{"id":33271,"date":"2019-03-20T02:13:10","date_gmt":"2019-03-19T23:13:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=33271"},"modified":"2019-03-20T02:50:19","modified_gmt":"2019-03-19T23:50:19","slug":"meger-cekirdekten-ciftciymisiz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/03\/20\/meger-cekirdekten-ciftciymisiz","title":{"rendered":"Me\u011fer \u00e7ekirdekten \u00e7ift\u00e7iymi\u015fiz"},"content":{"rendered":"

Me\u011fer Anadolu platosundaki tar\u0131msal faaliyetler daha \u00f6nce d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi buraya Bereketli Hilal\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin getirdi\u011fi bilgiyle de\u011fil, do\u011frudan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan yerli avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklar taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu bilgiyle ilk defa bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce, <\/span>PNAS<\/span><\/i>\u2019ta yay\u0131mlanan bir makale arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Karaman\u2019\u0131n Boncuklu beldesinde karbonize tohumlara, bu\u011fday kepe\u011fi fitolitlerine ve erken d\u00f6nem tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na rastlam\u0131\u015f, burada 10.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden beri \u00fcr\u00fcn ekimi yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re Orta Anadolu\u2019nun avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren yerel topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcney ve do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 da olsa bu\u011fday, mercimek ve bezelye ekimini benimsedikleri s\u00f6ylenmi\u015fti. Yaln\u0131z tar\u0131m\u0131n benimsenmesi topyekun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi gibi kimi civar alanlara belli bir s\u00fcre hi\u00e7 u\u011framam\u0131\u015f bile\u2026 Mesela ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Boncuklu\u2019nun 30 km g\u00fcneyindeki P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131: Boncuklu\u2019da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelerde de olsa tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcketildi\u011fi s\u0131ralarda P\u0131narba\u015f\u0131 toplulu\u011fu avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015fam tarz\u0131na tam h\u0131z devam ediyormu\u015f. Yani avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f her yerde ayn\u0131 anda ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f; iki ge\u00e7im stratejisi uzun y\u00fczy\u0131llar bir arada varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f. Yenilerdeyse <\/span>Nature Communications<\/span><\/i>\u2019\u0131n 19 Mart say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Anadolu\u2019nun tar\u0131mla ili\u015fkisini daha da derinle\u015ftirdi. Almanya, \u0130ngiltere, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130srail\u2019den ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 bir ekip tarih\u00f6ncesinden 8 bireyin DNA analizlerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak tar\u0131m\u0131n adeta genlerimizde yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesinlikle ortaya koymu\u015f oldu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m\u0131n ilk defa 11.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Irak, Suriye, \u0130srail, L\u00fcbnan, M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn ile Anadolu ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyine uzanan, Bereketli Hilal ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nan b\u00f6lgede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6ncesine kadar kabul edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f tar\u0131m\u0131n Orta Anadolu\u2019ya da M\u00d68300 civar\u0131nda, i\u015fte bu Bereketli Hilal\u2019den giri\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve akabinde Anadolu\u2019nun ilk \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerinin bu yeni ge\u00e7im arac\u0131n\u0131 genleriyle birlikte Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131yd\u0131. Bilginin ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131nda, yani Anadolulu \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin ve tar\u0131m bilgisinin Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc konusunda \u015fimdilik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yok. Ancak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar tar\u0131m\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zelinde yeni bir senaryo \u00f6neriyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Almanya\u2019daki Max Planck \u0130nsan\u0131n Tarihi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bu son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kapsam\u0131nda tam genom dizisine ula\u015f\u0131lan 15.000 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki, Anadolulu bir avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n DNA\u2019s\u0131, daha sonraki biny\u0131llarda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Anadolulu \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin ve civar b\u00f6lgelerin sakinlerinin DNA\u2019s\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Analizlere ayr\u0131ca 587 antik birey ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131ndan 254 bireyin DNA\u2019s\u0131 da eklenmi\u015f. Sonu\u00e7lar Anadolu \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerinin DNA\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %90 d\u00fczeyinde Anadolulu avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131nkiyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koyuyor. Bu da hem herhangi bir g\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anadolulu avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n tar\u0131m\u0131 kendiliklerinden geli\u015ftirdiklerini, hem de avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015famla tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam aras\u0131ndaki yakla\u015f\u0131k 7000 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre boyunca, iklim ve ge\u00e7im y\u00f6ntemlerindeki de\u011fi\u015fimlere ra\u011fmen gen havuzunun b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda de\u011fi\u015fmeden kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Peki geriye kalan %10\u2019luk fark nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor? \u0130\u015fte kom\u015fular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n devereye girdi\u011fi yer tam da buras\u0131. Tar\u0131m\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da iyice k\u00f6kle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00d68300-7800 civar\u0131nda yerel pop\u00fclasyonun DNA\u2019s\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ran ve Kafkaslarda ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n DNA\u2019s\u0131 ile kar\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Levant b\u00f6lgesinden yani Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019dan DNA aktar\u0131m\u0131 ise daha da sonra geliyor: M\u00d67000-6000 civar\u0131nda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Elbette bu DNA al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin nas\u0131l bir ba\u011flamda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini anlamak kolay de\u011fil. K\u0131sa zaman aral\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck insan hareketlerinden mi yoksa g\u00fcndelik fakat s\u0131k aral\u0131klarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen (mesela ticaret ama\u00e7l\u0131) temaslardan m\u0131 kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek i\u00e7in daha fazla veriye ihtiya\u00e7 var. Ya da \u00f6rne\u011fin avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n tar\u0131msal faaliyetlere nas\u0131l ve neden ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 da ayr\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu. Fakat tar\u0131m\u0131n pek \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgede, benzer zaman aral\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ve kademeli bir ge\u00e7i\u015fle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin. Nitekim Bereketli Hilal ve Anadolu\u2019ya, Balt\u0131k B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da eklemek gerekiyor. Max Planck ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde DNA kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 analizler, Balt\u0131k \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerinin de avc\u0131-topay\u0131c\u0131larla ayn\u0131 genetik miras\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, belirgin bir g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uzun laf\u0131n k\u0131sas\u0131, bug\u00fcn tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n la\u011fvedildi\u011fi, k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin can \u00e7eki\u015fti\u011fi, pek \u00e7ok yerli tohum t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yok olmaya y\u00fcz tuttu\u011fu, bereketli topraklar\u0131n yap\u0131la\u015fma ve sanayiye kurban edildi\u011fi Anadolu bir zamanlar tar\u0131m\u0131n kendili\u011finden ye\u015ferdi\u011fi kadim bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f. Zaman her\u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftirir, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr, biliyoruz, ama yine de insan hay\u0131flanmadan edemiyor\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

Kaynak
\n<\/b>1) \u201cFirst Anatolian farmers were local hunter-gatherers that adopted agriculture\u201d, The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History News-Press Release, 19 Mart 2019.
\n<\/span>2) \u201cAgriculture initiated by indigenous peoples, not Fertile Crescent migration\u201d, University of Liverpool News, 19 Mart 2018.
\n<\/span>3) \u201cBaltic hunter-gatherers began farming without influence of migration, ancient DNA suggests\u201d, Trinity College Dublin News, 2 \u015eubat 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Me\u011fer Anadolu platosundaki tar\u0131msal faaliyetler daha \u00f6nce d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi buraya Bereketli Hilal\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin getirdi\u011fi bilgiyle de\u011fil, do\u011frudan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan yerli avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklar taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu bilgiyle ilk defa bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce, PNAS\u2019ta yay\u0131mlanan bir makale arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Karaman\u2019\u0131n Boncuklu beldesinde karbonize tohumlara, bu\u011fday kepe\u011fi fitolitlerine ve erken d\u00f6nem tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131na […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":184,"featured_media":33273,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,19,1],"tags":[4676,4675,4677,4674],"class_list":["post-33271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arkeoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","category-genel","tag-anadoluda-ilk-tarimsal-faaliyetler","tag-bereketli-hilal","tag-boncuklu-pinarbasi","tag-tarimin-ortaya-cikisi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33271","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/184"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33271"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33271\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}