{"id":34428,"date":"2019-05-30T00:00:36","date_gmt":"2019-05-29T21:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=34428"},"modified":"2020-04-12T19:12:59","modified_gmt":"2020-04-12T16:12:59","slug":"parasutle-atlamak-ve-sovyet-kozmonotlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/05\/30\/parasutle-atlamak-ve-sovyet-kozmonotlari","title":{"rendered":"Para\u015f\u00fctle atlamak ve Sovyet kozmonotlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spor Ustas\u0131 unvan\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fclerden A. Yarov \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cBiri \u2018u\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 korkmad\u0131m\u2019 derse sak\u0131n inanmay\u0131n. Do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Herkesin korktu\u011fu bir saat, bir dakika, bir saniye vard\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca kimileri t\u00fcm\u00fcyle korkuya kap\u0131l\u0131p irade g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve hareketlerinin denetimini yitirirken, kimileri de korkusunun \u00fcstesinden gelebilir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z makale, uzay gemisi Vostok ile ilk uzay u\u00e7u\u015funu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Yuri Gagarin ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00f6nde gelen psikologlar\u0131ndan V. Lebedev\u2019in birlikte yazd\u0131klar\u0131 Uzay ve Psikoloji<\/em> adl\u0131 kitaptan (S\u00fcre\u00e7 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7ev. Sibel \u00d6zbudun, Haziran 1984) bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Para\u015f\u00fctle atlaman\u0131n psikolojisinin ve Sovyet kozmonotlar\u0131n\u0131n para\u015f\u00fctle atlama deneyimlerinin anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 ilgiyle okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 umuyoruz. Ana ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ara ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 biz koyduk.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flunda atalar\u0131ndan devral\u0131nma ve do\u011fu\u015ftan bir y\u00fckseklik korkusu vard\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7imizde bu duyguyu ya\u015famam\u0131\u015f olan\u0131m\u0131z yoktur. Bir u\u00e7urumdan ya da y\u00fcksek ve korkuluksuz bir balkondan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ba\u015f d\u00f6nmesiyle kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir korkuya kap\u0131l\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fckseklik kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda insano\u011flu
\n<\/em><\/strong>Bu tepki \u015fu fizyolojik mekanizmayla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir: Y\u00fcksekli\u011fin alg\u0131lanmas\u0131, tehlike i\u015fareti benzeri bir i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylelikle beyin kabu\u011fu yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde uyar\u0131l\u0131r. Bu uyar\u0131m, iletim yasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca beyin kabu\u011funun geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlar. K\u0131s\u0131tlama s\u00fcreci beynin motor merkezini de kapsamaktad\u0131r; bunun sonucunda motor hareket durur. Bu olgu, \u00f6\u011frencilerin yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 bir durumdur; derslerini \u00e7ok iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte, s\u0131nav heyecan\u0131ndan soru k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda t\u00fcm bildiklerini unutma, pek \u00e7o\u011fumuzun \u00f6\u011frencilik ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n canl\u0131 an\u0131lar\u0131ndand\u0131r. \u0130lk kez kitle \u00f6n\u00fcnde konu\u015facak bir ki\u015fi de, konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ne denli iyi haz\u0131rlarsa haz\u0131rlas\u0131n k\u00fcrs\u00fcye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendini benzer bir durumda bulabilir. Bu durumdaki bir konu\u015fmac\u0131 bir \u015feyler s\u00f6ylemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak, kekeleyecek, belki de hepten vazge\u00e7ip k\u00fcrs\u00fcy\u00fc terk edecektir. Her iki durumda da beyin kabu\u011funun yaln\u0131zca motor merkezi de\u011fil, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konu ya da haz\u0131rlanan konu\u015fman\u0131n kaydedildi\u011fi merkezlerin faaliyeti de durmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bir u\u00e7urumun kenar\u0131ndaki ki\u015finin tepkilerinin biyolojik anlam\u0131, organizman\u0131n faaliyetinin en aza indirilmesidir; aksi halde dikkatsizce en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir hareket, ki\u015finin dengesini yitirip u\u00e7uruma yuvarlanmas\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda Tsiolkovky\u2019nin uzay gemisinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fini hat\u0131rlamak gerekecektir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n D\u0131\u015f\u0131nda<\/em> adl\u0131 bilimkurgu \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcndeki kahraman\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r. \u201cD\u0131\u015f kap\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p da kendimi roketin e\u015fi\u011finde buldu\u011fumda, y\u00fcre\u011fim hoplad\u0131; bir hamleyle roketten d\u0131\u015far\u0131 do\u011fru at\u0131ld\u0131m. Kabin odas\u0131 i\u00e7inde havada s\u00fcz\u00fclmeye al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, ama birdenbire ayaklar\u0131m\u0131n alt\u0131nda uzanan bo\u015flukta desteksiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 hissedince \u00fcrperdim; kendimi yeniden toparlad\u0131\u011f\u0131mda zincir t\u00fcm\u00fcyle a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve roketten bir kilometre uzaktayd\u0131m.\u201d Astronoti\u011fin kurucusu da uzay gemisinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n uzay-korkusunu yenmeyi gerektirece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu\u015ftan gelme duygusal tepkinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ki\u015finin durumu mant\u0131ksal olarak tahlil etmesi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ussal tepkiden de s\u00f6z etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Para\u015f\u00fctle atlama e\u011fitimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda psikolog ve e\u011fitimcilerin g\u00f6zlemleri, para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc olmaya kararl\u0131 bireylerin, daha yer e\u011fitimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f davran\u0131\u015flardan belli bir sapma i\u00e7ine girdiklerini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00fcr sapmalar, atlamadan birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce daha da belirginlik kazanmaktad\u0131r, ki\u015filer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yakla\u015fan atlay\u0131\u015f ve olas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu yaln\u0131zca do\u011fal korkuya ba\u011flanmaz. Duygusal durumlar\u0131 para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcvenlik sisteminin i\u015flemeyece\u011fi vb. kayg\u0131lar\u0131ndan da etkilenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Atlamadan bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nce kozmonotlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu tedirginlik belirtileri g\u00f6stermi\u015f, ruh durumlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ferek bu kayg\u0131 verici d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, ku\u015fku ve korkular artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak nab\u0131z, soluma h\u0131z\u0131 ve tansiyonlar\u0131 y\u00fckselmi\u015f, v\u00fccutta ba\u015fka i\u015fleyi\u015f aksakl\u0131klar\u0131 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kimilerinde i\u015ftahs\u0131zl\u0131k ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f, kimileri ise, para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karabasanlar g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi gibi insano\u011flu \u015fu ya da bu hareketini \u00f6ne alabilmekte ya da geciktirebilmekte, dikkatini bir nesneden di\u011ferine kayd\u0131rabilmekte, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve di\u011fer psi\u015fik s\u00fcre\u00e7leri denetimi alt\u0131nda tutabilmektedir. Ne var ki, psi\u015fik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden her biri ayn\u0131 kolayl\u0131l\u0131kla bilin\u00e7li kontrol edilemez. \u00d6rne\u011fin para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fckseltilerden atlama korkusuna ili\u015fkin duygusal tepkilerini her zaman denetleyemez. Yapabilece\u011fi tek \u015fey, tedirginlik ya da korkunun tezah\u00fcrlerini bast\u0131rmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2018Korkmuyorum diyene inanmay\u0131n\u2019
\n<\/em><\/strong>Spor Ustas\u0131 unvan\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fclerden A. Yarov \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cBiri \u2018u\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 korkmad\u0131m\u2019 derse sak\u0131n inanmay\u0131n. Do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Herkesin korktu\u011fu bir saat, bir dakika, bir saniye vard\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca kimileri t\u00fcm\u00fcyle korkuya kap\u0131l\u0131p irade g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve hareketlerinin denetimini yitirirken, kimileri de korkusunun \u00fcstesinden gelebilir. El para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn ipine y\u0131rtarcas\u0131na as\u0131l\u0131r, ard\u0131ndan pilot ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131zda gerildi\u011fini duyumsars\u0131n\u0131z ve i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz korku, hafifler. Art\u0131k olmazsa olmaz destek noktas\u0131, yeniden kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Evet, yer ayaklar\u0131n alt\u0131ndan ba\u015f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne do\u011fru kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, buras\u0131 do\u011frudur; bacaklar havada serbest\u00e7e sal\u0131n\u0131rken bu vazge\u00e7ilmez destek, g\u00f6vdenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde, beyaz bir \u00e7i\u00e7ek gibi s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp durmaktad\u0131r. Ancak para\u015f\u00fct bir kez a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 m\u0131, insan kendini ayaklar\u0131 topra\u011fa bas\u0131yormu\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na g\u00fcvenlikte hisseder.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Bir u\u00e7urumun kenar\u0131ndaki ki\u015finin tepkilerinin biyolojik anlam\u0131, organizman\u0131n faaliyetinin en aza indirilmesidir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc adaylar\u0131 para\u015f\u00fctlerini tak\u0131p ilk atlay\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in u\u00e7a\u011fa binme s\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131 beklerken tedirginlik, kayg\u0131, huzursuzluk ve g\u00fcvencesizlik hissederler. Eylemlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu tela\u015fl\u0131 gergin, hatta beceriksizcedir. Bir i\u015fi bitirmeden \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcne ba\u015flarlar, hatta para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn bir unsurunu tekrar tekrar inceledikleri olur. Sesleri tedirgin, hareketleri gergindir.<\/p>\n

Durum olduk\u00e7a tats\u0131zd\u0131r. Sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi askerlerin halini and\u0131r\u0131rlar. Prof. G. Shumkov kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rus-Japon sava\u015f\u0131ndan baz\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 g\u00f6zlemler aktarmaktad\u0131r: \u201cSava\u015f arifesinde, \u00f6nceden hi\u00e7 sava\u015fmam\u0131\u015f askerler her zamankinden daha huzursuz g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekteydiler; diken \u00fcst\u00fcnde oturur gibiydiler. G\u00fcndelik uyar\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 daha \u00e7ok duyarl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131; \u00e7izmeleri her zamankinden daha vuruyor, ayaklar\u0131 rahats\u0131zm\u0131\u015f gibi geliyordu\u2026 Giysilerini tekrar tekrar giyip \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131yorlar ve rahats\u0131zl\u0131k belirtileri g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. Parmaklar\u0131 da iradelerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f gibiydi; sigaralar\u0131n\u0131 yakmak istediklerinde sigara k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131 y\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131yor kibrit \u00e7\u00f6pleri k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131veriyordu. Askerler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini herhangi bir konu \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmada g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekmekteydiler; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p gidiyordu. Ne var ki, d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri bireyden bireye farkl\u0131yd\u0131; kimileri durduklar\u0131 yerde duramazken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kendilerini kas\u0131p oturuyor, kimileriyse \u00e7\u0131t \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131yordu. S\u0131k s\u0131k susuyor, bazen s\u0131caktan bunal\u0131rken bazen de so\u011fuktan tir tir titriyorlard\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Shumkov bunu tedirginlik hali, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f korku duyumundan farkl\u0131 bir beklenti durumu olarak betimlemekteydi. Bu duygu, ko\u015fu \u00f6ncesi ans\u0131z\u0131n ate\u015flenen atletlere de tan\u0131\u015f olan bir duyguydu.<\/p>\n

Para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc adaylar\u0131 da her t\u00fcr duygulan\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n rengi solar, a\u011f\u0131z ve bo\u011fazlar\u0131 kurur, g\u00f6zbebekleri irile\u015fir. Davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda da bir tak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar; durgunla\u015f\u0131r, zaman zaman ihtilafa kap\u0131l\u0131r ya da \u00e7evrelerindeki her \u015feye kay\u0131ts\u0131zla\u015f\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlar, korku belirtileridir. \u201cPsikolojik olarak korku, \u00fcrk\u00fcnt\u00fc, panik ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz \u015feylerin\u201d demekteydi. Pavlov, \u201cfizyolojik temelinde, beyin yar\u0131k\u00fcrelerinin k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 durumu vard\u0131r. Bu durum \u00e7e\u015fitli edilgin-savunmac\u0131 refleks d\u00fczeylerine denk d\u00fc\u015fer.\u201d<\/p>\n

Di\u011ferleri ise heyecana kap\u0131l\u0131rlar: hareketleri d\u00fczensizle\u015fir, dikkatleri bir konudan di\u011ferine kayar, bir konu \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015famazlar. B\u00f6ylesi bir durum, ender olmakla birlikte panik halini alabilir.<\/p>\n

Eylem heyecan\u0131 ve toprak duygusu
\n<\/em><\/strong>Ne var ki, bu gibi durumlarda en elveri\u015fli ve yararl\u0131 tepki, eylem heyecan\u0131 denilen t\u00fcrden tepkilerdir. Bu tip tepkinin \u00f6n ko\u015fulu, merkez sinir sistemindeki, artan uyar\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ile bast\u0131rma s\u00fcre\u00e7leri aras\u0131ndaki bir denge kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu denge bize g\u00f6rev i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar\u0131n bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 verir; bir yandan fiziksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kapasitesi y\u00fckselirken, di\u011fer yandan da alg\u0131lama ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve dikkat yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma yetisi artar. Eyleme haz\u0131r durumdaki kozmonotlar, her zamankinden daha heyecanl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte, tela\u015fl\u0131 olmazlar. Hareketleri etkin ve e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Komutlar\u0131 an\u0131nda ve tam tam\u0131na yerine getirirler. Kozmonotlar\u0131n duygusal istikrarlar\u0131, yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, titiz t\u0131bbi ve psikolojik se\u00e7imlere ve u\u00e7u\u015f deneyimlerine ba\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Para\u015f\u00fctle ilk kez atlayan hemen herkes, u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde ya da kanat \u00fczerinde dururken topra\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011funu kaydetmi\u015ftir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Para\u015f\u00fctle ilk kez atlayan hemen herkes, u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde ya da kanat \u00fczerinde dururken topra\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011funu kaydetmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsanlar genellikle b\u00f6ylesi durumlarda soluklar\u0131n\u0131n kesildi\u011fini, ba\u015flar\u0131na kan \u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, y\u00fcreklerinin hoplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylerler. Bu arada deneyimli para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fclerin, u\u00e7aktan \u00e7ok daha g\u00fcvenlikli olan para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc kulesinden atlarken daha fazla heyecanland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 saptamak da ilgin\u00e7tir. Sa\u011fduyuyla \u00e7eli\u015fir g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu ger\u00e7ek, olas\u0131l\u0131kla, kule atlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda, u\u00e7aktakinden \u00e7ok daha yo\u011fun olan toprak duygusuyla a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. U\u00e7an makinelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na de\u011fin insano\u011flu yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc hi\u00e7 bu denli y\u00fckseklerden g\u00f6zlemlememi\u015fti. Bu nedenle u\u00e7aktan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yer daha soyut dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da insan\u0131n atalar\u0131n\u0131n yuvarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckseltilerden daha tehlikesiz g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u201cHaz\u0131r ol! Atla!\u201d komutlar\u0131yla birlikte gerilim son haddine ula\u015f\u0131r. Do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen korkuyu alt etmek \u00fczere en fazla \u00e7aba gerektiren an budur.<\/p>\n

Fizyolojik olarak y\u00fckseklik korkusu duygusunu alt etme \u00e7abas\u0131 ikinci im sisteminde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir heyecan oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zc\u00fckler insano\u011flunun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, duygu, istek ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ara\u00e7, ki\u015finin faaliyetlerini derinden etkileyen bir uyar\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki, korkudan bedeni uyu\u015ftu\u011funda s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin dahi insana yard\u0131m\u0131 dokunmaz. \u0130lk atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u00e7eli\u015fik hislere kap\u0131l\u0131r; hem atlamaya isteklidir, hem de yapamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan korkar.<\/p>\n

Donup kalan doktor
\n<\/em><\/strong>\u00dc\u00e7 bin kere atlay\u0131p Spor Ustas\u0131 unvan\u0131na hak kazanan V. Romanyuk\u2019un anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 durum olduk\u00e7a anlaml\u0131d\u0131r: Bir keresinde bir doktoru ilk atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na haz\u0131rlamaktayd\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201cU\u00e7ak gereken y\u00fckseltiye ula\u015f\u0131p, atlay\u0131\u015f alan\u0131na vard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, \u2018Haz\u0131r ol\u2019 komutunu verdim. Doktor kanada t\u0131rmanarak tam ucunda atlama durumuna girdi.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2018Atla\u2019 diye ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131m. Ancak doktor komutu duymam\u0131\u015f gibiydi, k\u0131m\u0131ldamaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bo\u015flu\u011fa bak\u0131yordu. \u2018Kabine d\u00f6n!\u2019 komutunu verdim. Ancak yerinden k\u0131m\u0131ldamad\u0131. A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ki, hareket etmeye korkuyordu.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130pin ne de olsa para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordum; h\u0131z\u0131m\u0131 keserek u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 sol tarafa do\u011fru yat\u0131rd\u0131m. Doktor kanattan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kayarak bir tu\u011fla gibi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Az sonra kendisinin bu y\u00f6nde hi\u00e7bir harekette bulunmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ip para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131. Bir para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00f6yle davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez g\u00f6r\u00fcyordum. Sa\u011f salim yere indi, hareket noktas\u0131na geldi\u011finde y\u00fcz\u00fc soluk, ama ho\u015fnuttu.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2018Umar\u0131m bana k\u0131zg\u0131n de\u011filsin\u2019 dedim sonradan. \u2018Do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, yukar\u0131da, havada neler olup bitti\u011fini pek hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorum\u2019 diye itiraf etti.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2018Yapmam gerekiyorsa, yapmal\u0131yd\u0131m\u2019
\n<\/em><\/strong>Andrian Nikolayev de ilk atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yazmaktayd\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201cPek \u00e7ok atlama deneyimi ge\u00e7irdim. Alayda top\u00e7uyken az kald\u0131 \u015ferefimi be\u015f paral\u0131k ediyordum. Atlay\u0131\u015f y\u00fckseltisine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca yana bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda y\u00fcre\u011fime bir a\u011fr\u0131 sapland\u0131. Kokpitten d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p kanat \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcmem gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck\u00e7e e\u011fiticiden her \u015feyi b\u0131rakmay\u0131 istemek geliyordu i\u00e7imden. Bu s\u0131rada o beni seyrediyor, g\u00fcl\u00fcmseyerek: \u2018Havaya tutun, havaya!\u2019 diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Sovyet kozmonot Andrian Nikolayev, ilk para\u015f\u00fctle atlay\u0131\u015f deneyimini anlat\u0131rken \u201crezil olmaktan son anda kurtuldu\u011funu\u201d s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cDo\u011fal olarak ben \u015faka kald\u0131racak durumda de\u011fildim. \u0130\u015fin \u00fcstesinden gelebilmemde disipline boyun e\u011fme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 oldu. E\u011fer yapmam gerekiyorsa, yapmal\u0131yd\u0131m. Kalkt\u0131m, bacaklar\u0131m\u0131 yandan sark\u0131tt\u0131m, kanad\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde, e\u011fiticinin oturdu\u011fu kokpite y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcm. E\u011fitici para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcmdeki emniyet i\u011fnesini a\u00e7arak \u2018Atla!\u2019 komutunu verdi.<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00fcm bedenim felce u\u011fram\u0131\u015fken, atlayacak hal mi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Kanattan bo\u015flu\u011fa atlamak istiyor, ama yapam\u0131yordum. Sonunda t\u00fcm irade g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fc toplad\u0131m, ellerimi kokpitin yan\u0131ndan \u00e7ektim ve atlad\u0131m.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bilin\u00e7 daralmas\u0131
\n<\/em><\/strong>U\u00e7aktan ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra insan para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lana de\u011fin bo\u015flukta bir s\u00fcre serbest\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015fer. Deneyimli para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcler i\u00e7in bu olay ho\u015f bir duygu dahi verebilir. Ancak ilk kez atlayanlar bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde belirli zihinsel etkiler hissederler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, atlama komutunu almadan \u00f6nceki t\u00fcm olaylar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a hat\u0131rlayabilmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n, u\u00e7aktan ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131, o andaki eylem ve duyumlar\u0131, r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fc bedenlerinin durumu vb. an\u0131lar\u0131ndan silinmi\u015ftir; bellekleri ancak para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra yeniden kayda ba\u015flar. \u201cU\u00e7aktan nas\u0131l ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorum\u201d diyecektir Bykovsky sonradan. \u201cAncak iplerin gerilimini s\u0131rt\u0131mda hissedip para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonrad\u0131r ki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerim yeniden berrakla\u015ft\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin ilk saniyelerinde insan\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda olu\u015fu, beynin otolit ve di\u011fer organlardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiyi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiler. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r, bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve \u0131s\u0131daki de\u011fi\u015fimleri duyumsar, bedeni ise al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konumdad\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, t\u00fcm bu yeni ve al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f uyar\u0131mlar para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi kendiyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya girip, y\u00fckseklik korkusunu iradesiyle alt etti\u011fi ruh durumu eklenir.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc u\u00e7aktan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda beyin kabu\u011funda yo\u011fun bir heyecan ortaya \u00e7\u0131karak kabu\u011fun di\u011fer kesimlerinin hareketini k\u0131s\u0131tlar. Bu bilin\u00e7 daralmas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek bir duruma yol a\u00e7ar; t\u00fcm dikkat y\u00fckseklik korkusunu alt edip atlama \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, t\u00fcm ikincil olaylar alg\u0131lanmaz olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130lk para\u015f\u00fctle atlama deneyiminde \u201cU\u00e7aktan nas\u0131l ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorum\u201d diyen Valeri Fyodorovi\u00e7 Bykovski 1963\u2019te yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve be\u015f g\u00fcn s\u00fcren Vostok 5 u\u00e7u\u015funda, uzayda en uzun s\u00fcre tek ba\u015f\u0131na kalma rekorunun sahibi olmu\u015ftu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bilin\u00e7 daralmas\u0131 betimlemesi, bellek yitiminden, daha uygun bir tan\u0131md\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu olan an\u0131larda bir kopukluktan \u00e7ok, operatif belle\u011fin, yani belirli faaliyetler s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve bunlarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan belle\u011fin bozulmaya u\u011framas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ya da d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc, serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki hareket ve duyumlar\u0131n\u0131 kaydedip an\u0131msamaya ba\u015flar. Bu, duygusal gerilimin giderek azalmas\u0131na ve organizman\u0131n yabanc\u0131 uyar\u0131mlara al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gagarin\u2019in ilk para\u015f\u00fct deneyimi
\n<\/em><\/strong>\u0130lk atlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 an\u0131msayanlar, serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcresinin, ger\u00e7ekte birka\u00e7 saniye s\u00fcrmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, bitmeyecekmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bilirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin bu kitab\u0131n yazarlar\u0131ndan biri bir zamanlar \u015f\u00f6yle bir durum ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00d6zellikle \u00f6n\u00fcmde zor ya da tehlikeli bir deney oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fimde, beklemeyi hi\u00e7 sevmem. Bu nedenle, e\u011fiticimiz Dimitry Martyanov ilk atlay\u0131\u015ftan sonra beni u\u00e7a\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sevinmi\u015ftim.<\/p>\n

\u201cNe denli heyecanl\u0131 oldu\u011fumu tahmin edebilirsiniz. Bu benim ilk u\u00e7u\u015fumdu, \u00fcstelik para\u015f\u00fctle atlamam da gerekecekti. PO-2 e\u011fitim u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l havaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nas\u0131l atlay\u0131\u015f y\u00fckseltisine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 an\u0131msam\u0131yorum. Tek hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m, e\u011fiticinin kanada \u00e7\u0131kmam i\u00e7in bana i\u015faret vermesi. Nas\u0131l olduysa kokpitten \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m, kanat \u00fczerinde durdum ve olanca g\u00fcc\u00fcmle kokpitin kenar\u0131na as\u0131ld\u0131m. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya bakmak deh\u015fet vericiydi; yer o denli uzakt\u0131 ki\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2018Titreyip durma, Yuri!\u2019 diye ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 e\u011fitici, ustal\u0131kla. Ard\u0131ndan da sorusunu yineledi: \u2018Haz\u0131r m\u0131s\u0131n?\u2019 \u2018Haz\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 cevab\u0131n\u0131 verdim. \u2018Atla!\u2019<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130lk atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hayli gergin olan Alexei Leonov 30 atlay\u0131\u015fta para\u015f\u00fct \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fi payesine hak kazand\u0131. Voskhod II\u2019nin yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na dek 117 atlay\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015fti.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cBana \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fi gibi u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 ellerimle iterek kendimi bo\u015flu\u011fa b\u0131rakt\u0131m, ipi \u00e7ektim. Para\u015f\u00fct a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131. Hayk\u0131rmak istedim, ama olanaks\u0131z; hava ak\u0131m\u0131ndan bo\u011fulacak gibiydim. Elim bilin\u00e7sizce yedek para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn ipini aramaya koyuldu. Neredeydi? Nerede? Birden m\u00fcthi\u015f bir sars\u0131nt\u0131 hissettim. Ard\u0131ndan da sessizlik. Ana para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn beyaz kubbesi alt\u0131nda havada s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcyordum. Para\u015f\u00fct zaman\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; emniyet para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmede aceleci davranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu benim ilk ciddi u\u00e7u\u015f dersimdi. Havadayken ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131zdan ku\u015fkulanmay\u0131n ve aceleci karardan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ya ini\u015f?
\n<\/em><\/strong>Para\u015f\u00fct bir kez a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra t\u00fcm tedirgin edici duygular yok olur; para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn ruh durumu k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015fir, y\u00fcre\u011fini bir sevin\u00e7 kaplar. \u0130lk kez atlayan ki\u015filerin birbirlerine ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131, hatta bir \u015fark\u0131 tutturduklar\u0131 olur. Kural olarak yere ini\u015fe pek dikkat etmezler. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc K. Kaitanov bunu \u015fu s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle anlatmaktad\u0131r: \u201cU\u00e7u\u015fla b\u00fcy\u00fclenmi\u015f gibiydim, ayaklar\u0131m\u0131n topra\u011fa nas\u0131l erece\u011fi akl\u0131ma dahi gelmiyordu. Ne denli s\u00fcratli indi\u011fimi ancak g\u00f6zlerimi yere \u00e7evirdi\u011fimde kavrad\u0131m; insan o kadar y\u00fcksekteyken h\u0131z\u0131 alg\u0131layam\u0131yor. Yere 10-20 m. kadar bir mesafe kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; hemen bacaklar\u0131m\u0131 b\u00fcz\u00fcp t\u00fcm dikkatimi yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rarak ini\u015f durumuna ge\u00e7tim. Ard\u0131ndan \u015fiddetli bir darbeyle hedefin kenar\u0131na indim; y\u00fcre\u011fim sevin\u00e7ten a\u011fz\u0131ma gelmi\u015fti.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir atlay\u0131\u015f, para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn sinirleri \u00fczerinde gev\u015fetici bir etki yapar. Bu, para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc atlay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki geriliminden kurtaran psi\u015fik bir gev\u015femedir. Deneyimsiz para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcler genellikle ini\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki eylemlerini ele\u015ftirel olarak de\u011ferlendiremezler. \u00c7o\u011fu kategorik olarak durumun hi\u00e7 de korkutucu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hi\u00e7 korkmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylerler. \u0130\u00e7lerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 o an yeni bir atlay\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in haz\u0131rd\u0131r. Ki\u015fi atlay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek duygulan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ancak atlamadan birka\u00e7 saat sonra, ya da ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, yani heyecan\u0131 yat\u0131\u015f\u0131p yeniden \u00f6zele\u015ftirel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tahlil edebilir.<\/p>\n

Lebedev\u2019in nabz\u0131
\n<\/em><\/strong>Bu kitab\u0131n doktor olan di\u011fer yazar\u0131 da, kozmonotun para\u015f\u00fctl\u00fc atlay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda neler hissetti\u011fini bizzat ya\u015fayabilmek \u00fczere u\u00e7u\u015fa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan \u00f6nce uzun s\u00fcre para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcleri g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi ve duygulan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi\u011finden, para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f katlanmas\u0131, u\u00e7aktan hatal\u0131 atlay\u0131\u015f ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc bir ini\u015fin ne gibi sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 teorik olarak biliyordu. Dahas\u0131, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z atlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaralanma ve sakatlanma olaylar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok kez t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale de bulunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Bu konuda g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201cAtlay\u0131\u015f \u00f6ncesinde uzun s\u00fcre uyuyamad\u0131m. O gece s\u0131k s\u0131k uyand\u0131m, sabah saat be\u015ften sonraysa g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc k\u0131rpmad\u0131m. Atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 akl\u0131ma getirmemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, oysa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerim d\u00f6n\u00fcp dola\u015f\u0131p rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m hatal\u0131 atlamalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na tak\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\u201cSabahleyin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ilk atlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yapacak olan birka\u00e7 para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcyle birlikte para\u015f\u00fctlerimizi almaya gittik. Ard\u0131ndan da otob\u00fcsle havaalan\u0131na yolland\u0131k. G\u00fcne\u015fli bir k\u0131\u015f sabah\u0131yd\u0131. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcm\u00fc takt\u0131\u011f\u0131m s\u0131rada akl\u0131ma \u015fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 \u2018umar\u0131m korkumu yenip u\u00e7aktan atlayabilirim.\u2019 Valentina Tereshkova ve yede\u011fi benimle \u015fakala\u015farak moralimi y\u00fckseltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Valentina\u2019yla adeta rol de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftik. Eskiden atlay\u0131\u015f \u00f6ncelerinde ben onun nabz\u0131n\u0131 sayard\u0131m; \u015fimdiyse o doktor rol\u00fcne b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Nabz\u0131m\u0131 sayd\u0131ktan sonra \u2018Doktor,\u2019 dedi, \u2018bu kadar heyecanlanmamal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Nabz\u0131n\u0131z 110\u2019a \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Biraz daha \u00e7\u0131karsa y\u00fcre\u011finiz a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131zdan f\u0131rlayacak.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u201cPara\u015f\u00fctlerimizi kontrol ettikten sonra u\u00e7a\u011fa girip yerlerimizi ald\u0131k. U\u00e7ak hareket ederek kalk\u0131\u015f pistine girdi ve az sonra yerden kesilerek h\u0131zla y\u00fckselmeye koyuldu. Camdan sarp \u0131rmak vadisindeki manast\u0131r\u0131yla bu ya\u015fl\u0131 Rus kasabas\u0131n\u0131n giderek ufald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyordum. Nabz\u0131ma bakt\u0131m; dakikada 130 at\u0131yordu! Kar\u015f\u0131mda para\u015f\u00fct kontrolc\u00fcs\u00fc, Spor Ustas\u0131 unvanl\u0131 Valery Galaida ile ilk atlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yapacak olan iki gen\u00e7 adam oturuyordu. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015flerindeki farkl\u0131l\u0131k \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131; Valery atlay\u0131\u015f sorumlusu Nikitin ile konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken g\u00fcl\u00fcms\u00fcyordu. Oysa \u00f6b\u00fcr ikisi maskeyi and\u0131ran bembeyaz y\u00fczleriyle buz kesmi\u015f gibiydiler. Duru\u015flar\u0131 ve zaman zaman yapt\u0131klar\u0131 birka\u00e7 hareket ne denli gerilim i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 hemen belli ediyordu. Y\u00fczlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, kendi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn de onlar\u0131nkinden daha iyi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geliyordu akl\u0131ma\u2026 Zaman ge\u00e7mek bilmiyordu. Sanki u\u00e7ak havada as\u0131l\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir an evvel \u015fu durumdan kurtulmaktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemiyordum.<\/p>\n

\u201cBir s\u00fcre sonra Nikitin \u2018Haz\u0131r ol\u2019 komutunu verdi. Aya\u011fa kalkt\u0131m. Ama baca\u011f\u0131m bana itaat etmez olmu\u015ftu, sanki pamuktan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gibiydiler. T\u00fcm irademi toplayarak a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne gelebildim.<\/p>\n

\u201cGalaida\u2019dan sonra, ikinci s\u0131rada ben vard\u0131m. Arkas\u0131nda beklerken g\u00f6zlerimi onun s\u0131rt\u0131ndan ay\u0131rmamaya gayret g\u00f6steriyordum. Ard\u0131ndan \u2018Atla\u2019 komutu geldi. Galaida kap\u0131n\u0131n alt kenar\u0131n\u0131 hafif\u00e7e iterek atlad\u0131; az sonra hava ak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00fcz \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u2018yatarken\u2019 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm onu. Kendi atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ise hi\u00e7 hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorum. Bir sars\u0131nt\u0131yla kendime gelip havada d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde as\u0131l\u0131 duran para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Alt\u0131mda ise Galaida\u2019n\u0131n para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Sessizlik i\u00e7inde, \u00fcst\u00fcmdeki para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131 kulaklar\u0131mda \u00e7\u0131nlad\u0131: \u2018Harika bir \u015fey bu.\u2019 Ger\u00e7ekten harikayd\u0131; \u00fcst\u00fcm\u00fczde masmavi g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc, g\u00fcne\u015fte parlayan kar tanecikleri, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, yerdeki dairenin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir yere park etmi\u015f, bir oyuncak gibi duran mavi otob\u00fcs ve motorlar\u0131n g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fcnden sonra insan\u0131n kulaklar\u0131n\u0131 dolduran yo\u011fun sessizlik.<\/p>\n

\u201cAtlama \u00f6ncesinde, para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 an nabz\u0131m\u0131 saymay\u0131 tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, ne var ki bu para\u015f\u00fct a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra akl\u0131ma geldi. Bir s\u00fcre g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde hareketsiz duran bir para\u015f\u00fcte as\u0131l\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f gibi hissettim kendimi b\u00f6yle bir konumda mesafeleri kestirmeye al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131mdan, ini\u015f durumuna \u00e7ok erken ge\u00e7tim; dizlerimi k\u0131r\u0131p ayaklar\u0131m\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek beklemeye koyuldum. Ne var ki, bir s\u00fcre sonra yorulup yine gev\u015fedim. Neden sonra \u2018Bacaklar! Bacaklar!\u2019 uyar\u0131s\u0131yla kendimi toparlay\u0131p yeniden ini\u015f durumuna ge\u00e7tim. Hemen ard\u0131ndan da, bir sadmeyle karlar i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fcm. Atlay\u0131\u015ftan hemen sonra, di\u011ferleri gibi ben de bir kez daha denemeye haz\u0131r hissediyordum kendimi.<\/p>\n

\u201cAncak ak\u015fama do\u011fru para\u015f\u00fctle atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcnden s\u0131yr\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131m. Gece yata\u011f\u0131ma yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m s\u0131rada ise ikinci bir kez deneme konusunda hayli ku\u015fkuluydum.\u201d<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylelikle ilk atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n ki\u015fide karma\u015f\u0131k ve \u00e7eli\u015fik duygulan\u0131mlar uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, insan\u0131n atlama s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde atlama an\u0131ndaki korkudan para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissetti\u011fi andaki sevin\u00e7 ve ne\u015feye dek uzanan karma\u015f\u0131k duygular ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u0130radeyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek
\n<\/em><\/strong>Tekrarlanan atlay\u0131\u015flar, duygulan\u0131mlar\u0131n \u015fiddetini de azalt\u0131r. Gerilim \u00e7ok daha az, dikkat ise \u00e7ok daha istikrarl\u0131d\u0131r. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc zamanla para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 gecikti\u011finde bo\u015flukta v\u00fccudunu kontrol etmesini \u00f6\u011frenecektir. Deneyimli sporcular, serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda en karma\u015f\u0131k hareketleri, \u00f6rne\u011fin d\u00f6nme, helezon \u015feklinde kayma ya da d\u00fcz ve ters takla atmay\u0131 dahi ba\u015farabilirler. Nihayet zaman\u0131 saniyesi saniyesine hesaplama yetileri geli\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Ki\u015fi atlama konusunda deneyim kazand\u0131k\u00e7a duygusal durumunun nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, Alexei Leonov\u2019un davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan g\u00f6zlemlenebilir.<\/p>\n

\u201cBirinci g\u00fcn: Hareket an\u0131nda, para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc takt\u0131ktan sonra y\u00fcz\u00fc olduk\u00e7a solgunla\u015ft\u0131. Davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 zorlamal\u0131, hareketleri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131; y\u00fcz ve mimiklerine, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bir ifadesizlik gelmi\u015fti. Atlay\u0131\u015ftan sonra biraz canlanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, yine de bir gerginlik seziliyordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Para\u015f\u00fctle ilk atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda aya\u011f\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lan Pavel Belyayev, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir irade g\u00f6stererek k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ustala\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201c\u0130kinci g\u00fcn: U\u00e7ak hareket ederken \u00e7ok daha ne\u015feli oldu\u011fu g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yordu. \u0130lk g\u00fcnk\u00fc durgunlu\u011funun yerini \u015fimdi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heyecan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00f6zleri parl\u0131yor, durmaks\u0131z\u0131n konu\u015fuyor ve fazladan bir\u00e7ok hareket yap\u0131yordu. Konu\u015fmas\u0131 ve hareketleri olduk\u00e7a canl\u0131 ve heyecanl\u0131yd\u0131. Atlay\u0131\u015ftan sonra b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn ne\u015felendi, sa\u011fa sola bak\u0131nmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc g\u00fcn: U\u00e7ak hareket etti\u011finde olduk\u00e7a \u00f6zdenetimli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Atlay\u0131\u015ftan sonra ise ne\u015feli oldu\u011fu, durmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u015fakalar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7mad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201cBe\u015finci g\u00fcn: Atlay\u0131\u015ftan \u00f6nce y\u00fcksek bir \u00f6z denetim g\u00f6sterdi. Olduk\u00e7a sakindi. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc a\u00e7mada 10 saniye gecikerek iki kez atlad\u0131. U\u00e7aktan ayr\u0131l\u0131rken g\u00f6vdesini yeteri kadar e\u011fmedi. Serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 kol ve bacak hareketleri pek uyumlu de\u011fildi. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc kullan\u0131rken baz\u0131 hatalar yapt\u0131 (para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn iplerini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131).<\/p>\n

\u201cAlt\u0131nc\u0131 g\u00fcn: 15 saniye gecikmeli olarak atlad\u0131. Atlay\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki e\u011filmesi yine yetersizdi. Serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcte g\u00f6vdesinin durumu pek istikrarl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Kollar\u0131n\u0131 iki yana a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f bacaklar\u0131n\u0131ysa biti\u015ftirmi\u015fti; bu nedenle g\u00f6vdesi ba\u015f-ayak do\u011frultusunda dikelmi\u015fti. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc 13,8 saniyede a\u00e7t\u0131, bu kez daha ustaca denetlemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u201cSekizinci g\u00fcn: \u0130ki 20 saniye gecikmeli atlay\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131. Atlay\u0131\u015flardan \u00f6nce y\u00fcz\u00fc son derece ciddiydi, d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve zeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilir bir hali vard\u0131. U\u00e7aktan atlarken g\u00f6vdesini kusursuz \u015fekilde e\u011fdi. Serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f \u00f6nce d\u00fczensiz giderken 12. saniyede d\u00fczeldi ve 20. saniyeye dek b\u00f6yle s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc 20,2 saniyede a\u00e7t\u0131. \u0130kinci atlay\u0131\u015fta her \u015feyi dikkatle yapt\u0131. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn kontrol\u00fc ustacayd\u0131. \u0130ki atlay\u0131\u015ftan sonra moralinin olduk\u00e7a d\u00fczg\u00fcn, sonu\u00e7tan ho\u015fnut oldu\u011fu her halinden belliydi.<\/p>\n

\u201cYirminci g\u00fcn: 50 saniye gecikmeli bir atlay\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131. U\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n hareketinden \u00f6nce dikkatini yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015f \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6vdesini iyice kontrol edebildi. Para\u015f\u00fct 50,8 saniyede a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Kuvvetli r\u00fczg\u00e2ra kar\u015f\u0131n, para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fc kusursuz ve g\u00fcvenliydi. Atlay\u0131\u015ftan sonra ne\u015fesi yerine geldi; g\u00fcl\u00fcms\u00fcyor, \u00e7evresindekilerle \u015fakala\u015f\u0131p duruyordu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00f6zlemlerden \u015f\u00f6yle bir sonuca varmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n

Kozmonotun ilk iki atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde duygusal gerilime yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak ikinci atlay\u0131\u015ftan sonra iradesini toplay\u0131p, \u00f6zdenetim uygulamaya ba\u015flar. Serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6vdesini kontrol etmeyi ve para\u015f\u00fctl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fte de para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc denetlemeyi k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00f6\u011frenir.<\/p>\n

\u0130radesi, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ustala\u015fmas\u0131 ve ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 ko\u015fullardaki kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kozmonotlar aras\u0131nda k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede sivrilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. 30 atlay\u0131\u015fta, para\u015f\u00fct \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fi payesine hak kazand\u0131. Voskhod II\u2019nin yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na dek Leonov, 117 atlay\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Duygusal gerilimin azal\u0131\u015f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca kozmonotlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden izlenmiyordu. Bu olgu nesnel verilerle de kan\u0131tlanmaktayd\u0131. Atlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ilkinde, kozmonotlar\u0131n nabz\u0131 u\u00e7a\u011fa binmeden evvel ans\u0131z\u0131n h\u0131zla f\u0131rl\u0131yordu. Ancak bu h\u0131z zamanla normale d\u00f6nmekteydi. Dahas\u0131, bilek dinamometre testlerinde de b\u00fcy\u00fck farklar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. \u0130lk g\u00fcn bu say\u0131lar bir hayli y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylelikle dinamometre ve nab\u0131z at\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler kozmonotlar\u0131n atlay\u0131\u015flara kar\u015f\u0131 duygusal tepkisinin nesnel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olmaktayd\u0131. Dahas\u0131, zamanla, yap\u0131lan atlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a gerilim ve heyecan\u0131n, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortadan kalkmamakla birlikte azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu, deneyimli para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erliydi. Tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki bu duygusal tepkilerin artan bilin\u00e7li faaliyetle ili\u015fkili eylem heyecan\u0131 niteli\u011fi oldu\u011fu ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu tepkiler de\u011fi\u015fik insanlarda de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imler al\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda alt\u00fcst olup ger\u00e7ek bir duygusal \u015fok ya\u015farlarken baz\u0131lar\u0131 bunu daha hafif ge\u00e7irirler, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ise temelde ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur. Nihayet bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm insan da \u00f6z denetimi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle elde tutarak yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde davran\u0131rlar. Bu tip insanlar\u0131n heyecandan ho\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenegelmi\u015ftir. Tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki tepkileri eylem heyecan\u0131 dedi\u011fimiz t\u00fcrdendir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, Popovich\u2019in para\u015f\u00fctl\u00fc e\u011fitiminden baz\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleri aktaral\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\u201cBe\u015finci g\u00fcn: Bug\u00fcn 15 saniye gecikmeli bir atlay\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131. U\u00e7u\u015ftan \u00f6nce biraz gergin ve olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. V\u00fccudunu germeden u\u00e7aktan atlad\u0131. Serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda hareketleri tutarl\u0131l\u0131ktan uzakt\u0131. Kendi etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra sekizinci saniyede para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131. Yere ini\u015finde, atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu; kendinden hi\u00e7 de ho\u015fnut de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

\u201cAlt\u0131nc\u0131 g\u00fcn: Bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in programlanan 20 saniye gecikmeli atlay\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in u\u00e7ak hareket etti\u011finde olduk\u00e7a sakin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. U\u00e7aktan atlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada v\u00fccudu biraz e\u011fikti. Yedinci saniyeye dek duru\u015funu d\u00fczenleyemedi, ancak ondan sonra do\u011fru pozisyona girdi. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc 20,2 saniyede a\u00e7t\u0131. Atlay\u0131\u015ftan sonraysa son derece ne\u015felendi, g\u00fcl\u00fcmseyerek, daha \u00f6nceki hatalar\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Sevin\u00e7li g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Popovich\u2019in ruh durumunun atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131 oran\u0131na ko\u015fut olarak de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. V\u00fccudunu bo\u015flukta da tam denetlemeyi \u00f6\u011frenebilmesi i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 atlay\u0131\u015f gerekmi\u015fti. Ne var ki, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n nedenini kavrayacak b\u00f6ylece irade g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc deneti alt\u0131na alarak yetkin sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015facak yetenekteydi.<\/p>\n

Belyayev\u2019in iradesi ve \u00f6zdenetimi
\n<\/em><\/strong>Ancak tekrar tekrar atlaman\u0131n dahi gerginli\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131ramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar vard\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten b\u00f6ylesi durumlarda atlama korkusu azalacak yerde artmaktad\u0131r. Bu ise genellikle \u00f6nceki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klara, \u00f6zellikle de fiziksel incinmelere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesi bir korkunun \u00fcstesinden gelerek kendine g\u00fcveni yeniden kazanmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde irade g\u00fcc\u00fc gereklidir. Pavel Belyayev i\u015fte b\u00f6ylesi bir iradeyi sergileyebilmi\u015fti. Ba\u015f\u0131ndan ge\u00e7enleri k\u0131saca \u00f6zetleyelim: Leonov\u2019la birlikte 30 saniye gecikmeli bir atlay\u0131\u015f yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Her \u015fey yolunda gitmi\u015f, para\u015f\u00fctleri zaman\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p yava\u015f yava\u015f yere do\u011fru s\u00fcz\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ki, \u015fiddetli bir r\u00fczg\u00e2r \u00e7\u0131karak onlar\u0131 havaalan\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Manevra yapma yolundaki t\u00fcm giri\u015fimleri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Her ikisi de ne yapsalar havaalan\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131na inemeyeceklerini fark etmi\u015fler, \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 alandan uzakla\u015fmamak \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Belyayev ipleri \u00e7ekerek, s\u00fcz\u00fclme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daraltmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f, ne var ki bu da ini\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Toprak s\u00fcratle \u00fczerlerine do\u011fru geliyordu. Birka\u00e7 metre sonra yere \u015fiddetle \u00e7arparak \u00e7imenler \u00fczerinde yana do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmeye koyuldu. Aya\u011f\u0131 ezilmi\u015f, \u015fiddetle a\u011fr\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi baca\u011f\u0131m k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131 oldu; para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcndeki havay\u0131 bo\u015faltmaya \u00e7abalad\u0131. Bu arada yerdekilerden biri yard\u0131m\u0131na ko\u015farak para\u015f\u00fct\u00fcn iplerini kavram\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ne var ki, ikisi bir 50 metre kadar daha s\u00fcr\u00fcklendiler. Ancak birka\u00e7 ki\u015finin yeti\u015ferek para\u015f\u00fct\u00fc zapt etmesi sonucu durabildiler.<\/p>\n

A\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 dayan\u0131lmaz hale gelmi\u015fti. Belyayev\u2019in yanlamas\u0131na yere \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131 o denli \u015fiddetliydi ki, u\u00e7u\u015f \u00e7izmelerinden birinin topu\u011fu par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hemen hastaneye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, te\u015fhis; sol bald\u0131r\u0131n iki kemi\u011finin un ufak oldu\u011fu yolundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Belyayev alt\u0131 ay\u0131n\u0131 hastane yata\u011f\u0131nda ge\u00e7irmek zorunda kald\u0131. E\u011fitimine bir y\u0131l boyuna ara verildi, arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok gerisinde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak zamanla yeniden e\u011fitime haz\u0131r hale geldi. Doktorlar do\u011fal olarak ini\u015f korkusuna kap\u0131larak, yere inerken k\u0131r\u0131lan baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131ndan kayg\u0131lan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Sovyet kozmonotlar\u0131 Yuri Gagarin ve Pavel Belyayev e\u011fitim s\u0131ras\u0131nda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nihayet Belyayev kendini bu kez b\u00fcy\u00fck bir para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcler grubu aras\u0131nda yeniden g\u00f6klerde buldu. Mevsim k\u0131\u015ft\u0131, inecekleri havaalan\u0131 kal\u0131n bir kar tabakas\u0131yla kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hava sakindi, para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fclerin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar elveri\u015fliydi.<\/p>\n

Grup \u00e7iftler halinde ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ilk atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Gagarin yapacak, onu Belyayev izleyecekti.<\/p>\n

Ancak \u00f6yle bir rast geldi ki, kozmonotlar\u0131n u\u00e7aktan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131yla birlikte \u015fiddetli bir r\u00fczg\u00e2r \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcler havaalan\u0131na inemeyeceklerdi.<\/p>\n

Atlay\u0131c\u0131lar iplerine y\u00fckleniyorlar, ancak t\u00fcm \u00e7abalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n demiryoluna do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fckleniyorlard\u0131. Demiryolu hatt\u0131n\u0131n gerisinde ise y\u00fcksek gerilimli bir tel ve bir b\u0131\u00e7k\u0131hane vard\u0131. Y\u00fcksek gerilimli telin ya da b\u0131\u00e7k\u0131hanenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki kereste y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fmenin ne denli tehlikeli oldu\u011funu kavramak i\u00e7in uzman olmaya gerek yoktu.<\/p>\n

Havaalan\u0131ndakiler kayg\u0131 ve dikkatle iki para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn ini\u015fini izliyorlard\u0131. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden i\u00e7lerinden biri demiryolu yak\u0131nlar\u0131na inerek her \u015feyin yolunda oldu\u011funu belirtmek istercesine el sallad\u0131. Ancak Belyayev ne olmu\u015ftu? \u0130zleyiciler onun demiryolu ve y\u00fcksek gerilimli telin \u00fcst\u00fcnden kayarak b\u0131\u00e7k\u0131hanenin duvar\u0131 \u00fczerinden yok oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Hemen ilkyard\u0131m i\u00e7in donan\u0131ml\u0131 bir araba b\u0131\u00e7k\u0131haneye do\u011fru hareket etti.<\/p>\n

Ancak araba b\u0131\u00e7k\u0131haneye vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u00e7indekiler Belyayev\u2019i sakin bir \u015fekilde bir kereste \u00fczerinde durup \u00e7evresini saran i\u015f\u00e7ilerle konu\u015furken buldular. R\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n kendisi b\u0131\u00e7k\u0131haneye do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fini fark edince, kereste y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir baraka se\u00e7erek dam\u0131na ini\u015f yapmay\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikkat ve \u00f6zdenetim gerektiren bir i\u015flem sonucu ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 da\u2026<\/p>\n

Bunu bir ba\u015fka atlay\u0131\u015f izledi; ard\u0131ndan bir daha\u2026 Belyayev yedi deneme atlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n her birinde y\u00fcksek notlar alacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spor Ustas\u0131 unvan\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fclerden A. Yarov \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cBiri \u2018u\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 korkmad\u0131m\u2019 derse sak\u0131n inanmay\u0131n. Do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Herkesin korktu\u011fu bir saat, bir dakika, bir saniye vard\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca kimileri t\u00fcm\u00fcyle korkuya kap\u0131l\u0131p irade g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve hareketlerinin denetimini yitirirken, kimileri de korkusunun \u00fcstesinden gelebilir.\u201d Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z makale, uzay gemisi Vostok ile ilk uzay u\u00e7u\u015funu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Yuri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2014,"featured_media":34429,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4852,38,3256],"tags":[4871,4872,4873,2453],"class_list":["post-34428","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-184-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-uzay-ve-havacilik","tag-lebedev","tag-parasut","tag-rus-kozmonotlar","tag-yuri-gagarin"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34428","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2014"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34428"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34428\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34428"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34428"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34428"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}