{"id":34871,"date":"2019-06-26T03:19:27","date_gmt":"2019-06-26T00:19:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=34871"},"modified":"2019-07-02T01:04:25","modified_gmt":"2019-07-01T22:04:25","slug":"kulturel-donemler-neye-gore-adlandirilir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/06\/26\/kulturel-donemler-neye-gore-adlandirilir","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00f6nemler neye g\u00f6re adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsan\u0131n uzun bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi vard\u0131r; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki k\u00fcreselle\u015fme olgusundan \u00f6nce her yerde k\u00fclt\u00fcrler birbirinden farkl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fmi\u015ftir; bunlar bazen ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f ya da ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu nedenle ge\u00e7mi\u015fte geni\u015f bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlilik vard\u0131r. Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcrler kendi yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda s\u00fcrekli olarak geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Bu geli\u015fimin i\u00e7indeki de\u011fi\u015fimler, keskin \u00e7izgilerle de\u011fil, bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ancak tarih gibi arkeoloji de, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi de\u011ferlendirirken bunu yapay b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ay\u0131rarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmak zorundad\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcmlere verilen adlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze daha yak\u0131n olanlar, tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan \u00fclkelerin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenerek kal\u0131pla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n sonu olarak Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ikiye ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu olay Avrupa, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu ve bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Kuzey Afrika\u2019y\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir. Ne Uzak Asya\u2019da, ne Afrika\u2019n\u0131n geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131nda, ne de Amerika\u2019da ya\u015fayanlar bu olay\u0131 ne duymu\u015f, ne de bundan etkilenmi\u015flerdir. E\u011fer d\u00f6nem ayr\u0131m\u0131 \u00c7in ya da Hint tarihine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lacak olsayd\u0131, herhalde b\u00f6l\u00fcnme \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 bir yerden olurdu.<\/p>\n

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\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en eski d\u00f6nemi olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Alt Paleolitik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n (Yontmata\u015f Devri) ilk basama\u011f\u0131 Afrika\u2019da 2,5 milyon y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce ba\u015flar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir \u00e7izelge yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman Ta\u015f Devri\u2019nin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak bu tarih kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Arkeolojide ve \u00f6zellikle yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklarla desteklenmeyen tarih\u00f6ncesi arkeolojisinde d\u00f6nem adlamalar\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorun olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde oldu\u011fu gibi tarih\u00f6ncesinin en eski d\u00f6nemlerinde bile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fim d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en eski d\u00f6nemi olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Alt Paleolitik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n (Yontmata\u015f Devri) ilk basama\u011f\u0131 Afrika\u2019da 2,5 milyon y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce ba\u015flar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir \u00e7izelge yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman Ta\u015f Devri\u2019nin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak bu tarih kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak o tarihlerde Afrika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 insan yoktur; insan\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere gitmesi yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon y\u0131l s\u00fcrecektir. Bunu her d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7eklerde \u00f6rneklendirebiliriz. Burada genel olarak kabul edilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct, sonraki d\u00f6nemlerin olu\u015fumunu haz\u0131rlayan, \u201c\u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lge\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan geli\u015fimin tetiklendi\u011fi yer ve zamand\u0131r. Nas\u0131l ki yukar\u0131da verdi\u011fimiz \u00f6rnekte oldu\u011fu gibi Afrika\u2019da 2,5 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce tetiklenen olay k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zaman dizininin k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte belirleyicisi olmu\u015ftur, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u201cNeolitik \u00c7a\u011f\u201d (Yeni Ta\u015f Devri), ad\u0131n\u0131 Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu ve Anadolu\u2019da 12 biny\u0131l \u00f6nce geli\u015fen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; o tarihte farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda farkl\u0131 ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri, farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrler vard\u0131r. Ancak Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu – Anadolu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi daha sonra t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lacak bir kurgunun temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu i\u00e7in, k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte her yerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Benzer bir tan\u0131m\u0131 da End\u00fcstri Devrimi i\u00e7in kullanabiliriz. Birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca yaln\u0131zca Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc olan end\u00fcstrile\u015fme, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde k\u00fcresel bir model olarak her yeri etkiledi\u011finden d\u00f6nem ad\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da de\u011findi\u011fimiz kurgunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra arkeolojide d\u00f6nem adlamalar\u0131 da, bilim alan\u0131 olarak arkeolojinin geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 anlamlar y\u00fcklenir ya da de\u011fi\u015fir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi Ta\u015f Devri, Tun\u00e7 Devri ve Demir Devri olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcmleyen \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011f sistemi\u201d, ilk olarak 1817 y\u0131l\u0131nda Danimarka\u2019da Kopenhag Ulusal M\u00fczesi M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Thomsen\u2019in m\u00fczede bulunan ve d\u00f6nemi bilinmeyen buluntular\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir sisteme dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

O y\u0131llarda arkeolojide ve \u00f6zellikle tarih\u00f6ncesi arkeolojisinde bulgular\u0131n tarihini belirlemek olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc; tabakalanma, mutlak ya\u015f gibi y\u00f6ntemler hen\u00fcz geli\u015ftirilmemi\u015fti. \u00d6zellikle Bat\u0131 ve Kuzey Avrupa\u2019da End\u00fcstri Devrimi ile birlikte binlerce kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hangi d\u00f6neme ait oldu\u011fu bilinmeyen on binlerce buluntu depolarda birikmi\u015fti. Thomsen, hammadde ve teknolojinin bir g\u00f6sterge olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve en basitten geli\u015fkine do\u011fru ta\u015f, tun\u00e7 ve demir olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015fi s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, m\u00fczede sergiyi buna g\u00f6re olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu ayr\u0131m \u00f6nceleri kabul g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, ancak yeni yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda ta\u015f aletler ile demir ya da tuncun birlikte olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 gibi g\u00f6zlemler, Thomsen\u2019in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ne kadar do\u011fru oldu\u011funu olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Thomsen\u2019den sonra bu konu \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim insanlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi kullanarak geli\u015ftirmi\u015f, \u00f6rne\u011fin Ta\u015f Devri\u2019ni Eski Ta\u015f ve Yeni Ta\u015f, Maden Devri\u2019ni Bak\u0131r ve Tun\u00e7 gibi daha alt d\u00f6nemlere ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle 1851 y\u0131l\u0131nda, gene bir Danimarkal\u0131 olan J. J. Worsae, Thomsen\u2019un Ta\u015f Devri tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yetersiz g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve ilk olarak bunu Eski Ta\u015f ve Yeni Ta\u015f olarak ikiye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, ancak iki d\u00f6nem aras\u0131nda da bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eski ve Yeni Ta\u015f Devri adlamalar\u0131n\u0131n Paleolitik ve Neolitik olarak bir terim niteli\u011fi kazanmas\u0131 ise, ilk olarak 1865 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sir J. Lubbock taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki devir aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi de \u0130rlandal\u0131 H. Westrabb taraf\u0131ndan 1866 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk olarak Mezolitik adlamas\u0131yla tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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1817 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011f sistemi\u201dni geli\u015ftirerek Kopenhag M\u00fczesi\u2019ni d\u00fczenleyen Thomsen, m\u00fczeyi gezenlere buluntular\u0131 anlat\u0131rken. (Karul, 2011)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle yak\u0131n zamanlara kadar kullan\u0131lagelen d\u00f6nemsel b\u00f6l\u00fcmlenmeler, hammadde ve bunun bi\u00e7imlendirilmesinde kullan\u0131lan temel teknoloji \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131, daha geli\u015fkin bir teknoloji gerektiren bir hammaddenin kullan\u0131ma girmesi olu\u015fturur. Ancak bu durum, eski aletlerin ya da hammaddelerin kullan\u0131mdan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. \u00d6rne\u011fin Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda da Ta\u015f Devri\u2019nin aletleri geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak yeni ve belirleyici olan tun\u00e7 nesnelerdir. Bir\u00e7ok kere yeni bir bulu\u015f ya da yeni bir nesne teknolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131masa da, sembolik anlamda d\u00f6nem ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcr ad\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu – Anadolu arkeolojisinde Neolitik \u00c7a\u011f (Yeni Ta\u015f Devri) \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlekli ve \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mleksiz olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek yeni bir teknolojidir, ancak d\u00f6nemin esas belirleyicisi \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fin ke\u015ffi de\u011fil, o s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminin de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemleri hammadde ve teknolojiye g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n do\u011fru bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun yerini ya\u015fam\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan beslenmedeki ve toplumsal d\u00fczendeki de\u011fi\u015fimlerin almas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011fu da ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Her ne kadar daha 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerin s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgili olarak felsefe, sosyoloji gibi alanlar\u0131n da farkl\u0131 kurgulamalar\u0131 olmu\u015fsa da, arkeolojik verilere dayal\u0131 olarak bu konuda ilk sorgulamalara Robert J. Braidwood 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Braidwood, 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cGezginci Avc\u0131l\u0131k (Eski Ta\u015f Devri), Uzman Avc\u0131l\u0131k ve Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k (Orta Ta\u015f Devri), \u0130lk \u00c7ift\u00e7i K\u00f6yler (Yeni Ta\u015f Devri), Geli\u015fkin K\u00f6yler (Bak\u0131r-Ta\u015f Devri), Kentle\u015fme (\u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131), Devlet Olu\u015fumu (Orta ve Son Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131) ve \u0130mparatorluklar (Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131)\u201d olarak yeni bir kurguyu \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. Farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan daha de\u011fi\u015fik s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6rne\u011fin Marksist arkeoloji ge\u00e7mi\u015fi toplumun \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine dayand\u0131rarak \u201c\u0130lkel-Kom\u00fcnal Toplum, K\u00f6leci Toplum, Feodal Toplum\u201d gibi ayr\u0131mlar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr kurgular mant\u0131ksal a\u00e7\u0131dan daha do\u011fru olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halen yayg\u0131n olarak hammadde-teknoloji temelli adlamalar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak art\u0131k bu adlamalar s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ini alacak \u015fekilde sembolik bir hale gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bug\u00fcn Yeni Ta\u015f Devri\u2019nde (Neolitik \u00c7a\u011f), ta\u015f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra k\u0131smen madenin ve bak\u0131r\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmemize kar\u015f\u0131n, d\u00f6nem ad\u0131 olarak halen Neolitik kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Mehmet \u00d6zdo\u011fan, 50 Soruda Arkeoloji, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2011, s.32-35<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsan\u0131n uzun bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi vard\u0131r; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki k\u00fcreselle\u015fme olgusundan \u00f6nce her yerde k\u00fclt\u00fcrler birbirinden farkl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fmi\u015ftir; bunlar bazen ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f ya da ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu nedenle ge\u00e7mi\u015fte geni\u015f bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlilik vard\u0131r. Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcrler kendi yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda s\u00fcrekli olarak geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Bu geli\u015fimin i\u00e7indeki de\u011fi\u015fimler, keskin \u00e7izgilerle de\u011fil, bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ancak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":34872,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624],"tags":[2361,460,1599,909,2292,4460],"class_list":["post-34871","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","tag-kentlesme","tag-kultur","tag-kulturel-evrim","tag-neolitik-cag","tag-paleolitik","tag-tunc-cagi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34871","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/429"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34871"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34871\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34872"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34871"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34871"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34871"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}