D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi, hammaddenin bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n t\u00fcketim a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dindirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, sonras\u0131nda da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 savurgan do\u011frusal ekonomimize ilerici bir alternatif olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi fikri 1980\u2019lerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Fakat bu, onar\u0131m, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, yenileme veya yeniden d\u00fczenleme gibi d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonominin temelindeki uygulamalar\u0131n ayn\u0131 derecede yeni oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. T\u00fcm bu stratejilerin amac\u0131, materyallerin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca uzun s\u00fcre kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak. Ve hi\u00e7biri \u00f6yle devrimci yenilikler de\u011fil.<\/p>\n
Nesnelerin ve malzemelerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7lara hizmet edecek \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, alet kullan\u0131m\u0131 kadar eski olabilir. Paleolitik \u00e7a\u011fda ya\u015fayan insanlar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ta\u015f aletleri eski el baltalar\u0131ndan yapt\u0131lar. Neolitik \u00e7a\u011f sakinleri, Fransa’n\u0131n Locmariaquer b\u00f6lgesinde oldu\u011fu gibi, dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131 kendi mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etmek \u00fczere yeniden kullanmaktan \u00e7ekinmediler. Kilden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan bol miktarda bulunan seramikler bile s\u0131kl\u0131kla geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Eski \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlekler genellikle toz haline getiriliyor ve kilin i\u00e7ine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak yeni \u00e7anaklar yapmak \u00fczere kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Minos Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda grog ad\u0131 verilen bu seramik tozu, evlerin in\u015fa edildi\u011fi kerpicin yap\u0131m\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Macaristan’da Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan kalma sahalarda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm kaz\u0131larda, k\u0131r\u0131k \u00e7anak par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f a\u011f\u0131r\u015faklara s\u00fcrekli rastl\u0131yorum. Bu b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fck ta\u015flar\u0131 yorumlamak kolay de\u011fil, zira de\u011firmenta\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6rse, kap\u0131 e\u015fi\u011finden duvar deste\u011fine kadar kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7larla yeniden ve yeniden \u015fekilleniyor. Asl\u0131nda, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar onar\u0131m, yenileme ve farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7larla kullanma, maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcrle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131n yayg\u0131n yollar\u0131ndand\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bask\u0131n hale gelmi\u015f savurgan do\u011frusal ekonomi, kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek bir tarihsel anormalliktir.<\/p>\n
Ancak dikkat etmemiz gereken \u015fey, \u201csoylu vah\u015filik\u201d denen \u015feyin tuza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmemek. Atalar\u0131m\u0131z birer ekolojik aziz falan de\u011fildi. Onlar da madencilik yoluyla \u00e7evreyi kirlettiler, t\u00fcm ormanlar\u0131 yakt\u0131lar ve \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda at\u0131k yaratt\u0131lar. Roma’daki b\u00fcy\u00fck yapay bir tepe olan Monte Testaccio’ya bir bak\u0131n, tamamen k\u0131r\u0131k amforalardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6receksiniz.<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 \u015feyler bol oldu\u011funda, insanlar kolayca savurgan ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir tutum tak\u0131nabilir. Ancak ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00e7o\u011fu \u015fey bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kadar bol de\u011fildi; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonominin temel\u00a0 uygulamalar\u0131na kolayl\u0131kla uyum sa\u011fland\u0131. Yani bu tutum ideolojik motivasyonlarla de\u011fil, zorunlulukktan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc benimsendi.<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00f6ncesi Zamanlarda Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm Geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir tan\u0131m\u0131 benimsendi\u011finde (\u00f6rne\u011fin, daha \u00f6nce \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131lan e\u015fyalar\u0131n yeniden kullan\u0131m\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde), bu uygulaman\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerini Paleolitik d\u00f6neme kadar uzatmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur. Yine de biz geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yayg\u0131n anlam\u0131na odaklanal\u0131m. Buna g\u00f6re geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, at\u0131klar\u0131n (yani kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f nesnelerin) tamamen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin hammaddesi haline getirildi\u011fi bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm prati\u011fi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczden \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n repertuar\u0131na girdi. Ekonominin temel uygulamas\u0131 haline gelmesi Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 kadar uzun zaman \u00f6ncesine dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n M\u00d6 2500’den itibaren, tarih\u00f6ncesi insanlar bak\u0131r ve kalay\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek elde ettikleri metali tun\u00e7 olarak adland\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu yapay malzemenin kitlesel olarak benimsenmesi \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimlere neden oldu. Toplumlar kendilerini ekonomik olarak yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rabildiler; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tun\u00e7u \u00fcretebilmek materyallerin daha uza\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Kaynaklar\u0131 son kullan\u0131c\u0131larla bulu\u015fturmak, ticaretin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu nedenlerden dolay\u0131 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, Avrupa \u00e7apl\u0131 takas a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ticaretin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na tan\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz, Avrupa’n\u0131n olu\u015fumunda bi\u00e7imlendirici bir d\u00f6nem olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n Tun\u00e7, ayr\u0131ca insanlar\u0131 yeni \u015fekillerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye sevk etti. Metal i\u015fleme s\u00fcreci, daha \u00f6nceki zanaatlardan belirgin \u015fekilde farkl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin ah\u015fap ve ta\u015f oymac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemenin eksilmesine yol a\u00e7ar, bu y\u00fczden indirgeyici teknolojiler olarak bilinirler. Sepet\u00e7ilik, dokumac\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek \u00fcretimi ise ekleyici teknolojilerdir. Oysa tun\u00e7 \u00fcretimi, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir teknoloji olmas\u0131 nedeniyle farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Hammadde eritilerek s\u0131v\u0131 hale getirilir ve bir kal\u0131ba d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kal\u0131plar ilgili nesneyi \u00fcretmek ve \u00e7o\u011faltmak \u00fczere yap\u0131lan tasar\u0131mlar\u0131 belgeleyen ilk taslaklard\u0131r. \u015eimdi bize heyecan verici gelmeyebilir fakat tarih\u00f6ncesi \u00e7a\u011flarda ya\u015fayan insanlar i\u00e7in bu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma aletlerinde \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bir yoldu \u015f\u00fcphesiz.<\/p>\n Ta\u015f baltan\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn, par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7larla kullanabilirsiniz fakat o baltay\u0131 tekrar elde edemezsiniz. Ancak tun\u00e7 baltan\u0131z k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ysa, di\u011ferinin aksine onu tekrar eritebilir ve ayn\u0131 kaliteyle yeniden \u00fcretebilirsiniz. K\u0131sacas\u0131 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, temel ekonomi prati\u011fi olarak, Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda icat edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel Ekonomiler Orta Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’ndan itibaren, t\u00fcm Avrupa’da tun\u00e7 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Nereden mi biliyoruz? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc arkeologlar y\u00fczlerce cismin metal bile\u015fimini analiz ettiler ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn bir i\u015fareti olarak baz\u0131 elementlerin t\u00fckendi\u011fini g\u00f6steren sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015ft\u0131lar. Ayr\u0131ca \u201ceski\u201d metal ticareti de yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Dover k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen bir gemi enkaz\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, M\u00d6 1100\u2019de \u00e7ok say\u0131da tun\u00e7 e\u015fya \u0130ngiltere\u2019den Fransa\u2019ya getirilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomiyi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde politik bir terim olarak benimsemek isteyebiliriz, ancak bunun par\u00e7as\u0131 olan uygulamalar nicedir insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu bak\u0131mdan Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, uygulamada d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonominin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Tun\u00e7, d\u00f6nemin ana malzemesiydi ve buna dayal\u0131 ekonomi geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm etraf\u0131nda \u015fekilleniyordu. Bunun fark\u0131na var\u0131rsak d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonominin de\u011fil, bir anomali olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan mevcut do\u011frusal ve israf ekonomimizin yeni oldu\u011funu anlar\u0131z.<\/p>\n Bu hikayenin iyi taraf\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fi iyi bir \u015fekilde kullanabilecek olmam\u0131zd\u0131r. D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonominin temel de\u011ferleri ge\u00e7mi\u015fimize dayanmaktad\u0131r; bu anlamda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k temelinde y\u00fckselecek bir modern zanaatkarl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n benimsenmesine ve \u015fekillenmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n Kaynak: D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi, hammaddenin bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n t\u00fcketim a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dindirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, sonras\u0131nda da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 savurgan do\u011frusal ekonomimize ilerici bir alternatif olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi fikri 1980\u2019lerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Fakat bu, onar\u0131m, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, yenileme veya yeniden d\u00fczenleme gibi d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonominin temelindeki uygulamalar\u0131n ayn\u0131 derecede yeni oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. T\u00fcm bu stratejilerin amac\u0131, materyallerin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1290,"featured_media":31947,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,19],"tags":[4462,4463,4461,4460],"class_list":["post-31952","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antropoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-dogrusal-ekonomi","tag-dongusel-ekonomi","tag-geri-donusum","tag-tunc-cagi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n<\/strong>Arkeologlar genel olarak d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi terminolojisini kullanmaz, yukar\u0131daki gibi \u00f6rnekleri basit\u00e7e yeniden kullan\u0131m olarak tan\u0131mlarlar. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonominin temel uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n uzaklarda yatan k\u00f6kenlerini neden daha geni\u015f bir a\u00e7\u0131dan tart\u0131\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u0131smen a\u00e7\u0131klayabilir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fey geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Tun\u00e7, bu \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lan ilk metal de\u011fildi; metal kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenleri, saf bak\u0131r\u0131n \u015fekle sokulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na rastlar.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Maikel Kuijpers, Max Planck Bilim Tarihi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc; Heritage Daily, 10 Ocak 2019; https:\/\/www.heritagedaily.com\/2019\/01\/ircular-economy-ancient-populations-pioneered-the-idea-of-recycling-waste\/122469<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"