{"id":34850,"date":"2023-07-29T12:45:58","date_gmt":"2023-07-29T09:45:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=34850"},"modified":"2023-07-29T12:46:43","modified_gmt":"2023-07-29T09:46:43","slug":"szilardlarin-trajedisinin-kaynagi-ne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2023\/07\/29\/szilardlarin-trajedisinin-kaynagi-ne","title":{"rendered":"Szilard\u2019lar\u0131n trajedisinin kayna\u011f\u0131 ne?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Macar as\u0131ll\u0131 ABD\u2019li fizik\u00e7i Leo Szilard (1898-1964), Enrico Fermi ile birlikte ilk zincirleme \u00e7ekirdek tepkimesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftu. D\u00f6neminin \u00f6nde gelen \u00e7o\u011fu fizik\u00e7isi gibi o da \u201catom bombas\u0131 trajedisi\u201d ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hem de en derinden ya\u015fayanlardan biriydi.<\/p>\n

\u00dcniversite hayat\u0131 Almanya\u2019da ge\u00e7en Szilard, 1930\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Hitler\u2019in iktidara gelece\u011finden ve sava\u015f\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fundan emindi. 1933\u2019ten \u00f6nce Almanya\u2019y\u0131 terk ederek \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Zincir reaksiyonun patenti
\n<\/strong>Eyl\u00fcl 1933\u2019te Szilard\u2019\u0131n da kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen bilimsel bir toplant\u0131da \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Lord Rutherford atom enerjisinin asla ger\u00e7ekle\u015femeyece\u011fine ili\u015fkin fikirler ileri s\u00fcrer. Bu \u201casla\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Szilard\u2019\u0131n kafas\u0131na yatmaz ve konu \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye karar verir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda, bir n\u00f6tronla bir atoma vurulursa atomun par\u00e7alanaca\u011f\u0131 ve iki n\u00f6tronun serbest kalaca\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6ylece zincirleme bir reaksiyon elde edilece\u011fi fikri kafas\u0131nda olu\u015fur. Bu konuda bir patent almak i\u00e7in, i\u00e7inde \u201czincir reaksiyon\u201d deyiminin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bir makale yazar ve bu makale 1934\u2019te dosyaya girer. Fakat Szilard patenti gizli tutmak ister. Sava\u015f\u0131n yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissetmi\u015f, ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikrin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek istemi\u015ftir. Szilard\u2019\u0131n talebiyle patent \u0130ngiliz Bahriye Nezareti\u2019ne devredilir ve ger\u00e7ekten de sava\u015f sonras\u0131na dek yay\u0131mlanmaz.<\/p>\n

\u2018ABD bombay\u0131 yaps\u0131n\u2019
\n<\/strong>Hem Hitler\u2019in y\u00fckseli\u015fi hem de n\u00fckleer fizikteki ilerlemeler at ba\u015f\u0131 gitmektedir. Szilard Hitler Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n atom bombas\u0131 geli\u015ftirme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan tedirgindir. Nihayet A\u011fustos 1939\u2019da ABD\u2019nin bir an \u00f6nce atom bombas\u0131 yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sal\u0131k veren \u00fcnl\u00fc mektubu kaleme al\u0131r (mektubu Einstein da imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) ve ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Roosevelt\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Mektupta kabaca \u015fu fikirler i\u015flenir: \u201cN\u00fckleer enerji elimizin alt\u0131nda. Sava\u015f ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz. Bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n bu konuda ne yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine karar vermek Ba\u015fkan\u2019a d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Szilard, atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duydu\u011funda\u2026<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Szilard kendi giri\u015fimiyle ba\u015flat\u0131lan Manhattan Projesi\u2019nde pl\u00fctonyum \u00fcretiminde g\u00f6rev al\u0131r. 1942\u2019de \u0130talyan as\u0131ll\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Fermi ile birlikte Chicago \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde ilk n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r\u00fc kurup \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve ilk denetimli zincirleme \u00e7ekirdek tepkimesinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunur. Atom bombas\u0131na giden yol d\u00f6\u015fenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Trajedi bilimin mi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n m\u0131?
\n<\/strong>Szilard 1945\u2019te, Avrupa\u2019da sava\u015f bitti\u011finde, atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Japonya \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere oldu\u011funu fark eder. Tela\u015fla ula\u015fabildi\u011fi her yere protestolar ya\u011fd\u0131r\u0131r. Momerandum \u00fczerine momerandum yazar. Birini de Ba\u015fkan Roosevelt\u2019e yazar fakat sonu\u00e7 alamaz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc mektup ula\u015fmadan Roosevelt \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Szilard\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nerisi \u015fudur: Bomban\u0131n Japon yetkililerin ve uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemcilerin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde denenmesini ister. B\u00f6ylece Japonlar bomban\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6recek ve insanlar \u00f6lmeden teslim olacaklard\u0131r. \u00d6nerisi, ABD y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan dikkate al\u0131nmayan naif bir fikir olarak kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk atom bombas\u0131 6 A\u011fustos 1945\u2019te Hiro\u015fima\u2019ya at\u0131l\u0131r. Szilard\u2019\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu bir yerde, birisi, ke\u015fiflerinin y\u0131k\u0131m i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n trajedisi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Szilard, \u201cBu, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n trajedisidir\u201d diye yan\u0131t verir, ama y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n

\u00d6l\u00fcm biliminden ya\u015fam bilimine\u2026
\n<\/strong>Bunal\u0131ma giren Szilard fizi\u011fi tamamen b\u0131rak\u0131r. Biyoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar; di\u011fer fizik\u00e7ilere de ayn\u0131 \u015feyi \u00f6\u011f\u00fctler. Kendince \u00f6l\u00fcm biliminden ya\u015fam bilimine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Yine naif bir yakla\u015f\u0131m, de\u011fil mi?<\/p>\n

\"\"
Szilard son y\u0131llar\u0131nda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1946\u2019da Chicago \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde biyofizik profes\u00f6r\u00fc olur. Hidrojen bombas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar, n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n tamamen yasaklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131m verir. 1962\u2019de \u201cYa\u015fanabilir Bir D\u00fcnya \u0130\u00e7in \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Konseyi\u201dni kurar. 30 May\u0131s 1964\u2019te ya\u015fam\u0131 son bulur.<\/p>\n

Emperyalizmden kurtulmad\u0131k\u00e7a\u2026
\n<\/strong>Fizi\u011fin alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en parlak isimlerinin hepsi Szilard gibi ayn\u0131 trajediyi ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Atom enerjisinin Hitler\u2019in eline ge\u00e7me tehlikesini engellemek i\u00e7in onu Amerikan fa\u015fistlerinin kuca\u011f\u0131na teslim etmi\u015flerdir. Ne yapabilirlerdi? H\u00e2l\u00e2 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konu. \u00dcstelik g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu kez ya\u015fam bilimciler ayn\u0131 ikileme yak\u0131nlar.<\/p>\n

Szilard\u2019lar bu trajediyi iliklerine kadar ya\u015fad\u0131lar ve bir daha kendilerine gelemediler. Trajedi kimin; bilimin mi, Szilard\u2019\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n m\u0131? Fa\u015fizmden ve emperyalizmden kurtulamad\u0131k\u00e7a ikisinin de, hatta hepimizin\u2026<\/p>\n

Kaynak<\/strong>: Jacop Bronowski, \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n Y\u00fckseli\u015fi, \u00c7ev. Aykut G\u00f6ker, V Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, birinci bask\u0131, May\u0131s 1987.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Macar as\u0131ll\u0131 ABD\u2019li fizik\u00e7i Leo Szilard (1898-1964), Enrico Fermi ile birlikte ilk zincirleme \u00e7ekirdek tepkimesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftu. D\u00f6neminin \u00f6nde gelen \u00e7o\u011fu fizik\u00e7isi gibi o da \u201catom bombas\u0131 trajedisi\u201d ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hem de en derinden ya\u015fayanlardan biriydi. \u00dcniversite hayat\u0131 Almanya\u2019da ge\u00e7en Szilard, 1930\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Hitler\u2019in iktidara gelece\u011finden ve sava\u015f\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fundan emindi. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":493,"featured_media":34851,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2314],"tags":[2513,4939,580,3842,4941,4940,348,2991,9083],"class_list":["post-34850","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-bilim-oykuleri","tag-atom-bombasi","tag-cekirdek-tepkimesi","tag-emperyalizm","tag-hirosima","tag-hitler-almanyasi","tag-leo-szilard","tag-nukleer-enerji","tag-oppenheimer","tag-oppenheimer-filmi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t