{"id":32875,"date":"2019-03-01T05:54:44","date_gmt":"2019-03-01T02:54:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=32875"},"modified":"2019-03-01T00:59:34","modified_gmt":"2019-02-28T21:59:34","slug":"frengi-deneyine-dur-diyen-gorunmez-kahraman-bill-jenkins-hayatini-kaybetti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/03\/01\/frengi-deneyine-dur-diyen-gorunmez-kahraman-bill-jenkins-hayatini-kaybetti","title":{"rendered":"Frengi Deneyi\u2019ne dur diyen g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez kahraman Bill Jenkins hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tuskegee Frengi Deneyi\u2019nin ne oldu\u011funu biliyor musunuz? Ya da tam ad\u0131yla Siyah Irk Erkeklerde Tedavi Edilmemi\u015f Frengiye Dair Tuskegee \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131. The New York Times<\/em> gazetesi 25 \u015eubat say\u0131s\u0131nda, 1932\u2019den 1972\u2019ye, tam 40 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu utanc\u0131n sona ermesini sa\u011flayan isimlerden Bill Jenkins\u2019in (William Carter Jenkins) \u00f6l\u00fcm haberini duyurdu. Ayn\u0131 New York Times<\/em> 47 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, bu korkun\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015fsayfas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve kamuoyunu aya\u011fa kald\u0131rmak konusunda etkili bir ara\u00e7 olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

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Bill Jenkins, 1997. Kaynak: Alan Mothner\/Associated Press<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

ABD\u2019nin Alabama eyaletinde Birle\u015fik Devletler Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hizmetleri\u2019nin doktorlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131, o zamanlar tedavisi bilinmeyen ve ciddi bir sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunu olan sifilizin, ya da yayg\u0131n ad\u0131yla frengi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n siyah erkeklerdeki seyrini incelemek ve beyaz erkeklerden farkl\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekti. ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirilen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bu i\u015f i\u00e7in se\u00e7ti\u011fi y\u00f6ntem bug\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u0131p eti\u011fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131ndayd\u0131: Buna g\u00f6re \u00fccretsiz sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri ve tedavi vaadiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya \u00e7ekilen 400 siyah erkek r\u0131zalar\u0131 ve bilgileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 40 y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek bir hak ihlaline maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 latent konumda seyreden, yani enfeksiyonu ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde semptom g\u00f6stermeyen kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara frengili olduklar\u0131 bilgisi verilmedi. E\u011fitim ve gelir d\u00fczeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n tek bildi\u011fi, o d\u00f6nem pek \u00e7ok hastal\u0131k i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ortak bir adland\u0131rmayla \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc kan\u201d ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131yd\u0131. Ama\u00e7 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 tedavi etmek de\u011fil, tam tersi tedavisiz b\u0131rakmak olunca, verilen ila\u00e7lar\u0131n plasebo niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, yani sadece mineral takviyesi ve aspirin oldu\u011fundan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kimsenin haberi olmad\u0131. Dahas\u0131 penisilinin hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n standart tedavisi haline geldi\u011fi 1947 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra da durum de\u011fi\u015fmedi. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan bihaber, tedaviden uzak, tam 40 y\u0131l ge\u00e7irdi. Rakamlar net de\u011fil; ancak beyin hasar\u0131, fel\u00e7, k\u00f6rl\u00fck ve hatta \u00f6l\u00fcme kadar gidebilen frenginin pen\u00e7esinde hayatlar\u0131na devam eden 400 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n 28\u2019i do\u011frudan hastal\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, 100 kadar\u0131 da hastal\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 komplikasyonlardan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. 40 tanesi frengiyi e\u015fine de bula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131; en k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc de 19 \u00e7ocuk frengili do\u011fdu. Ta ki birileri durumu fark edip harekete ge\u00e7ene kadar\u2026<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fik Devletler Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hizmetleri taraf\u0131ndan Tuskegee \u00dcniversitesi \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n asl\u0131nda gizli sakl\u0131 bir taraf\u0131 yoktu. Her\u015fey t\u0131p camias\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde cereyan ediyor fakat bilim insanlar\u0131 sessizli\u011fini \u0131srarla koruyordu. Bill Jenkins, deneyin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan 30 y\u0131l kadar sonra, 1960\u2019larda, y\u00fczlerce insan\u0131n tedavisiz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti\u011finde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten birimin ististik\u00e7isi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu birimde g\u00f6revli ilk siyah memurlardan biri olarak e\u011fitim ve stat\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00f6nemin ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir ya\u015fam standard\u0131na sahipti. Ancak Jenkins sessiz kalmamay\u0131 se\u00e7ti ve olay\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya giri\u015fti. Deneyin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan bu yana sayg\u0131n t\u0131p dergilerinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f d\u00fczinelerce rapora rastlad\u0131. Olay bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n bilgisi dahilinde olup bitmi\u015f ve hatta Amerikan T\u0131p Derne\u011fi bile deste\u011fini esirgememi\u015fti. Jenkins, yan\u0131na birka\u00e7 isim daha katarak deneyi anlatan bir yaz\u0131 kaleme al\u0131p bunu Afrika k\u00f6kenli Amerikal\u0131 t\u0131p\u00e7\u0131lara ve birka\u00e7 gazeteye yollad\u0131. T\u0131bbi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n beyaz \u0131rka mensup olmayanlar\u0131n aleyhine i\u015fledi\u011fine ve Tuskegee Deneyi\u2019nin buzda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sadece g\u00f6r\u00fcnen y\u00fcz\u00fc oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. Jenkins\u2019in \u00e7abalar\u0131 hemen sonu\u00e7 vermedi. Gazetelerin skandal\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klara ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 ve kamuoyunun tepkisi ancak 1972\u2019de, Jenkins ile ayn\u0131 yolda ilerleyen ba\u015fka bir ismin, Peter Buxtun\u2019un \u00e7abalar\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma derhal durduruldu.<\/p>\n

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Tuskegee Deneyi\u2019nin hayatta kalan son isimlerinden Herman Shaw, Bill Clinton\u2019\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcr metnini okudu\u011fu t\u00f6rende. Kaynak: Washington Post Photo\/Susan Biddle.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Haberin The New York Times<\/em>\u2019in man\u015fetinde yer almas\u0131ndan bir sene sonra, 1973\u2019te kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aleyhine a\u00e7\u0131lan dava sonucunda 10 milyon dolar tazminat hakk\u0131 kazand\u0131lar. Bill Jenkins \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemindeki yans\u0131malar\u0131 ile m\u00fccadalesine hayat boyu devam etti. Kendisi de devlet memuru oldu\u011fu halde ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu kurumlar\u0131n ay\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131 ve ger\u00e7e\u011fi cesaretle ortaya koydu. 1974\u2019te ABD Ulusal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Yasas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi; buna g\u00f6re insan deneklerin t\u0131bbi\/bilimsel\/klinik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131 ya da belli \u015fartlara ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 onay mekanizmas\u0131na ba\u011fland\u0131. 1997\u2019de ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Bill Clinton\u2019\u0131n o s\u0131rada h\u00e2l\u00e2 hayatta olan son sekiz kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131y\u0131 Beyaz Saray\u2019a davet edip (davetlilerden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc kat\u0131lmay\u0131 reddetmi\u015fti) huzurlar\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcr konu\u015fmas\u0131nda da Jenkins\u2019in parma\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. Sosyal yard\u0131m alan son e\u015f 2009\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan 10 kadar\u0131 bug\u00fcn sosyal yard\u0131m almaya devam ediyor. Bill Jenkins\u2019in m\u00fccadelesinden geriye pek \u00e7ok vazge\u00e7ilmez miras kald\u0131. Ancak Clinton\u2019\u0131n 1997\u2019de dile getirdi\u011fi s\u00f6zler, bu kazan\u0131mlar kadar zihinimizin derinlerine kaz\u0131nd\u0131: \u201cD\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki hi\u00e7bir g\u00fc\u00e7 yitip giden hayatlar\u0131, \u00e7ekilen ac\u0131lar\u0131, azap ve \u0131st\u0131rapla ge\u00e7en y\u0131llar\u0131 geri veremez. ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey utan\u00e7 vericidir. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6z\u00fcr diliyorum.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kaynak
\n<\/strong>Katharine Q. Seelye, \u201cBill Jenkins, Who Tried to Halt Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Dies at 73\u201d, The New York Times<\/em>, 25 \u015eubat 2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tuskegee Frengi Deneyi\u2019nin ne oldu\u011funu biliyor musunuz? Ya da tam ad\u0131yla Siyah Irk Erkeklerde Tedavi Edilmemi\u015f Frengiye Dair Tuskegee \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131. The New York Times gazetesi 25 \u015eubat say\u0131s\u0131nda, 1932\u2019den 1972\u2019ye, tam 40 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu utanc\u0131n sona ermesini sa\u011flayan isimlerden Bill Jenkins\u2019in (William Carter Jenkins) \u00f6l\u00fcm haberini duyurdu. Ayn\u0131 New York Times 47 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":184,"featured_media":32876,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,1],"tags":[4611,4610],"class_list":["post-32875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-genel","tag-bill-jenkins","tag-tuskegee-frengi-deneyi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t