{"id":32057,"date":"2019-01-29T08:57:36","date_gmt":"2019-01-29T05:57:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=32057"},"modified":"2019-01-29T09:03:03","modified_gmt":"2019-01-29T06:03:03","slug":"antibiyotik-direnci-sinir-tanimiyor-yeni-delhideki-gen-kuzey-buz-denizinden-cikti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/01\/29\/antibiyotik-direnci-sinir-tanimiyor-yeni-delhideki-gen-kuzey-buz-denizinden-cikti","title":{"rendered":"Antibiyotik direnci s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131m\u0131yor: Yeni Delhi\u2019deki gen Kuzey Buz Denizi\u2019nden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hindistan ile Svalbard aras\u0131nda neredeyse 13 bin km var. Fakat art\u0131k mesafeler \u00f6nemsiz, \u00fcstelik sadece insanlar i\u00e7in de\u011fil, \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck organizmalar, mesela vir\u00fcsler, bakteriler ve hatta birtak\u0131m genler i\u00e7in bile\u2026 Peki ya mesafelere direnen bu genler ayn\u0131 zamanda en zay\u0131f\u0131ndan en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcne, bilinen t\u00fcm antibiyotiklere de direnen kimi gen varyantlar\u0131ysa? Environment International<\/em> dergisinin 28 Ocak g\u00fcn\u00fc yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makale bu genlerin, \u00f6zellikle de i\u00e7lerinden blaNDM-1<\/em> isimli olan\u0131n\u0131n Yeni Delhi\u2019den Kuzey Buz Denizi\u2019ndeki Svalbard\u2019a uzanan \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc anlat\u0131yor.\"\"
\nSvalbard, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n idari bak\u0131mdan en kuzey noktas\u0131nda yer alan, Norve\u00e7\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 tak\u0131madalara verilen isim. ABD\u2019deki Newcastle, York ve Kansas \u00dcniversiteleri ile \u00c7in\u2019deki Xiamen Bilim Akademisi\u2019nin ortakla\u015fa y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bu tak\u0131madalardan birinde, 100 kadar insan\u0131n ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir yaban hayat\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Kongsfjordan isimli adada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, DNA\u2019n\u0131n 12 ay bozulmadan sakl\u0131 kalabilece\u011fi kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyretti\u011fi, fakat topra\u011f\u0131n, kesintisiz devam eden s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 sayesinde donmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel bir alan Kongsfjordan. Bir yandan da insan etkisini k\u0131s\u0131tlar bi\u00e7imde di\u011fer karasal alanlardan yeterince uzak. Bu anlamda k\u00fcresel bir sa\u011fl\u0131k krizi olmaya aday antibiyotik direnci meselesinin nerelere uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bi\u00e7ilmi\u015f kaftan. Nitekim ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n 2013 yaz\u0131nda, adan\u0131n farkl\u0131 noktalar\u0131ndan toplad\u0131klar\u0131 toprak \u00f6rnekleri DNA ve jeokimyasal i\u00e7erik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan incelendi\u011finde hem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sahas\u0131 se\u00e7iminin do\u011frulu\u011fu hem de antibiyotik direnci meselesinin ciddiyeti do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f oldu. Zira sonu\u00e7lar gentamisin ve sisomisinden karbapeneme kadar 9 b\u00fcy\u00fck antibiyotik s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na diren\u00e7le ili\u015fkili toplam 131 antibiyotik diren\u00e7 geninin saptand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bunlardan t\u00fcm gruplarda saptanan 39\u2019unun otokton, yani insan d\u0131\u015f\u0131, do\u011fal fakt\u00f6rlerden kaynaklanan diziler oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor; mesela pncA<\/em> geni. Bu gen \u00e7oklu ila\u00e7 direnci g\u00f6steren t\u00fcberk\u00fclozun tedavisinde kullan\u0131lan pirazinamide diren\u00e7 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce bu sebeple D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kara listesine giren bu genin kutup dairesindeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, do\u011fal \u00e7evre kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor. Fakat kalanlar i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015feyi s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil: \u00d6zellikle de ilk defa 2010\u2019da, Kongsfjordan\u2019\u0131n 13 bin km \u00f6tesinde, Yeni Delhi\u2019de saptanan blaNDM-1<\/em> geni s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda\u2026
\nblaNDM-1<\/em> geni, NDM-1 isimli bir protein kodluyor. Bu protein sayesinde bir dizi bakteri, pek \u00e7ok hastal\u0131k durumunda son \u00e7are olarak ba\u015fvurulan karbapenemlere diren\u00e7li hale geliyor. Bu genin yeni varyantlar\u0131 Yeni Delhi\u2019den sonra 100\u2019\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n \u00fclkede saptand\u0131. Fakat bu kadar k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer ucundaki, antibiyotik-\u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemi yans\u0131tacak kadar el de\u011fmemi\u015f bir adada g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u201cAntibiyotik Direnci Kirlili\u011fi\u201d olarak nitelendirdi\u011fi sorunun g\u00f6stergesi. Peki bu durumun sorumlusu kim, ya da ne?
\nZincirin bir ucunda s\u00f6z konusu gen varyantlar\u0131n\u0131 adaya ta\u015f\u0131yan g\u00f6\u00e7men ku\u015flar yer al\u0131yor. Di\u011fer ucunda ise bu ku\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131\/gereksiz antibiyotik kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meyen insanlar yer al\u0131yor. Antibiyotiklerin k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 bakteri genomunun diren\u00e7 kazanma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki evrimini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131yor ve ortaya yeni peyda olmu\u015f, antibiyotiklere diren\u00e7li s\u00fcpermikroplar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu bakterilerin bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sular ise insandan hayvana ge\u00e7i\u015fin k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturuyor. Bu \u015fer zinciri nas\u0131l m\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131? Cevab\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015fyazar\u0131, Newcastle \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Clare McCann versin: \u201cAntibiyotiklerin t\u0131p ve z\u0131raatteki kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n idaresi elbette \u00f6nemli, fakat su ve toprak arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla diren\u00e7 aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini anlamam\u0131z gerekiyor. Bu anlamda at\u0131k y\u00f6netimi ve su kalitesinin k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte iyile\u015ftirilmesi en temel ad\u0131m olacakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/p>\n

1) McCann ve ark., \u201cUnderstanding drivers of antibiotic resistance genes in High Arctic soil ecosystems\u201d, Environment International, 28 Ocak 2019.<\/p>\n

\n

2) Newcastle University Press Office, \u201c\u2018Superbug gene\u2019 found in one of the most remote places on earth\u201d, 28 Ocak 2019; https:\/\/www.ncl.ac.uk\/press\/articles\/latest\/2019\/01\/arcticbugs\/<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hindistan ile Svalbard aras\u0131nda neredeyse 13 bin km var. Fakat art\u0131k mesafeler \u00f6nemsiz, \u00fcstelik sadece insanlar i\u00e7in de\u011fil, \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck organizmalar, mesela vir\u00fcsler, bakteriler ve hatta birtak\u0131m genler i\u00e7in bile\u2026 Peki ya mesafelere direnen bu genler ayn\u0131 zamanda en zay\u0131f\u0131ndan en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcne, bilinen t\u00fcm antibiyotiklere de direnen kimi gen varyantlar\u0131ysa? Environment International dergisinin 28 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":184,"featured_media":32058,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,217],"tags":[4489,4488,4487],"class_list":["post-32057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-cevre-bilimleri","tag-antibiyotik-direnci","tag-svalbard-kongsfjordan","tag-yeni-delhi-blandm-1-geni"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t