{"id":33661,"date":"2019-04-04T03:47:30","date_gmt":"2019-04-04T00:47:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=33661"},"modified":"2019-04-03T16:53:52","modified_gmt":"2019-04-03T13:53:52","slug":"yarasalar-ve-mukemmel-radar-sistemleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/04\/04\/yarasalar-ve-mukemmel-radar-sistemleri","title":{"rendered":"Yarasalar ve m\u00fckemmel radar sistemleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ekolokasyon, yarasalar\u0131n morfolojisinin (fiziksel \u00f6zellikler) ve ses kullanarak \u201cg\u00f6rmesini\u201d sa\u011flayan sonar\u0131n (SOund NAvigation and Ranging) birlikte kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi yarasalar, a\u011f\u0131zdan veya burundan yay\u0131lan ultrasonik dalgalar \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in g\u0131rtlak kullan\u0131r. Baz\u0131 yarasalar ise bu dalgalar\u0131 dillerini kullanarak, t\u0131klamalar \u015feklinde \u00fcretir. Yarasa, \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ses ile olu\u015fan\/d\u00f6nen yank\u0131lar\u0131 duyar ve sinyalin ne zaman g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcreyi ve \u00e7evresinin bir haritas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in sesin frekans\u0131ndaki kaymay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Hi\u00e7bir yarasa tamamen k\u00f6r olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, mutlaka ama mutlaka karanl\u0131kta daha iyi \u201cg\u00f6rmek\u201d i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 sesleri kullan\u0131r. Bir yarasan\u0131n kulaklar\u0131n\u0131n hassas yap\u0131s\u0131, pasif dinlemeyle de av bulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Yarasa kulak \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, akustik bir Fresnel mercek g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rerek, yarasan\u0131n toprakta ya\u015fayan b\u00f6ceklerin hareketini ve b\u00f6cek kanatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 duymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu uyum m\u00fckemmel bir avlanma olana\u011f\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n

Yarasa morfolojisi ekolokasyona nas\u0131l yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur?
\n<\/strong>Yarasan\u0131n kimi fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerinin ekolokasyonu tamamlayan i\u015flevleri vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin buru\u015fuk etli burun, sesi yans\u0131tmak i\u00e7in bir megafon g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. D\u0131\u015f kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k \u015fekli, k\u0131vr\u0131mlar\u0131 ve k\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 ise gelen sesleri hunisinin i\u00e7ine kolayca almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Kulaklar ise yarasalar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck frekans de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini tespit etmelerini sa\u011flayan \u00e7ok say\u0131da resept\u00f6r i\u00e7erir. Beyin ise sinyalleri e\u015fle\u015ftirir ve bu e\u015fle\u015ftirme i\u015flemi ile nesneleri ve canl\u0131lar\u0131 ay\u0131rt etmesini sa\u011flar. Bir yarasan\u0131n ses \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce, i\u00e7 kula\u011f\u0131n minik kemikleri, hayvan\u0131n i\u015fitme hassasiyetini azaltmak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle duydu\u011fu seslerin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ne olursa olsun kendini sa\u011f\u0131r etmez. Larinks kaslar\u0131 kas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, orta kulak gev\u015fer ve kulaklar yank\u0131y\u0131 al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ekolokasyon t\u00fcrleri
\n<\/strong>\u0130ki ana yank\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r: 1) D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00f6rev d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc yank\u0131lanmas\u0131, yarasalar\u0131n bir sesin yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ile yank\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman aras\u0131ndaki farka dayanarak nesnelerin mesafelerini tahmin etmelerini sa\u011flar. Buna bir t\u00fcr \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 da diyebiliriz. Bir yarasa \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 herhangi bir hayvan taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen en y\u00fcksek sesler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Sinyal yo\u011funlu\u011fu 60 ila 140 desibel aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir; yani 10 cm uzakl\u0131ktaki bir duman detekt\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131lan sese e\u015fde\u011ferdir. Bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar ayn\u0131 zamanda ultrasoniktir ve genellikle insan i\u015fitme aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar 20 ila 20.000 Hz frekans aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fitirken, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck yarasalar 14.000 ila 100.000 Hz\u2019den fazla \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yayar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Baz\u0131 yarasalar ultraviyole \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6rebilir. \u201cYarasa gibi k\u00f6r\u201d deyi\u015fi bu anlamda ge\u00e7ersizdir diyebiliriz.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

2) Y\u00fcksek g\u00f6rev d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanan yank\u0131lanma bi\u00e7imi ise yarasalar\u0131n hareketi ve \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu av konumu hakk\u0131nda onlara bilgi verir. Bu t\u00fcr bir yank\u0131lama t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in yarasa, d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclen yank\u0131 frekans\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi dinlerken s\u00fcrekli bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 da yayar. Yarasalar, frekans aral\u0131klar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 g\u00f6ndererek kendilerini sa\u011f\u0131r etmekten ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131rlar. Eko, kulaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in en uygun aral\u0131kta, frekansta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Frekansta k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler tespit edilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, at nal\u0131 yarasa frekans farklar\u0131n\u0131 0,1 Hz kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olarak tespit edebilir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu yarasa \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 ultrasonik olsa da, baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde sesli yank\u0131 t\u0131klamalar\u0131 \u015feklinde de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin farkl\u0131 bir t\u00fcr olan Benekli Yarasa (Euderma maculatum) birbirlerine \u00e7arpan iki kayaya benzeyen bir ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Ve bu sesin ard\u0131ndan yarasa yank\u0131 gecikmesini dinlemi\u015f olur ve bir t\u00fcr radar gibi nesnelerin\/avlar\u0131n yerlerini tespit eder.<\/p>\n

Yarasa aramalar\u0131, genellikle sabit frekans (CF) ve frekans mod\u00fclasyonlu (FM) aramalar\u0131n bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Y\u00fcksek frekansl\u0131 aramalar daha s\u0131k kullan\u0131l\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc av\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131, y\u00f6n\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve mesafesi hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi sunarlar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekansl\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar daha da ileri gider ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla hareketsiz nesneleri e\u015fle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcve-yarasa sava\u015f\u0131
\n<\/strong>G\u00fcveler yarasalar i\u00e7in pop\u00fcler bir avd\u0131r. Bu nedenle baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin yank\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015fma y\u00f6ntemleri geli\u015ftirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsanlar ultrasonik sesleri duyamazlar. Ancak bu sesleri duyabilen baz\u0131 b\u00f6cekler vard\u0131r. G\u00fcveler, k\u0131nkanatl\u0131 b\u00f6cekler ve \u00e7ekirgeler bunlara dahildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kaplan g\u00fcvesi (Bertholdia trigona) ultrasonik sesleri bozar. Ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcr, kendi ultrasonik sinyallerini \u00fcreterek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan eder. Bu, yarasalar\u0131n zehirli veya dengesiz avlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6nlenmesini sa\u011flar. Di\u011fer g\u00fcve t\u00fcrlerinde, g\u00fcvenin u\u00e7u\u015f kaslar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131vr\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olarak gelen ultrasona tepki veren ve timpanum ad\u0131 verilen bir organ vard\u0131r. Bu organ\u0131n g\u00fcvenin d\u00fczensizce u\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yarasan\u0131n bu t\u00fcr g\u00fcveleri yakalamas\u0131 zorla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer inan\u0131lmaz yarasa duyular\u0131
\n<\/strong>Ekolokasyona ek olarak, yarasalar insanlarda bulunmayan di\u011fer hisleri de kullan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yarasalar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u0131\u015f\u0131k seviyelerinde g\u00f6rebilir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n aksine, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ultraviyole \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6rebilir. \u201cYarasa gibi k\u00f6r\u201d deyi\u015fi bu anlamda ge\u00e7ersizdir diyebiliriz. \u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck yarasalar\u0131n insanlardan daha iyi g\u00f6rebildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Yarasalar\u0131n bir di\u011fer \u00f6zelli\u011fi de manyetik alanlar\u0131 sezebilmeleridir. Ku\u015flar gibi yarasalar da manyetik alanlar\u0131 alg\u0131layabilir. Ku\u015flar bu yetene\u011fi enlemleri hissetmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131rken, yarasalar kuzey ve g\u00fcney \u00fczerinden y\u00f6n tayini yapmak kullan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Kaynak<\/strong>: https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/how-bat-echolocation-works-4152159<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ekolokasyon, yarasalar\u0131n morfolojisinin (fiziksel \u00f6zellikler) ve ses kullanarak \u201cg\u00f6rmesini\u201d sa\u011flayan sonar\u0131n (SOund NAvigation and Ranging) birlikte kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi yarasalar, a\u011f\u0131zdan veya burundan yay\u0131lan ultrasonik dalgalar \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in g\u0131rtlak kullan\u0131r. Baz\u0131 yarasalar ise bu dalgalar\u0131 dillerini kullanarak, t\u0131klamalar \u015feklinde \u00fcretir. Yarasa, \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ses ile olu\u015fan\/d\u00f6nen yank\u0131lar\u0131 duyar ve sinyalin ne zaman g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1390,"featured_media":33662,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[4752,4754,4751,4753,952],"class_list":["post-33661","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-ekolokasyon","tag-guveler","tag-sonar","tag-ultrasonik-sesler","tag-yarasa"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t