{"id":34687,"date":"2019-06-14T03:20:11","date_gmt":"2019-06-14T00:20:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=34687"},"modified":"2019-06-18T13:22:11","modified_gmt":"2019-06-18T10:22:11","slug":"insan-canlilar-dunyasinin-neresinde-yer-alir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/06\/14\/insan-canlilar-dunyasinin-neresinde-yer-alir","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsan canl\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n neresinde yer al\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Varl\u0131k zinciri, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ya\u015fam formlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen\u00a0 bir \u015femad\u0131r ve her canl\u0131 form, bu s\u0131n\u0131flama sisteminde\u00a0 biyolojik\u00a0 yap\u0131s\u0131 ve davran\u0131\u015f\u00a0 \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcne\u00a0 ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak belirli bir yeri i\u015fgal eder. l7. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda bilim insanlar\u0131, canl\u0131lar\u0131 yarat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 andan itibaren hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeyen varl\u0131klar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda varolan ili\u015fkiler dizgesinin de ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve \u00f6yle kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131.\u00a0 Bu dizge i\u00e7inde bitkiler en az m\u00fckemmel olan ve en alt basamakta yer alan ya\u015fam formlar\u0131yd\u0131. Hayvanlar ise bitkilerden sonraki halkalar\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. \u0130nsan, do\u011fal olarak yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki\u00a0 yarat\u0131klar\u0131n\u00a0 en m\u00fckemmeli\u00a0 \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in merkezi konumda tutuluyor,\u00a0 di\u011fer canl\u0131lar da insana benzerlik derecelerine g\u00f6re konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu; \u00f6rne\u011fin merdivenin\u00a0 en alt basama\u011f\u0131ndan\u00a0 yukar\u0131ya\u00a0 do\u011fru\u00a0 \u00e7\u0131karken b\u00f6cekleri s\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerden daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya, s\u00fcr\u00fcngenleri ku\u015flardan daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya, ku\u015flar\u0131 kurtlardan\u00a0 (memeli) daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya ve nihayet kurtlar\u0131 da maymunlardan\u00a0 daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131- ya yerle\u015ftiriyorlard\u0131. Bu merdivenin en \u00fcst basama\u011f\u0131na da haliyle insan oturtuluyordu.<\/p>\n

17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l bilim insanlar\u0131, \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fckleri varl\u0131k zinciri bir evrimsel \u015fema say\u0131lmasa da, canl\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez bilimsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla ele almalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m att\u0131lar. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc de tan\u0131mlama ve s\u0131n\u0131flama (taksonomi) olu\u015fturur.\u00a0 S\u0131n\u0131flamac\u0131lar o y\u00fczy\u0131llarda do\u011fal d\u00fczenin devaml\u0131 sabit oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteydi. Onlara g\u00f6re, her canl\u0131 organizma ayr\u0131 olarak yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; yap\u0131lar\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir surette de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda yak\u0131nl\u0131k-uzakl\u0131k diye bir \u015fey s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Ancak, do\u011fadaki canl\u0131 yap\u0131lar incelendik\u00e7e ve listeye yenileri eklendik\u00e7e, baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flamac\u0131lar art\u0131k ellerinde mevcut olan \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve canl\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 de \u00f6yle do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla anla\u015f\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini benimsemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedeki bilim adamlar\u0131, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 canl\u0131lar ve cans\u0131zlar d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u015feklinde daha evrensel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde alg\u0131layabilen do\u011fac\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsedi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Carl Linnaeus, kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ve farkl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zellikleri esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 mertebelendirme sistemini olu\u015fturdu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

18.y\u00fczy\u0131l bilim insanlar\u0131 canl\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda olupbiteni a\u00e7\u0131klama yoluna ba\u015fvurmaktan ziyade,\u00a0 bu\u00a0 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olma al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. \u0130lk s\u0131n\u0131flamac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 temel al\u0131p daha da geli\u015ftiren Linnaeus adl\u0131 \u0130sve\u00e7li do\u011fa bilgini kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ve farkl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zellikleri esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 mertebelendirme sistemini olu\u015fturdu.\u00a0 Bug\u00fcn, bilim insanlar\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 Linnaeus\u2019un sistemini ve onun canl\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ikili\u00a0 adland\u0131rma\u00a0\u00a0 dizgesini\u00a0 kullanmaktad\u0131r. Her ne kadar s\u0131n\u0131flama tekni\u011finin bilimsel anlamda ger\u00e7ek \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc Linnaeus olsa da, asl\u0131nda Linnaeus \u00f6ncesinde Aristoteles\u2019in de bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde canl\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flama giri\u015fiminde bulundu\u011funa tan\u0131k oluyoruz; hayvanlar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k derecesine g\u00f6re bir \u00e7izgi \u00fczerinde g\u00f6steren Aristoteles, bu \u00e7izginin tepesine de insan\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Linnaeus\u2019un hiyerar\u015fik sisteminde t\u00fcm ya\u015fam formlar\u0131 -mikroorganizmalar,\u00a0 bitkiler ve hayvanlar- bir merdiven basamaklar\u0131 d\u00fczeninde ve belirli bir kurala g\u00f6re yerlerini al\u0131r. Biyologlar, canl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcdeki benzerliklerini temel alarak grupland\u0131r\u0131r ve sistemin belirli bir yerine oturtur.\u00a0 Her basamak bir \u00fcsttekinden daha az, bir alttakinden ise daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Linnaeus\u2019un hiyerar\u015fik sistemini yans\u0131tan \u015femaya g\u00f6z att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda en \u00fcst kategorinin bitkiler ve hayvanlar diye iki ayr\u0131 \u00e2lem taraf\u0131ndan temsil edildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Hayvanlar \u00e2lemi, s\u00fcngerlerden insana kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7okh\u00fccrelileri i\u00e7erir. Bunun hemen alt\u0131ndaki basamak ise omurgal\u0131lar \u015fubesini olu\u015fturup bal\u0131klar, kurba\u011fagiller, s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler, ku\u015flar ve memeliler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Bu sisteme g\u00f6re a\u015fa- \u011f\u0131 basamaklara indik\u00e7e her basama\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi organizma say\u0131s\u0131 da azal\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir \u015fube s\u0131n\u0131flara, s\u0131n\u0131flar ailelere ve aileler cinslere, onlar da t\u00fcrlere ayr\u0131lacak \u015fekilde sistem \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu sisteme ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak, yaln\u0131z insan de\u011fil, t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar \u0131rk d\u00fczeyine kadar indirilebilir. Bu dizge olmasayd\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz modern biyolojisi bir kaos i\u00e7inde kal\u0131rd\u0131. Linnaeus\u2019un mertebelendirme sistemine g\u00f6re, insan\u0131n canl\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki yerini en genelden en \u00f6zele do\u011fru belirlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.(1)<\/p>\n

\u00c2lem: Hayvanlar<\/p>\n

Alt\u00e2lem: \u00c7okh\u00fccreliler<\/p>\n

\u015eube: Kordata<\/p>\n

Alt\u015fube: Omurgal\u0131lar<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131f: Memeliler<\/p>\n

Alts\u0131n\u0131f: Plasental\u0131 memeliler<\/p>\n

Tak\u0131m: Primat<\/p>\n

Alttak\u0131m: Antropoid<\/p>\n

\u00dcstaile: \u0130nsan\u0131ms\u0131<\/p>\n

Aile: \u0130nsans\u0131<\/p>\n

Cins: Homo<\/p>\n

T\u00fcr: Sapiens<\/p>\n

Dipnot:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1)Buettner-Janusch, \u00a0J., 1966; Origins of Man, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Rosen, S. I., 1974; Introduction to the Primates. Living and Fosil, London: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Metin \u00d6zbek, \u0130nsan\u0131n Tarih \u00d6ncesi Evrimi, Bilim Ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s.18-20<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Varl\u0131k zinciri, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ya\u015fam formlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen\u00a0 bir \u015femad\u0131r ve her canl\u0131 form, bu s\u0131n\u0131flama sisteminde\u00a0 biyolojik\u00a0 yap\u0131s\u0131 ve davran\u0131\u015f\u00a0 \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcne\u00a0 ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak belirli bir yeri i\u015fgal eder. l7. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda bilim insanlar\u0131, canl\u0131lar\u0131 yarat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 andan itibaren hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeyen varl\u0131klar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda varolan ili\u015fkiler dizgesinin de ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve \u00f6yle […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":34688,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624],"tags":[983,200,555,4908,4909],"class_list":["post-34687","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","tag-canlilar","tag-evrim","tag-insan","tag-linnaeus","tag-taksonomi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34687","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/429"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34687"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34687\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34688"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34687"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34687"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34687"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}