{"id":34505,"date":"2019-05-30T00:00:59","date_gmt":"2019-05-29T21:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=34505"},"modified":"2019-05-29T23:45:08","modified_gmt":"2019-05-29T20:45:08","slug":"koylulugun-sosyoekonomik-donusumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/05\/30\/koylulugun-sosyoekonomik-donusumu","title":{"rendered":"K\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn sosyoekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Temel tar\u0131msal g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcndemdeki yerini korurken, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri \u0130stanbul gibi metropollerden k\u0131rsala g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00fczenli olarak artmas\u0131 haberi, tar\u0131m\u0131n ve k\u0131rsal yap\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne dair merak\u0131m\u0131 daha da uyand\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7a\u011flar Keyder ve Zafer Yenal taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Bildi\u011fimiz Tar\u0131m\u0131n Sonu<\/em> sosyoekonomik saha ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f makalelerle bu merak\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gideriyor.<\/p>\n

Yazarlar yoksullu\u011fu, m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fmeyi, d\u0131\u015flanmay\u0131, etnik \u015fiddeti, toplumsal e\u015fitsizli\u011fi ve buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verilen m\u00fccadeleleri tart\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in, \u00f6ncelikle tar\u0131m ve k\u0131rdaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc anlamak gerekti\u011fini belirtiyor. Tar\u0131m, sanayi, hizmet ve finans\u0131n girift ili\u015fkileri, kitab\u0131n bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llardan \u00f6nce tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6nemini koruyor. B\u00f6lgesel olarak yapt\u0131klar\u0131 tespitler olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc. Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019daki \u00f6zellikle K\u00fcrt k\u00f6kenli \u00e7ift\u00e7i ailelerinin g\u00f6\u00e7 nedenleri de kitapta ihmal edilmemi\u015f. Mevsimlik veya ge\u00e7ici i\u015flerle ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flayanlar\u0131n, tekrar k\u00f6ydeki evine d\u00f6nmesinin ekonomik, siyasi ve sosyolojik neden ve sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerini kitaptaki makalelerde bulabiliyoruz. Kitap a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak sosyoekonomik odakl\u0131 olsa da, ekolojik tahribatlardan da s\u00f6z edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n metabolik yar\u0131lma kavram\u0131
\n<\/em><\/strong>Yazarlara g\u00f6re tar\u0131m\u0131n sanayile\u015fmesi, sermaye yo\u011funlu\u011funun ve kimyasal girdi kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, tar\u0131m\u0131n ve g\u0131da \u00fcretiminin giderek biyolojik temellerinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, metabolik yar\u0131lmay\u0131 beraberinde getiriyor. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 son derece \u00f6nemli ekolojik, toplumsal ve ekonomik sonu\u00e7lar i\u00e7eriyor. D\u00fcnyadaki metabolik yar\u0131lma geli\u015fmelerini ara ba\u015fl\u0131klar ile ele alan yazarlar, devlet politikalar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki geli\u015fmeleri kontrol edebilecek, k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticiyi piyasaya kar\u015f\u0131 koruyabilecek bir pozisyonda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurguluyor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki bu s\u00fcreci anlamak i\u00e7in de bu kavram bize baz\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 veriyor. Metala\u015fma, m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fme ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan analizler, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki durumun di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden b\u00f6lgesel odakl\u0131 olarak biraz farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcreselle\u015fen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tar\u0131msal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve metala\u015fma s\u00fcreci
\n<\/em><\/strong>Metala\u015fma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini analiz ederken, \u00f6ncelikli olarak b\u00f6lgesel yap\u0131lar\u0131n ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n sosyolojik tahlilini d\u00fcnyadan ve \u00fclkemizden \u00f6rnekleriyle bezeli bir giri\u015f, kitapta eksik edilmemi\u015f. \u00d6zellikle 1950-1975 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmelerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tar\u0131msal yap\u0131lar \u00fczerinde derin etkileri oldu. Neoliberal k\u00fcreselle\u015fme d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye k\u0131rsal\u0131nda da al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bilgi, \u00fcretim ve pazarlama a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yok etti. Metala\u015fma konusunun t\u00fcm detaylar\u0131na de\u011finmeden yazarlar\u0131n bu duruma verdikleri \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rne\u011fi aktarmak isterim: \u201cKendi bu\u011fday\u0131n\u0131n unuyla kendi ekme\u011fini yapan k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc sat\u0131p ekme\u011fini parayla almaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 yeni bir \u015fey de\u011fil. Ama kendi \u00fcretti\u011fini, kendi t\u00fcketme \u015fans\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00fcrekli piyasalar\u0131, olu\u015fan fiyatlar\u0131 takip etmeye mecbur kalmas\u0131, kendi eme\u011finin ve topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m \u015feklini de bu fiyatlara bakarak tespit etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 baya\u011f\u0131 yeni bir olgu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Akdeniz ve Ege b\u00f6lgesindeki saha ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 kitab\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, yazarlar\u0131n Antalya b\u00f6lgesinde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ise b\u00f6lgeyi tan\u0131yan biri olarak \u00f6zellikle ilgimi \u00e7ekti. Sera \u00fcretiminin ne boyutlara vard\u0131\u011f\u0131, arazi fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n ve turizmin arazileri ele ge\u00e7irmesinin b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini okumak ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekiyor. Bu konu hakk\u0131nda \u00fclkede olan biteni de \u015f\u00f6yle basit ama etkili bir c\u00fcmle ile okuyucuya sunmu\u015flar: \u201cUlusal kalk\u0131nmac\u0131 devletin korumas\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131llard\u0131r al\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz haliyle sona erdi\u011fi yerde \u00fcretici, \u00e7o\u011funlukla dev tar\u0131m, finans ve turizm \u015firketlerinin y\u00f6netti\u011fi bir kumarhanede kendi kaderinin efendisi olmak zorunda kald\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kuzeyin s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, fakir g\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinde son y\u0131llarda k\u0131ra ve tar\u0131ma geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f, yani yeniden k\u00f6yl\u00fcle\u015fme hareketi (re-peasantization) ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Yeniden k\u00f6yl\u00fcle\u015fme, \u00f6zellikle Latin Amerika ve Afrika\u2019n\u0131n belli \u00fclkelerinde belirgin bir toplumsal hareket halini ald\u0131. Neoliberal politikalar\u0131n ve kalk\u0131nmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n iyimser beklentilerinin inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesi bu geri g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn temel sebebi. Yazarlar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki durumun biraz farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve nedeninin de toprak m\u00fclkiyeti kavram\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeler. Brezilya gibi \u00fclkelerde m\u00fclks\u00fcz marjinal n\u00fcfusun topra\u011fa geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ancak d\u00f6nenlere yeni toprak sa\u011flama sonucunda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olurken, \u00fclkemizde var olan m\u00fclkiyetin veya talep edilmesi caiz olan bir hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu. Yeniden k\u00f6yl\u00fcle\u015fmenin 5-6 y\u0131ll\u0131k yeni bir olgu oldu\u011funu ve bu konuda daha \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtseler de, benim gibi kentten k\u0131rsala g\u00f6\u00e7en biri i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a tatmin edici bir akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma oldu\u011funu belirtmemde fayda var. Kitab\u0131n sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer alan baz\u0131 sorular ise okuyucuyu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmeye ve yan\u0131tlar aramaya itiyor.<\/p>\n

Bildi\u011fimiz Tar\u0131m\u0131n Sonu
\n<\/strong>K\u00fcresel \u0130ktidar ve K\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck, \u00c7a\u011flar Keyder-Zafer Yenal, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2013, 237 s.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Temel tar\u0131msal g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcndemdeki yerini korurken, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri \u0130stanbul gibi metropollerden k\u0131rsala g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00fczenli olarak artmas\u0131 haberi, tar\u0131m\u0131n ve k\u0131rsal yap\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne dair merak\u0131m\u0131 daha da uyand\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7a\u011flar Keyder ve Zafer Yenal taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Bildi\u011fimiz Tar\u0131m\u0131n Sonu sosyoekonomik saha ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f makalelerle bu merak\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gideriyor. Yazarlar yoksullu\u011fu, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":854,"featured_media":34506,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4852,38,513,510,511],"tags":[4875],"class_list":["post-34505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-184-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-kitapcil","category-surekli-bolumler","category-yayin-dunyasi","tag-bildigimiz-tarimin-sonu"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t