{"id":34741,"date":"2019-06-18T03:30:04","date_gmt":"2019-06-18T00:30:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=34741"},"modified":"2019-06-21T07:59:12","modified_gmt":"2019-06-21T04:59:12","slug":"bilgi-edinmenin-bilimsel-olan-ve-olmayan-yontemleri-nelerdir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/06\/18\/bilgi-edinmenin-bilimsel-olan-ve-olmayan-yontemleri-nelerdir","title":{"rendered":"Bilgi edinmenin bilimsel olan ve olmayan y\u00f6ntemleri nelerdir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim\u201d ser\u00fcveninin, ilk maddesel arac\u0131n\u0131 yontarken ayn\u0131 zamanda kafas\u0131nda onun simgesel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimi boyunca hem maddesel ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (teknolojiyle) hem simgesel ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (bilgi edinmeyle) geli\u015ftirme yolunda \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlere ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. Simgesel ara\u00e7lar edinmenin belli ba\u015fl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleri olarak pratik, somut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f, soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f, sezgi ve onun dinsel bi\u00e7imi olan \u201cvahiy\u201d, dinsel olmayabilen bi\u00e7imi \u201cspek\u00fclasyon\u201d ile \u201cg\u00f6zlem ve deney\u201d say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcnl\u00fck tekil olaylardan somutun bilgisini edinmek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Her insan\u0131n ba\u015fvurup, zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ustas\u0131 olduklar\u0131 pratikten elde edilen bilgiler, yani, nesneler, olgular, olaylar hakk\u0131nda somut bilgiler bilgi edinmenin ilk yoludur. Sovyet bilgini V. P. Alekseyev, insan bilincinin geli\u015fti\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 alandan s\u00f6z etmektedir.\u00a0 Birincisi \u201campirik deneyim alan\u0131\u201d (ki somut bilgiler edinilen d\u00f6nemle ba\u011flant\u0131land\u0131rabiliriz). \u0130kincisi \u201campirik deneyimin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n genelle\u015ftirildi\u011fi alan\u201d (bunun da soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir). \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, \u201csoyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alan\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n

Genellemelerle kafada soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler geli\u015ftirmek<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00fcretme y\u00f6ntemlerinde az \u00e7ok kronolojik bir s\u0131rayla vahiyden, spek\u00fclasyondan, g\u00f6zlem ve deney evrelerinden ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Dinsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte geli\u015ftirilen, ilk \u00f6rne\u011fiyle (Musa\u2019n\u0131n oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan) Pentatuk kutsal kitab\u0131nda (Kutsal Kitap\u2019\u0131n ilk be\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan, \u0130sa’n\u0131n havarilerince (el\u00e7ilerince) kaleme al\u0131nan \u0130ncil\u2019lerde de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan, Muhammet\u2019de doru\u011funa ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan \u201cvahiy\u201d (bir t\u00fcr sezgi) yoluyla edinildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenen bilgiler \u201ckutsal\u201d denilen kitaplar\u0131 doldurmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kincisi, felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fle (M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130yonya\u2019s\u0131nda) ba\u015flat\u0131lan, Platon ile (M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda) doru\u011funa ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan, Hegel\u2019in idealizminde son anlat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bulan \u201ckafadan bilgi \u00e7\u0131karma\u201d demek olan (felsefede \u201crasyonalizm\u201d olarak bilinen) salt \u201cspek\u00fclasyon\u201d y\u00f6ntemidir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Felsefede nesnel ger\u00e7eklik d\u00fcnyas\u0131 diye bir \u015feyin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ger\u00e7e\u011fin ancak birey insan\u0131n kafas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunup ki\u015fiden ki\u015fiye de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn savunuldu\u011fu \u201csolipsizm\u201d u\u00e7uk bir ger\u00e7ek anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bundan sonra, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc evrede, y\u00fckselen burjuva d\u00f6nemi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerince geli\u015ftirilen ve g\u00f6zlemden, ya\u015fam prati\u011finden, deneyden elde edilen bilgilerin ger\u00e7eklik de\u011ferinin \u201cbilimsel\u201d d\u00fczeyde olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen \u201campirik\u201d bilgi edinme y\u00f6ntemi bilin\u00e7li olarak izlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sezgi, vahiy gibi \u00f6teki u\u00e7uk y\u00f6ntemler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Felsefede nesnel ger\u00e7eklik d\u00fcnyas\u0131 diye bir \u015feyin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ger\u00e7e\u011fin ancak birey insan\u0131n kafas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunup ki\u015fiden ki\u015fiye de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn savunuldu\u011fu \u201csolipsizm\u201d u\u00e7uk bir ger\u00e7ek anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcrekli bir devinim i\u00e7inde bulunan ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe, g\u00f6zlem, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gibi \u201conu durdurdu\u011fu\u201d (?) ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen yollarla de\u011fil, bilincin, evrensel \u201colu\u015f s\u00fcreci\u201d i\u00e7ine kat\u0131l\u0131p, ger\u00e7e\u011fin bir anda kafaya dank etmesiyle, yani ki\u015finin ayd\u0131nlan\u0131vermesiyle ula\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 savunulan sezgicilik (ent\u00fcvizyonizm) gibi bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan hi\u00e7bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131mayan bilgi anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na dayanan bilgi edinme y\u00f6ntemleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu bilgi edinme y\u00f6ntemlerinin alt\u0131nda farkl\u0131 ger\u00e7ek anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r. Onlara bak\u0131larak da bilimsel olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131, ne derecede bilimsel olduklar\u0131 konusunda bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f edinilebilir. S\u00f6z konusu ger\u00e7ek anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ise \u201cmutlak ger\u00e7ek\u201d, \u201cpragmatik ger\u00e7ek\u201d, \u201cpratik ger\u00e7ek\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dipnot:<\/strong> (1)V. P. Alekseyev, \u0130nsan T\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn K\u00f6keni ve Geli\u015fimi, \u00c7ev. Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel, Sosyal Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1993, s.239.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Ed. Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel, 50 Soruda Bilim ve Bilimsel Y\u00f6ntem, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2012, s.19-21<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrim\u201d ser\u00fcveninin, ilk maddesel arac\u0131n\u0131 yontarken ayn\u0131 zamanda kafas\u0131nda onun simgesel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimi boyunca hem maddesel ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (teknolojiyle) hem simgesel ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (bilgi edinmeyle) geli\u015ftirme yolunda \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlere ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. Simgesel ara\u00e7lar edinmenin belli ba\u015fl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleri olarak pratik, somut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f, soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f, sezgi ve onun dinsel bi\u00e7imi olan \u201cvahiy\u201d, dinsel olmayabilen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":492,"featured_media":34742,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624],"tags":[4920,1487,1695,465,1507,4919],"class_list":["post-34741","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","tag-amprizm","tag-bilgi","tag-bilgi-felsefesi","tag-bilim-felsefesi","tag-bilimsel-yontem","tag-solipsizm"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t