{"id":33344,"date":"2019-03-24T02:16:15","date_gmt":"2019-03-23T23:16:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=33344"},"modified":"2019-03-24T02:15:45","modified_gmt":"2019-03-23T23:15:45","slug":"insan-genomunu-duzenlesek-de-mi-saklasak-duzenlemesek-de-mi-saklasak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/03\/24\/insan-genomunu-duzenlesek-de-mi-saklasak-duzenlemesek-de-mi-saklasak","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsan genomunu d\u00fczenlesek de mi saklasak, d\u00fczenlemesek de mi saklasak?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsan soy hatt\u0131n\u0131n yani sperm, yumurta veya embriyonun kal\u0131t\u0131mla aktar\u0131labilir genetik de\u011fi\u015fimlere u\u011frat\u0131larak d\u00fczenlenmesi, b\u00f6ylece geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7ocuklar yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 fikri size nas\u0131l geliyor? Cevaplar \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit olsa da genel anlamda bunu m\u00fcthi\u015f ve heyecan verici, yani olumlu bulanlar ile korkutucu ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131, yani olumsuz bulanlar aras\u0131nda ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olmal\u0131. Ayn\u0131 durum bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli. CRISPR k\u0131saltmas\u0131yla da bilinen ve sadece birka\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan bu yeni gen d\u00fczenleme tekni\u011fiyle ilgili her geli\u015fme, \u00f6zellikle de i\u015fin ucu embriyo genomunun d\u00fczenlenmesine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc kopar\u0131yor. Ger\u00e7i AIDS vir\u00fcs\u00fcne diren\u00e7 sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 bir gen d\u00fczenleme deneyi uygulayarak bu genleri ta\u015f\u0131yan ikiz bebeklerin d\u00fcnyaya gelmesini sa\u011flayan \u00c7inli biliminsan\u0131 He Jiankui\u2019den ba\u015fka bu tekni\u011fi (insanlarda) do\u011fumla ta\u00e7land\u0131ran hen\u00fcz olmad\u0131. Zaten deneyini Kas\u0131m 2018’de uluslararas\u0131 bir zirvede duyuran Jiankui b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki toplam\u0131\u015f, kendi \u00fclkesinde de uluslararas\u0131 platformlarda da bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan aforoz edilmi\u015fti. Fakat i\u015fin bir de \u00f6teki y\u00fcz\u00fc var: Hen\u00fcz etik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kabul edilen bu deneyin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bilip de susanlar; Jiankui\u2019nin vaktiyle belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere, aralar\u0131nda bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin g\u00f6zde akademisyenlerinin de bulundu\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar… Bu sessizli\u011fin alt\u0131nda yatan onay kendini 14 Mart tarihinde yap\u0131lan bir moratoryum \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda yeniden g\u00f6sterdi. Ve ayn\u0131 sorular yeniden g\u00fcndeme geldi: CRISPR\u2019\u0131 insan soy hatt\u0131nda uygulamamak etik mi, yoksa tam tersi, bilimin hedefleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan etik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u0131?<\/span><\/p>\n

Moratoryum \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapan grup, 7 \u00fclkeden 18 biliminsan\u0131 ve biyoetik\u00e7iyi kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ayn\u0131 zamanda uluslararas\u0131 bir iradeyi temsil ediyor. Son \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131n\u0131n bu denli tepki toplamas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni ise, CRISPR\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 benimsenmesi tavsiye edilen tutumu, daha \u00f6nce 2015, 2017 ve 2018 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lardakinden biraz daha ileri bir noktaya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131. \u00d6nceki ortak imza metinlerinde genom d\u00fczenleme y\u00f6nteminin kal\u0131t\u0131msal hastal\u0131klar\u0131n normale \u00e7evrilmesindeki etkinli\u011finden uzun uzad\u0131ya ve \u00f6vg\u00fcyle bahsediliyor, y\u00f6ntemin soy hatt\u0131ndaki kullan\u0131m\u0131na ise insanlar\u0131n bili\u015fsel ve fiziksel \u00f6zellikler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u2018iyile\u015ftirilmesi\/g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi\u2019 \u00f6zelinde kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131yordu. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle bu metinlerdeki birinci g\u00fcndem CRISPR\u2019\u0131n toptan kullan\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fil, t\u0131bbi nedenler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kozmetik ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. Moratoryum \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda ise insan soy hatt\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesine ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131k yakmak isteyen uluslar\u0131n biliminsanlar\u0131na (ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131na), halk\u0131 bilgilendirme, yap\u0131lacak m\u00fcdahalenin me\u015fruiyetinin uluslararas\u0131 ve \u015feffaf nitelikli mercilerce de\u011ferlendirilmesinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve ancak t\u00fcm taraflar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funluk deste\u011finin al\u0131nmas\u0131 durumunda i\u015flemin uygulanmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunuluyor. Hatta bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te bilim camias\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki topluluklar\u0131n, mesela engelli gruplar\u0131n ya da dini \u00e7evrelerin de tart\u0131\u015fmaya dahil edilmesi \u00f6nemle vurgulan\u0131yor. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u015fartlar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli s\u00fcre, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 metni imzac\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u2018be\u015f y\u0131l\u2019 olarak belirlenmi\u015f. Bu be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrenin uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve mesela D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc t\u00fcr\u00fcnde bir koordinasyon mercinin belirlenmesi i\u00e7in yeterli olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Tabii t\u00fcm bunlar insan soy hatt\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc gen d\u00fczenleme i\u015fleminin be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyor. \u0130\u015fte k\u0131yametin koptu\u011fu kritik nokta da tam buras\u0131 zaten. Metnin bir ‘yasaklama’ \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

Peki kimler, nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor? Mesela y\u0131llar \u00f6nce, 1975’te, tehlikeli olabilecek patojenlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren rekombinant DNA teknolojisi i\u00e7in de benzer bir kampanya d\u00fczenleyen, Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc sahibi David Baltimore. \u015eimdilerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na California Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nde devam eden Baltimore\u2019a g\u00f6re moratoryumun gere\u011fi ya da mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok. Hatta Nature<\/em> dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 metnini utan\u00e7 verici olarak nitelendiriyor. University College London\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren molek\u00fcler genetik\u00e7i Helen O\u2019Neill veya Seul Ulusal \u00dcniversitesi’nden Jin-Soo Kim de ayn\u0131 kanaatteler; moratoryuma gerek yok \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc CRISPR uygulamalar\u0131 konusunda ad\u0131 konmam\u0131\u015f bir k\u00fcresel yasak zaten mevcut. Pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede insan soy hatt\u0131ndaki gen d\u00fczenlemesi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan kanun ve y\u00f6netmelikler i\u015flerli\u011fini koruyor. Hatta bunlara en son \u015eubat ay\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gen d\u00fczenlemesini k\u0131s\u0131tlayan yeni bir y\u00f6netmelikle \u00c7in de eklendi. Moratoryum gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve etkili bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck ise hem mevcut ara\u015ft\u0131rma fonlar\u0131n\u0131 sekteye u\u011fratabilir hem de daha fazla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve kayg\u0131 yaratabilir. \u0130mzac\u0131lar ise ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yasak vurgusu yapmak de\u011fil, tam tersi bu uygulamalar\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak oldu\u011funu ifade ediyorlar; fakat do\u011fru zamanda ve ba\u011flamda.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130mzac\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda CRISPR\u2019\u0131n ka\u015fiflerinden Max Planck Patojen Bilimi Birimi\u2019nden Emmanuelle Charpentier, Cambridge Broad Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nden Feng Zhang ve Stanford \u00dcniversitesi’nden Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc Paul Berg\u2019in de bulundu\u011fu moratoryum metni, sadece bireysel d\u00fczeyde de\u011fil, kurumsal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte de pek ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015fa benzemiyor. ABD Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi, ABD Ulusal T\u0131p Akademisi, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim kurulu\u015fu olan Royal Society ve hatta genom d\u00fczenlemesi meselesini orta vadede netli\u011fe kavu\u015fturmak \u00fczere D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc b\u00fcnyesinde olu\u015fturulan Dan\u0131\u015fma Komitesi; kimse moratoryum kelimesini sahiplenmeye yana\u015fm\u0131yor. Fakat gen d\u00fczenleme teknolojilerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyecek uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda herkes hemfikir. Bu anlamda D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc b\u00fcnyesinde kurulan dan\u0131\u015fma komitesinin 18-19 Mart\u2019taki ilk panelinden \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7 raporundaki \u2018k\u00fcresel kay\u0131t sistemi\u2019 fikri herkesin ho\u015funa gitmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. Bu sistem k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde kabul g\u00f6recek bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturulana kadar hem insan soy hatt\u0131nda hem v\u00fccut h\u00fccrelerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek deney ve klinik uygulamalar\u0131n kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131p \u015feffaf ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale getirilece\u011fi ge\u00e7ici bir izleme mekanizmas\u0131 sunmu\u015f olacak. K\u0131sacas\u0131 ama\u00e7, konunun yasak\u00e7\u0131lar ve devamc\u0131lar \u015feklinde iki kutup aras\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7eki\u015fmeye d\u00f6nmesindense, azami \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak. G\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki CRISPR \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 5 ila 10 y\u0131l\u0131n en hararetli ve izlemesi en zevkli bilim g\u00fcndemi konular\u0131ndan olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecek. Bu arada bakal\u0131m T\u00fcrkiye izleyici konumdan fikir beyan eden aktif konuma ne zaman ge\u00e7ecek\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

Kaynak
\n<\/b>1) Jon Cohen, \u201cNew call to ban gene-edited babies divides biologists\u201d, <\/span>Science<\/span><\/i>, 13 Mart 2019.
\n<\/span>2) Sara Reardon, \u201cWorld Health Organization panel weighs in on CRISPR-babies debate\u201d, <\/span>Nature<\/span><\/i>, 19 Mart 2019.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsan soy hatt\u0131n\u0131n yani sperm, yumurta veya embriyonun kal\u0131t\u0131mla aktar\u0131labilir genetik de\u011fi\u015fimlere u\u011frat\u0131larak d\u00fczenlenmesi, b\u00f6ylece geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7ocuklar yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 fikri size nas\u0131l geliyor? Cevaplar \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit olsa da genel anlamda bunu m\u00fcthi\u015f ve heyecan verici, yani olumlu bulanlar ile korkutucu ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131, yani olumsuz bulanlar aras\u0131nda ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olmal\u0131. Ayn\u0131 durum bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":184,"featured_media":33343,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,669,1,3729],"tags":[1493,4690,4689,4691],"class_list":["post-33344","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-etik","category-genel","category-genetik","tag-crispr","tag-gen-duzenlemenin-etigi","tag-insan-soy-hattinda-gen-duzenleme","tag-moratoryum"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33344","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/184"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33344"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33344\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33343"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33344"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33344"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33344"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}