{"id":34912,"date":"2019-06-29T03:20:11","date_gmt":"2019-06-29T00:20:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=34912"},"modified":"2019-07-02T01:03:48","modified_gmt":"2019-07-01T22:03:48","slug":"kentlesme-insan-sagligini-nasil-etkiliyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/06\/29\/kentlesme-insan-sagligini-nasil-etkiliyor","title":{"rendered":"Kentle\u015fme insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiliyor?"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnya genelinde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir kentle\u015fme s\u00fcreci ya\u015fan\u0131yor. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda kentlerde ya\u015fayan insan say\u0131s\u0131 2 milyarken, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu say\u0131n\u0131n 3,9 milyara ula\u015fmas\u0131 bekleniyor. Ancak pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede kentle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ortamlar\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik herhangi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. (1) Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda geli\u015fig\u00fczel kentle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n neler olabildi\u011fi ve bu sorunlara g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde neden etkili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretilemedi\u011fi konular\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Andrew Nikiforuk, Mah\u015ferin D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Atl\u0131s\u0131 adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda tar\u0131m devrimi ile birlikte insanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluklar halinde bir arada ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve daha \u00f6nce kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 mikroorganizmalarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Buna g\u00f6re topra\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131 ve hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fclerinin ehlile\u015ftirilmesi, neolitik toplumlar\u0131 bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klara duyarl\u0131 duruma getirmi\u015fti. Kentle\u015fmenin g\u00fcncel boyutuyla sa\u011fl\u0131kla ili\u015fkisinin incelenmesi ise sanayi devrimi ile birlikte \u00f6nem kazand\u0131. Sanayi devrimi sonras\u0131nda kapitalizmin en tipik yerle\u015fim yerleri olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck kentler olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. N\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, kapitalist end\u00fcstrinin verimli bir \u015fekilde geli\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in gerekliydi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
G\u00fcvenli olmayan su, uygunsuz \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc bar\u0131nma, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131k ortamlar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kirleticiler gibi etkenler kentsel ortamlarda sa\u011fl\u0131kla ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli risklere yol a\u00e7abiliyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

19.y\u00fczy\u0131lda n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli sa\u011fl\u0131k risklerini de beraberinde getirdi. Kentle\u015fme sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n toplum sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili risklere ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klara yol a\u00e7abilmesi kent planlamas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi. Bu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan kentsel d\u00fczenlemeler ve planlama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin gereklilikler \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmu\u015ftu. (2)<\/p>\n

19.y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda kent ve sa\u011fl\u0131k ili\u015fkisini inceleyen ilk yap\u0131tlardan biri Friedrich Engels\u2019in \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu adl\u0131 kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Engels s\u00f6z konusu kitapta 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiltere\u2019sinde emek\u00e7i mahallelerinin durumuyla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlere yer verir. Buna g\u00f6re kentin ortas\u0131nda, birbirine yak\u0131n kurulan, atmosferin b\u00fct\u00fcn hareketini kesip atan konut dizileri, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu rutubetli evler ve d\u0131\u015f ortama geli\u015fig\u00fczel b\u0131rak\u0131lan evsel at\u0131klar toplumun sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkiliyordu. Engels kitab\u0131nda, bu mahallelerde darac\u0131k evlere t\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan, k\u00f6t\u00fc beslenen, k\u00f6t\u00fc giyinen ve ruhsal durumlar\u0131 heyecan yarat\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kalan emek\u00e7ilerin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve uzun ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Engels sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z ko\u015fullar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda, di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kent kurma y\u00f6nteminin ve mahallelerin yap\u0131m mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkili oldu\u011funu belirtiyor ve hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen kentsel yap\u0131n\u0131n, sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z ko\u015fullar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011funu belirtiyordu. (3)<\/p>\n

Plans\u0131z kentle\u015fmenin
\nyol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kentsel ortamlar\u0131n insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine olan etkisi bug\u00fcn de g\u00fcncelli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da toplumun y\u00fczde 72\u2019si, Do\u011fu Asya\u2019da ise y\u00fczde 25\u2019i, gecekondularda ya\u015f\u0131yor. (4) D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne g\u00f6re kentsel b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan 137 milyon ki\u015fi g\u00fcvenli i\u00e7me suyuna ula\u015fam\u0131yor ve 600 milyon ki\u015fi uygun \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullarda ya\u015fam\u0131yor. (5) G\u00fcvenli olmayan su, uygunsuz \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc bar\u0131nma, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131k ortamlar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kirleticiler gibi etkenler kentsel ortamlarda sa\u011fl\u0131kla ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli risklere yol a\u00e7abiliyor. Kentsel b\u00f6lgelerde uygunsuz \u00e7evre, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 su temini ile ilgili k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131klar ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanamamas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kronik hastal\u0131klar, yeni ve yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar, madde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015fiddet ve ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok konunun \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. (6) Kentle\u015fme ile ilgili risklerin \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131nlar, bebekler, \u00e7ocuklar, ya\u015fl\u0131lar ve engellileri etkiledi\u011fi belirtiliyor. (4)<\/p>\n

\"\"
D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne g\u00f6re 600 milyon ki\u015fi uygun \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullarda ya\u015fam\u0131yor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Plans\u0131z kentle\u015fme kat\u0131 at\u0131klarla ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlara yol a\u00e7abiliyor; kat\u0131 at\u0131klar\u0131n d\u00fczenli olarak depolanamamas\u0131 nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan toprak, hava ve su kirlili\u011fi nedeniyle ishalli hastal\u0131klar, parazitik enfeksiyonlar ve toksik maddelerle etkilenimlerde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor. Hava ve su kirli\u011fi kentlerde vekt\u00f6rlerle bula\u015fan hastal\u0131klar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan risk olu\u015fturabilirken, sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z su t\u00fcketimi ve uygun olmayan \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullar nedeniyle ishalli hastal\u0131klar ve kolera salg\u0131nlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabiliyor. Uygunsuz \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle s\u0131tma hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da \u00f6nemli sorunlar olu\u015fabiliyor. (7)<\/p>\n

Plans\u0131z kentle\u015fmeyle birlikte daha \u00f6nce k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n art\u0131k kentsel b\u00f6lgelerde de g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmekte. Afganistan\u2019\u0131n Kabil kenti ve Burkinyofaso\u2019da kentsel b\u00f6lgelerde 1990\u2019l\u0131 ve 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda lei\u015fmaniasiz hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Benzer \u015fekilde parazitik bir enfeksiyon olan \u015fagas hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da kentsel b\u00f6lgelerde daha s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirildi. D\u00fcnya genelinde lenfatik filiriazis riski alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan 1,2 milyar insan\u0131n y\u00fczde 29\u2019unun kentsel b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmekte.<\/p>\n

Kentsel b\u00f6lgelerde salg\u0131na yol a\u00e7an Ebola vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kongo\u2019da, Marburg vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda Angola\u2019da, Sar\u0131 Humma\u2019n\u0131n 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Urugay\u2019da, Deng Hummas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da yine 2008\u2019de Brezilya\u2019da n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funun etkisi ile daha kolay yay\u0131l\u0131r hale geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Kentlerin n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu artt\u0131k\u00e7a hava yoluyla bula\u015fan k\u0131zam\u0131k, influenza ve t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz gibi bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n da g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f olabilmekte. Kentlerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi \u00fczerinde etkili olan g\u00f6\u00e7 olgusu da baz\u0131 bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n daha s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine neden olabilmekte. (7)<\/p>\n

Plans\u0131z kentle\u015fmenin obezite, diabet, hipertansiyon ve kalp hastal\u0131klar\u0131 gibi bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 olmayan hastal\u0131klar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir risk fakt\u00f6r\u00fc oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. Kent ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131 ile birlikte fiziksel aktivite \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framas\u0131 ve t\u00fct\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile y\u00fcksek ya\u011f oranl\u0131 beslenmenin artmas\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle kronik hastal\u0131klarda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirtiliyor. Kentsel ve k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lge diyet al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada kentsel b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek oranda i\u015flenmi\u015f tah\u0131l, hayvansal besin, daha az kompleks karbonhidrat ve y\u00fcksek ya\u011f i\u00e7erikli besinleri t\u00fckettikleri g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. (8) Yo\u011fun enerji harcamay\u0131 gerektiren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerinden otomatizasyona ba\u011fl\u0131 sedanter i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f ve ula\u015f\u0131m al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi de kronik hastal\u0131klarda art\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7an ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n kalp hastal\u0131klar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli kanserler ve \u015feker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi hastal\u0131klardan korunma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan yeterli fiziksel aktiviteye kat\u0131lma olana\u011f\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor. (9)<\/p>\n

\u00c7arp\u0131k kentle\u015fmenin nedenleri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunu t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de ruhsal sorunlar olu\u015fturur. \u00d6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc gecekondu b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan kentsel n\u00fcfusun, yineleyici ve s\u00fcre\u011fen bir \u00f6rselenmenin ma\u011fduru oldu\u011fu ve bu duruma kar\u015f\u0131 nitelikli bir tepki olu\u015fturabilme olanaklar\u0131ndan yoksun bulundu\u011fu belirtiliyor. Gecekondu b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fama ruhsal alanda s\u0131kl\u0131kla duygusal ya\u015fam ve sosyal ili\u015fkilerde zedelenme, karamsarl\u0131k, umutsuzluk, \u00e7aresizlik, \u00f6fke, ilgi kayb\u0131, benlik g\u00fcc\u00fc ve sayg\u0131s\u0131nda azalma, davran\u0131\u015f bozukluklar\u0131, maddeye y\u00f6nelme ve toplumsal i\u015flevsellikte bozulma nedeni olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabiliyor. (10)<\/p>\n

\"\"
Sadece bir bina i\u00e7indeyken ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, g\u00f6zlerde ya\u015farma, yanma, burun ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 gibi belirtilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u201chasta bina sendromu\u201d olarak isimlendirilir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn plans\u0131z kentle\u015fme uygulamalar\u0131, kapal\u0131 ortam, hava kirlili\u011fi ve bunun insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine etkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Kentte ya\u015fayan insanlar zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019n\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kapal\u0131 ortamlarda ge\u00e7iriyor. 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda kapal\u0131 ortam havas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131 ve temizlik malzemeleri, boya maddeleri ve \u0131s\u0131nma sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan at\u0131klar nedeni ile insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkileyebildi\u011fi g\u00f6sterildi. Kapal\u0131 ortam hava kirlili\u011fi son bir ka\u00e7 on y\u0131lda \u201chasta bina sendromu\u201d ad\u0131 verilen yeni bir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Belli bir binada ya\u015farken ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, g\u00f6zlerde ya\u015farma, yanma, burun ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, bo\u011fazda irritasyon, kuruluk gibi belirtilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve bu belirtilerin o binadan uzakla\u015f\u0131nca kaybolmas\u0131 \u201chasta bina sendromu\u201d olarak isimlendirilir. (11) Kent sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunun uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n da g\u00fcndeminde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. DS\u00d6 (D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) taraf\u0131ndan 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen Ottawa Bildirgesi\u2019nde \u201cHerkes \u0130\u00e7in Sa\u011fl\u0131k\u201d a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir unsuru olan sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kamu politikalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturularak \u00e7evrenin, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik unsurlarla desteklenmesi gerekti\u011fi belirtildi ve \u201cSa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 Kentler Projesi\u201d adl\u0131 bir proje geli\u015ftirildi. Ancak neoliberal politikalar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kentsel ortamlar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ciddi k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131klara sahip oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir. Neoliberal kapitalistle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde kentlerin de\u011fer yaratma alan\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 nedeniyle planl\u0131 kentle\u015fme sa\u011flanam\u0131yor ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa elveri\u015fsiz ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenemiyor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin de de\u011fer yaratma alan\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 nedeniyle, \u00e7evresel-sosyal bile\u015fenlerinden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, kentsel sa\u011fl\u0131k risklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi ve \u00f6nlenmesine y\u00f6nelik etkili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemiyor.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Case, Fertig & Paxson, 2003, Keusch et al., 2006, WHO Early Childhood Development Knowledge Network, 2007.<\/p>\n

2) Sibel E. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, \u201cKent planlama ve kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, Kent ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitab\u0131, 2006.<\/p>\n

3) Engels F., \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu, Sol yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1997.<\/p>\n

4) Case, Fertig & Paxson, 2003, Keusch et al., 2006, WHO Early Childhood Development Knowledge Network, 2007.<\/p>\n

5) WHO, UNICEF. \u201cProgress on drinking water and sanitation: Special focus on sanitation\u201d, 2008, http:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/monitoring\/jmp2008.pdf.<\/p>\n

6) Kentlerde Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hizmetleri ve Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n Belediyelerde \u0130stihdam\u0131 Raporu, HASUDER, 2008.<\/p>\n

7) Alirol E, Getaz L, Stoll B, Chappuis F, Loutan L., \u201cUrbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world\u201d, Lancet Infect Dis, 2010.<\/p>\n

8) Popkin, B.M. (1998). \u201cThe nutrition transition and health implication in lower income countries\u201d, Public Health Nutrition, 1(1):5-21, http:\/\/etd.uwc.ac.za\/.<\/p>\n

9) Tsolekile LP., \u201cUrbanization and lifestyle changes related to non-communicable diseases\u201d, http:\/\/etd.uwc.ac.za\/.<\/p>\n

10) Burhanettin Kaya, \u201cPsikiyatrik epidemiyoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda bir risk etkeni olarak kent\u201d, Kent ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitab\u0131, 2006.<\/p>\n

11) Ahmet Soysal, Y\u00fccel Demiral, \u201cKapal\u0131 Ortam Hava Kirlili\u011fi\u201d, TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik B\u00fclteni, 2007:6(3), www.korhek.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Deniz Akg\u00fcn, Bilim ve Gelecek Say\u0131:106,Aral\u0131k 2012, s.30-33<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnya genelinde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir kentle\u015fme s\u00fcreci ya\u015fan\u0131yor. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda kentlerde ya\u015fayan insan say\u0131s\u0131 2 milyarken, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu say\u0131n\u0131n 3,9 milyara ula\u015fmas\u0131 bekleniyor. Ancak pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede kentle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ortamlar\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik herhangi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. (1) Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda geli\u015fig\u00fczel kentle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n neler olabildi\u011fi ve bu sorunlara g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde neden etkili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1804,"featured_media":34913,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624],"tags":[4451,2361,4952,366,425,4906],"class_list":["post-34912","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","tag-dunya-saglik-orgutu","tag-kentlesme","tag-plansiz-kentlesme","tag-psikoloji","tag-saglik","tag-sendrom"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t