{"id":33636,"date":"2019-04-02T03:11:33","date_gmt":"2019-04-02T00:11:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=33636"},"modified":"2019-04-01T17:21:18","modified_gmt":"2019-04-01T14:21:18","slug":"denisovan-insanina-ait-oldugu-bilinen-ilk-kafatasi-fosili-sibiryada-bulundu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/04\/02\/denisovan-insanina-ait-oldugu-bilinen-ilk-kafatasi-fosili-sibiryada-bulundu","title":{"rendered":"Denisovan insan\u0131na ait oldu\u011fu bilinen ilk kafatas\u0131 fosili Sibirya\u2019da bulundu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sibirya\u2019n\u0131n Denisova ma\u011faras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ve 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda elde edilen bulgular ile \u015fekillenen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma; insan\u0131n k\u00f6kenine dair yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na kadar giden s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatt\u0131. Rus arkeologlar taraf\u0131ndan 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile elde edilen ve hen\u00fcz ergenlik d\u00f6neminde olan bir insans\u0131ya ait parmak kemikleri \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan inceleme, kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n bir di\u015fi bireye ait oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f; bu canl\u0131n\u0131n fosilleri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Mitokondriyal DNA \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6zellikle de di\u015fi soy hatt\u0131n\u0131n takibi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan Mitokondriyal DNA \u00fczerinde s\u00fcren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan s\u00f6z konusu kemiklerin yeni bir t\u00fcre ait oldu\u011fu ortaya konulmu\u015f; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bulgular, daha sonralar\u0131 Denisovan insan\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 alacak yeni bir insans\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ke\u015ffedilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu kapsamda yap\u0131lan yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan avu\u00e7 i\u00e7i b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki fosille\u015fmi\u015f kafatas\u0131 buluntusu, Denisovan insan\u0131na ait oldu\u011fu bilinen ilk fosil buluntu oldu. Sibirya\u2019daki Denisova Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda A\u011fustos 2016\u2019da ke\u015ffedilen buluntu \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rma, nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f durumda bulunan insans\u0131lara ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u00f6n a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Denisoval\u0131lar ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki evrimsel ayr\u0131m\u0131 kabaca g\u00f6steren diyagram.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

28 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenlenen Fiziksel Antropologlar Derne\u011fi y\u0131ll\u0131k toplant\u0131s\u0131nda konuya ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunan paleoantropolog Bence Viola, \u201cTipik olarak annenin soy hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinden kal\u0131t\u0131lan genetik materyal olan Mitokondriyal DNA\u2019ya ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, insan kafatas\u0131ndan elde edilen bulgular\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Neandertaller ile akraba olan bu canl\u0131lara ili\u015fkin yeni sorular\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u201d dedi. On y\u0131l \u00f6nce, bu canl\u0131lar\u0131n parmak kemiklerinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00fczerinden ba\u015flayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma; Ta\u015f Devri n\u00fcfusunun \u00f6zelliklerinin belirlenmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olan Denisovan insan\u0131na ait DNA\u2019y\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6kelti analizleri; Denisovan insan\u0131n\u0131n, periyodik olarak 50 bin ila 300 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce bu ma\u011farada ikamet etti\u011fine ve 200 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nceki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Neandertallerin ma\u011faraya ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na i\u015faret etti. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde s\u00fcren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, Denisoval\u0131lar\u0131n evrimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin tarihine ve Denisovan insan\u0131n\u0131n kimli\u011fine ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok az \u015feyi ortaya koyuyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin; bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Denisovan insan\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir \u201cHomo\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcne ait olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin y\u00fczde y\u00fcz kesinlikte yarg\u0131lara ula\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bilgiler i\u00e7ermiyor. Konuya ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunan biliminsanlar\u0131, yap\u0131lan yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile elde edilen kan\u0131tlar\u0131n da bu gizemi ayd\u0131nlatmak i\u00e7in yeterli olmayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde.<\/p>\n

Londra\u2019da bulunan Tabiat Tarihi M\u00fczesi\u2019nde paleoantropoloji alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten Chris Stringer, konuya ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunarak \u201cDenisovan insanlar\u0131 ile ilgili t\u00fcr problemini \u00e7\u00f6zmekten \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131z\u201d dedi. Toronto \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten Viola ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekibindeki biliminsanlar\u0131 ise yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile, Ta\u015f Devri d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f 30 Homo sapiens ve Neandertale ait kafatas\u0131 ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insan\u0131na ait 112 kafatas\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve birbirleri ile uyum i\u00e7inde bulunan par\u00e7alar\u0131n dijital rekonstr\u00fcksiyonunu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Denisoval\u0131lara ili\u015fkin bulgular, daha \u00f6ncesinden bilinen \u201cHomo\u201d t\u00fcrlerine tam olarak uyum sa\u011flam\u0131yordu. Bu noktada fark edildi ki baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikler; Denisovan insan\u0131na ait fosili, Neandertallere ve Denisovan soyuna sahip 430 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k \u0130spanyol \u201cHomo\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131yordu. Konuya ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunan Viola, Denisovan insanlar\u0131n\u0131n kafatas\u0131 fragmentlerinin \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kal\u0131n oldu\u011funu ve bu a\u00e7\u0131dan da, bu kemiklerin Ta\u015f Devri Homo Erectus\u2019unun kafatas\u0131 kemiklerine benzer olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Londra \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten paleoantropolog Mar\u00eda Martin\u00f3n-Torres kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplant\u0131da, bu konunun de\u011ferlendirilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli bilgilerin toplamas\u0131n\u0131n zor olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Denisovanlar, Homo sapiens ve Neandertaller gibi yak\u0131n ili\u015fkili pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n melezlenmesi, ne zaman edinildikleri belirsiz yeni iskelet \u00f6zelliklerinin var edilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir nokta olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Yeni Zelanda\u2019daki Massey \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten pop\u00fclasyon geneti\u011fi uzman\u0131 Murray Cox, \u201cBu gizemli hominidlerin i\u015fgal etti\u011fi evrimsel ni\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131lan Denisovan pop\u00fclasyonunun antik insanlarla melezleme yapmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olabilir\u201d diyor ve ekliyor: \u201cBu pop\u00fclasyonlardan ikisinin genetik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, Papua Yeni Gine\u2019de ya\u015fayan yerli ve modern aborjin gruplar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabiliyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cox; yap\u0131lan yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ile bu tahminin do\u011frulanmas\u0131 halinde, hayatta kalan son Denisoval\u0131lar\u0131n Homo Sapiens olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti ve o d\u00f6nem hayatta kalan son \u00fcyelerin, Papua Yeni Gine veya yak\u0131n \u00e7evrede bulunan bir adada ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini ekledi. Bu noktadan hareketle, bilim insanlar\u0131 \u015fu sav\u0131 ortaya koydu: \u201cPapua Yeni Gine\u2019deki insanlar, genetik olarak kendilerinden farkl\u0131 bir konumda bulunan Denisovan n\u00fcfusu ile 46 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce etkile\u015fime girdi. Bu evrenin ard\u0131ndan ikinci etkile\u015fim, yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00dc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten ekip, Denisoval\u0131lar ile girilen etkile\u015fimin molek\u00fcler belirtileri i\u00e7in Papua Yeni Gine ve di\u011fer G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya adalar\u0131nda ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren 100 topluluktan elde edilen 3 bin DNA \u00f6rne\u011fi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapt\u0131. Yeni DNA dizileme teknikleri ile ortaya koyulan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Papua Yeni Gine ve \u00e7evresindeki adalarda ya\u015fayan baz\u0131 \u00fcyelerin, imm\u00fcn sistem ve diyet fonksiyonlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin genetik yap\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde 400 Denisovan geni ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu noktada, Denisovan DNA\u2019s\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma; Sibirya, Do\u011fu Asya ve Amerikan yerlileri \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamayan bir yan\u0131 da ayd\u0131nlat\u0131yor. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ile elde edilemeyen bir veriye \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuyor ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya b\u00f6lgesinde olu\u015fan Denisovan insan\u0131na ait \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ya\u015fam hatt\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Wisconsin-Madison \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten paleoantropolog John Hawks, \u201cBug\u00fcne kadar G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya adalar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede farkl\u0131 Denisovan topluluklar\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilmiyorduk\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda bulunarak Filipinlerde s\u00fcrmekte olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 i\u015faret etti. Bu kapsamda, Denisovan pop\u00fclasyonuna ili\u015fkin yeni veriler; Filipinlerde devam eden DNA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/first-fossil-denisovan-skull-cave-siberia<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sibirya\u2019n\u0131n Denisova ma\u011faras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ve 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda elde edilen bulgular ile \u015fekillenen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma; insan\u0131n k\u00f6kenine dair yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na kadar giden s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatt\u0131. Rus arkeologlar taraf\u0131ndan 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile elde edilen ve hen\u00fcz ergenlik d\u00f6neminde olan bir insans\u0131ya ait parmak kemikleri \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan inceleme, kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n bir di\u015fi bireye ait oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f; […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1390,"featured_media":33637,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[4744,4745,497,4743,4746,4624],"class_list":["post-33636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-denisova-magarasi","tag-denisovan-insani","tag-homo-sapiens","tag-insanin-atalari","tag-mitokondriyal-dna","tag-neanderthaller"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33636","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1390"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33636"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33636\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33637"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33636"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33636"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33636"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}