{"id":33863,"date":"2019-04-18T05:05:36","date_gmt":"2019-04-18T02:05:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=33863"},"modified":"2019-04-18T05:41:47","modified_gmt":"2019-04-18T02:41:47","slug":"iyi-kotu-ve-cirkin-evrimin-yuzumuzdeki-izlerini-buyukler-kadar-cocuklar-da-okuyabiliyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/04\/18\/iyi-kotu-ve-cirkin-evrimin-yuzumuzdeki-izlerini-buyukler-kadar-cocuklar-da-okuyabiliyor","title":{"rendered":"\u0130yi, k\u00f6t\u00fc ve \u00e7irkin: Evrimin y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fczdeki izlerini b\u00fcy\u00fckler kadar \u00e7ocuklar da okuyabiliyor"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7\u0131k\u0131k aln\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran belirgin ka\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, sert bitkisel besinleri \u00e7i\u011fnemeye elveri\u015fli b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ene kaslar\u0131, bu kaslar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yabilecek kuvvette ve irilikte, dikey bir y\u00fcz. Bu tarif \u015f\u00fcphesiz bir kurda ya da zebraya ait de\u011fil, ama insan\u0131 da tam anlam\u0131yla yans\u0131tm\u0131yor. Belki biraz and\u0131r\u0131yor diyelim\u2026 Zira hani bir anlamda agresif diyebilece\u011fimiz bu e\u015fgal <\/span>Homo sapiens<\/span><\/i>\u2019e de\u011filse de <\/span>Homo <\/span><\/i>cinsinin \u00f6teki \u00fcyelerine, mesela <\/span>Homo erectus<\/span><\/i> ve Neandertallara ait. Evrim s\u00fcrecinde ilk insans\u0131lardan modern insana uzanan \u00e7atall\u0131, dall\u0131 yol pek \u00e7ok anatomik de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe tan\u0131k oldu. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu da \u00e7evresel bask\u0131lar\u0131n etkisiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan adaptasyonlard\u0131. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc farkl\u0131 \u015fekillere b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fck\u00e7e solunum fizyolojisi, enerji ihtiyac\u0131, kafatas\u0131 hacmi, beslenme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, y\u00fcr\u00fcme bi\u00e7imi, deri rengi, t\u00fcylenme miktar\u0131, her\u015fey ama her\u015fey zincirleme bir cevap g\u00f6sterir oldu. \u00d6zellikle son iki milyon y\u0131lda besinleri par\u00e7alamaya yarayan aletlerin <\/span>Homo <\/span><\/i>atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131na girmesi ise en g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr etkisini muhtemelen \u00e7ene ve di\u015fler \u00fczerinde, yani surat\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6sterdi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ifademiz de de\u011fi\u015fti. O sert bak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 Neandertal gitti, yerine k\u0131r\u0131lgan, bebek y\u00fczl\u00fc <\/span>Homo sapiens<\/span><\/i> ge\u00e7iverdi. Peki hepsi bu kadar m\u0131? T\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 son tiplemeyi b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle mekanik etkenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamak yeterli mi? Bu hafta iki farkl\u0131 dergide yay\u0131mlanan, birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, yukar\u0131da tarif edilen evrimsel olay \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcne yeni bir etken kat\u0131yor. Bu etkenin ad\u0131 \u2018sosyal etkile\u015fim\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nature Ecology & Evolution<\/span><\/i> dergisinin 15 Nisan\u2019da yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcz hatlar\u0131n\u0131n evrimi ile sosyal etkile\u015fim aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131 Afrika insans\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz hatlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen de\u011fi\u015fimlerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden kuruyor. Sonu\u00e7ta y\u00fcz, insanlarda, ileti\u015fim ve duygu aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri. <\/span>Homo sapiens<\/span><\/i> \u00f6ncesi <\/span>Homo<\/span><\/i>\u2019larda ve mesela b\u00fcy\u00fck Afrika kuyruksuz maymunlar\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fclen, genellikle bask\u0131nl\u0131k ve agresyonun aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na yarayacak bi\u00e7imde \u015fekillenmi\u015f y\u00fcz yap\u0131s\u0131, evrimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te etkisini kaybetmi\u015f, yerini i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve bar\u0131\u015f sinyalleri veren, s\u00f6zs\u00fcz ileti\u015fimle daha fazla duygu anlatmaya elveri\u015fli y\u00fcz hatlar\u0131na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, t\u0131pk\u0131 evcille\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde y\u00fcz\u00fcn burun b\u00f6lgesinde ve di\u015flerde k\u0131salma\/k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclme ya\u015fayan domuz, k\u00f6pek ya da koyun gibi insan y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn de son 100.000 y\u0131lda giderek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bu de\u011fi\u015fimin \u00f6zellikle tar\u0131m devrimiyle, yani avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015fam tarz\u0131ndan tar\u0131m toplumuna ge\u00e7i\u015fle birlikte bariz hale geldi\u011fini belirtiyorlar. K\u0131sacas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcz, kim oldu\u011fumuz, nas\u0131l biri oldu\u011fumuz ve ne hissetti\u011fimiz hakk\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca fazla bilgi verebilecek bir esneklik kazanm\u0131\u015f durumda. \u00dcstelik bu esneklik agresyon do\u011frultusunda de\u011fil, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131ll\u0131k y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sosyal etkile\u015fimi y\u00fcz\u00fcn evrimini y\u00f6nlendiren bir etken olarak g\u00f6steren ikinci \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ise ilkine g\u00f6re daha deneysel bir zemine oturuyor. Harvard \u00dcniversitesi psikoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu \u2018e\u011flenceli\u2019 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, sosyal etkile\u015fim-y\u00fcz hatlar\u0131 ili\u015fkisine y\u00fcz okuma becerisi \u00fczerinden ayna tutuyor. \u0130\u015fin ilginci de bunu, art\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f \u015fablonlar\u0131n devreye girdi\u011fi eri\u015fkinlik d\u00f6nemine de\u011fil, \u00e7ok daha erken ya\u015flara dayand\u0131r\u0131yor olmas\u0131. Ne kadar erken? 10 mu? Hay\u0131r. 7? De\u011fil. Tam 3! Deneyler, bu ya\u015ftan itibaren (en az\u0131ndan tespit edilebildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde) y\u00fcz \u00f6zelliklerinin karakter de\u011ferlendirilmesinde kulan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Nas\u0131l m\u0131?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 sihirli kelime: g\u00fcven, itaat, beceri
\n<\/b>G\u00fcvenilirlik, bask\u0131nl\u0131k, beceri; ya da bunlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duran g\u00fcvenilmezlik, itaatkarl\u0131k ve beceriksizlik. Elbette b\u00fct\u00fcn yarg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel, insanlar\u0131n \u00e7ene \u015fekli, ka\u015f kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da g\u00f6zlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011fil, fakat psikolojide bu ikisi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye belli bir alan tan\u0131n\u0131yor. Sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6zellikler ise \u00e7ekicilik s\u00fczgecinden ge\u00e7erek ucu pozitif sinyal\/negatif sinyal ikilemine dayanan bir de\u011ferlendirmenin ana ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 diyelim\u2026 Nitekim Harvard \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zellikler bunlar olmu\u015f. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli deneylere tabi tutulan, ya\u015flar\u0131 3 ile 13 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen 350 \u00e7ocuk, asl\u0131nda hangi y\u00fcz hatlar\u0131n\u0131 hangi ki\u015filik \u00f6zellikleriyle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131racaklar\u0131 konusunda de\u011fil, ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rmayacaklar\u0131, ya da bunu yapacaklarsa hangi ya\u015ftan itibaren s\u00f6z konusu e\u011filimi sergileyecekleri, en \u00f6nemlisi de bu e\u015fle\u015ftirme e\u011filiminin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda etkisinin olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131, yani yarg\u0131lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek hayatta kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan incelenmi\u015f. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, y\u00fcz-ki\u015filik yarg\u0131s\u0131-davran\u0131\u015f e\u015fle\u015ftirmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeti\u015fkinlerden ne kadar farkl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hatta bunun i\u00e7in deneyler sadece \u00e7ocuklarda de\u011fil, ya\u015flar\u0131 19-60 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen 50 yeti\u015fkinde de tekrarlanm\u0131\u015f. Sonu\u00e7: Fark yok!<\/span><\/p>\n

Hatlar\u0131 bilgisayar program\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131yacak \u015fekilde tasarlanan y\u00fcz resimleri \u00e7ocuklara ikili gruplar halinde g\u00f6sterilip iyi-k\u00f6t\u00fc ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapmalar\u0131 istendi\u011finde \u2018beklenen\u2019 stereotipten sapma olmam\u0131\u015f: G\u00fcvenilir-itaatkar-becerikli y\u00fczlerin sahipleri iyi, g\u00fcvenilmez-bask\u0131n-beceriksiz y\u00fczlerinki k\u00f6t\u00fc. Yukar\u0131da da bahsedildi\u011fi gibi, i\u015fin ilgin\u00e7 taraf\u0131 bu iyi-k\u00f6t\u00fc ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 3 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklara kadar iniyor olmas\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, hangi y\u00fcz\u00fcn, \u00f6rne\u011fin bask\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015fareti olarak \u201cHep hangi oyunun oynanaca\u011f\u0131na karar veren ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu\u201d, ya da becerinin g\u00f6stergesi olarak \u201cHep ger\u00e7ek gibi resimler \u00e7izdi\u011fi\u201d soruldu\u011funda da e\u015fle\u015ftirme bi\u00e7imi, beklenen \u015fablonda devam etmi\u015f. Ancak i\u015f, bu ki\u015filere y\u00f6neltilecek davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n yarg\u0131lardan ne kadar etkilendi\u011fine gelince ya\u015f\u0131n biraz daha artmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015f. Ama \u00e7ok de\u011fil…3\u2019ten 5\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 yeterli gelmi\u015f. Zira \u00e7ocuklara, bir hediye verme \u015fanslar\u0131 olsa kime verecekleri soruldu\u011funda, 5 ya\u015f\u0131ndakilerden hediyeyi kapan yine \u201cg\u00fcvenilir\u201d ya da \u201citaatkar\u201d y\u00fczlerken, 3 ya\u015f\u0131ndakilerin hediyesi biraz daha rasgele bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6stermi\u015f. Ya\u015f artt\u0131k\u00e7a bu e\u015fle\u015fme ve yarg\u0131lar\u0131n sabit ve tutarl\u0131 bir hale gelmesi \u00e7e\u015fitli mekanizmalarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin hep ayn\u0131 y\u00fczlere hep ayn\u0131 tepkilerin verilmesiyle peki\u015fen yarg\u0131lar; g\u00f6rsel medyan\u0131n pompalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tiplemelerden beslenen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 genellemeler; ve hatta daha bebekken \u201ciyi\u201d atfedilen bu y\u00fczlerin sahiplerinin ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cmutlulukla\u201d ili\u015fkilendirilmesi\u2026 Sonu\u00e7ta bunlar\u0131n hepsi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn, hepsi ayr\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu ve hepsi de ilk \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktam\u0131z olan evrimden uzakla\u015f\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sosyalli\u011fin hakim oldu\u011fu bir alana ait. O y\u00fczden biz tekrar yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki evrim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na d\u00f6nelim ve s\u00f6z\u00fc, o \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yazarlar\u0131ndan William H. Kimbel\u2019e b\u0131rakal\u0131m:\u00a0<\/span>\u201cHepimiz ge\u00e7mi\u015fimizin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcy\u00fcz. Bizi insan yapan mekanizmalar\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 anatomimize d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakmay\u0131 ve moderniteye uzanan tarihsel yolda farkl\u0131 v\u00fccut par\u00e7alar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bize neler anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 gerektiriyor.\u201d Yeni yeni c\u00fcmle kurabilecek ya\u015ftaki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n iyi-k\u00f6t\u00fc ayr\u0131m\u0131 sizce de Kimbel\u2019in s\u00f6zlerini do\u011frulam\u0131yor mu?<\/span><\/p>\n

Kaynak
\n<\/b>1) \u201cChanges in the shape of human faces over time reveals the evolution of how we eat, breathe and communicate\u201d, Arizona State University News, 15 Nisan 2019.<\/span>
\n<\/span>2) \u201cNeed for social skills helped shape modern human face\u201d, York University News, 15 Nisan 2019.<\/span>
\n<\/span>3) Tessa E. S. Charlesworth ve ark., \u201cChildren Use Targets\u2019 Facial Appearance to Guide and Predict Social Behavior\u201d, <\/span>Developmental Psychology<\/span><\/i>, 18 Nisan 2019.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7\u0131k\u0131k aln\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran belirgin ka\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, sert bitkisel besinleri \u00e7i\u011fnemeye elveri\u015fli b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ene kaslar\u0131, bu kaslar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yabilecek kuvvette ve irilikte, dikey bir y\u00fcz. Bu tarif \u015f\u00fcphesiz bir kurda ya da zebraya ait de\u011fil, ama insan\u0131 da tam anlam\u0131yla yans\u0131tm\u0131yor. Belki biraz and\u0131r\u0131yor diyelim\u2026 Zira hani bir anlamda agresif diyebilece\u011fimiz bu e\u015fgal Homo sapiens\u2019e de\u011filse de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":184,"featured_media":33868,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,19,32,36],"tags":[4788,4789,4790],"class_list":["post-33863","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antropoloji","category-bilim-gundemi","category-evrim","category-psikoloji","tag-sosyal-etkilesim","tag-yuz-hatlari-kisilik-eslestirmesi","tag-yuzun-evrimi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t