\n<\/strong>\u00d6zellikle \u00c7in\u2019in en parlak d\u00f6nemlerinden biri olan Ming Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Hanedan\u0131n kurucusu Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398) bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00f6nderidir ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131 sonucunda \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f aristokrat yap\u0131y\u0131 y\u0131karak kendi devletini kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Zhu Yuanzhang \u00c7in\u2019in en alt tabakalar\u0131ndan gelir; ailesi ortak\u00e7\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan basit k\u00f6yl\u00fclerdir. Annesi ve babas\u0131 art arda \u00f6l\u00fcnce ya\u015f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan Zhu ortak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine alamaz ve rahip olur. Daha sonra da ihtilalci\u2026<\/p>\n Mo\u011follar\u0131n \u0131rksal yasalar\u0131na \u2018ulusal\u2019 tepki<\/strong><\/p>\n Zhu\u2019nun sosyal bir hareket ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in\u2019de iktidarda olan Mo\u011follar, isyana \u0131rk temeline dayanan yasalar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak yan\u0131t verirler, ama bu uygulama geri teper. Hatta giderek ihtilalci hareket, yabanc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 cephe alan \u201culusal\u201d (bug\u00fcn anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anlamda ulusal de\u011fil elbette, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele anlam\u0131nda) bir nitelik kazan\u0131r. Mo\u011follar\u0131n \u0131rksal yasalar\u0131 yerli \u00c7in halk\u0131 i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck nefret uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayaklanman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin ve yerel bir isyan d\u00fczeyini a\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nedeni budur.<\/p>\n Zhu Yuanzhang, destek\u00e7ileriyle birlikte 1368 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015fkenti (Nanjing) zapt eder ve yeni \u00c7in \u0130mparatoru olur. K\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir imparatorlukla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 tarihsel ko\u015fullar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bir gere\u011fi; aristokrat yap\u0131y\u0131 ve feodal ili\u015fkileri a\u015fan daha ileri bir sistem beklemek ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n Aristokrasiyi t\u0131rpanlayan demokratik ad\u0131mlar Hatta bu uygulamalar \u00c7in\u2019de Avrupa\u2019daki burjuvaziye benzer yeni bir orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Fakat Zhu ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ufuklar\u0131 feodalizmi a\u015facak derinlikte de\u011fildir. Yeni yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan orta s\u0131n\u0131f da iktidar\u0131 alacak ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecek g\u00fc\u00e7ten yoksundur. S\u00fcre\u00e7 yeni bir feodal hanedan\u0131n (Ming Hanedan\u0131) olu\u015fmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ming Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonraki \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc de ilgin\u00e7tir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00c7in, \u00fcnl\u00fc amiral Zheng He \u00f6nderli\u011findeki muazzam filosuyla sadece \u00c7in k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda de\u011fil okyanuslarda da cirit atmakta ve ticaret yapmaktad\u0131r. Zheng He\u2019nin \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ayr\u0131ca yazar\u0131z.<\/p>\n Kaynak<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Dr. Wolfram Eberhard, \u00c7in Tarihi, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 3. bask\u0131, Ankara 1995.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Tarihte bir\u00e7ok imparatorluk b\u00fcy\u00fck halk isyanlar\u0131 sonucunda kurulmu\u015ftur. Deyim yerindeyse bunlara \u201cBa\u015far\u0131l\u0131 Spartak\u00fcs\u2019ler\u201d de denebilir. Ezilen kesimlerin \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f imparatorluklara kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 isyanlar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131yla yeni iktidarlar olu\u015fmu\u015f, ama bunlar da zaman i\u00e7erisinde yeni imparatorluklara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Eski \u00c7in\u2019in tarihinde de bu t\u00fcr hareketlere rastlan\u0131r. Yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131 sonucunda kurulmu\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 hanedanl\u0131k vard\u0131r: Han Hanedan\u0131 (M\u00d6 206 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":33897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2314],"tags":[3994,4795,416,4797,4796],"class_list":["post-33896","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-oykuleri","tag-cin-tarihi","tag-ming-hanedani","tag-mogollar","tag-nanjing","tag-zhu-yuanzhang"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33896","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/493"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33896"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33896\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33896"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33896"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33896"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/2-5-300x208.jpg\")
\n<\/strong>Asl\u0131nda Zhu iktidar\u0131n\u0131n ilk uygulamalar\u0131 aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve zenginleri t\u0131rpanlamaya y\u00f6neliktir. Bir\u00e7ok zengini zorla h\u00fck\u00fcmet merkezine yerle\u015ftirir ve b\u00f6ylece yerel n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rar. Yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclere toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Zenginlerin vergi ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in k\u00fct\u00fck defterleri de\u011fi\u015ftirilir. Tembel tembel dola\u015fan rahiplerin say\u0131s\u0131 azalt\u0131l\u0131r. Tap\u0131naklara ait emlak tespit edilir ve s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; b\u00f6ylece o g\u00fcne kadar vergi \u00f6demeyen yerler de vergilendirilir.<\/p>\n