2019da (Zhukov\u2019un \u00e7izimi).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kapitalizmin be\u015fi\u011fi \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin sanayi merkezi Manchester\u2019da proletaryay\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131. Babas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fyerinde i\u015f\u00e7ilerle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, onlar\u0131n ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin sefil ko\u015fullarda, yoksulluk i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7en ya\u015famlar\u0131 Engels\u2019i etkiledi. Engels\u2019in \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ilk y\u0131llarda \u00c7artist hareketin saflar\u0131nda m\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 konusunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkatli g\u00f6zlemler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015fmesine ve bilimsel sosyalizme do\u011fru yol almas\u0131na neden oldu. Engels, 1845\u2019te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu\u201d adl\u0131 makalesinde, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleri teorile\u015ftiriyor ve bilimsel sosyalizmin ilk eserlerinden birini olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n

Sadece filozof de\u011fil Marksist\u2019ler
\n<\/strong>1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te tan\u0131\u015farak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ortakla\u015ft\u0131ran bu iki felsefeci ve aktivist, hi\u00e7bir masa ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda yapamayacaklar\u0131 ke\u015fiflerini bu pratikler i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler: Proletarya d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir ve yepyeni bir sistemin kurucu \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olabilir.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 Marx ve Engels bu ke\u015fiflerinden sonra art\u0131k -sadece parlak birer filozof de\u011fil- \u2018Marksist\u2019tirler! Feuerbach \u00fczerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131 tezlerinde de felsefecilere bu y\u00f6ntemi \u00f6nerirler.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Marx ve Engels, 1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te tan\u0131\u015farak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ortakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Marx ve Engels 1847\u2019ye kadar yazd\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli makale ve kitaplarda Hegelcili\u011fi ve Feuerbach\u2019\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 noktalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klarlar ve o d\u00f6nem ge\u00e7erli olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva sosyalizmi ile kendileri aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131 ortaya koyarlar. Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201c1844 El Yazmalar\u0131\u201d 1845\u2019te Engels ile birlikte yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cKutsal Aile\u201d, 1845-46\u2019da \u201cAlman \u0130deolojisi\u201d, 1847\u2019de Proudhon\u2019u ele\u015ftiren \u201cFelsefenin Sefaleti\u201d adl\u0131 eserleri ile Engels\u2019in 1845\u2019te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu\u201d ile 1847\u2019de \u201cKom\u00fcnizmin \u0130lkeleri\u201d adl\u0131 eserleri, bilimsel sosyalist kuram\u0131n temellerini att\u0131klar\u0131, o d\u00f6neme kadar edindikleri felsefi ve pratik tecr\u00fcbeleri \u00f6zetledikleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gen\u00e7 Marx ve Engels\u2019in teorik geli\u015fmeleri, sol-Hegelcilikten, Feuerbach\u2019\u00e7\u0131l\u0131ktan ba\u015flay\u0131p, o d\u00f6nem ayd\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda hayli pop\u00fcler olan sosyalist fikirlerden ge\u00e7erek, temel ilkelerini kendilerinin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi Bilimsel Sosyalizmin ilk basamaklar\u0131na varan bir \u00e7izgi izledi. Bu geli\u015fim, topu topu d\u00f6rt senede, Marx ve Engels\u2019in gen\u00e7lik d\u00f6nemlerini kapsayan 1840-1844 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Elbette ikisi de hem o g\u00fcne de\u011fin etkili […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":31185,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314],"tags":[4327,4325,3831,2729,3163,4326],"class_list":["post-31184","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","tag-bilimsel-sosyalizm","tag-feuerbach","tag-friedrich-engels","tag-karl-marx","tag-proletarya","tag-sol-hegelcilik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t